treatments-xml/data/03/B1/AA/03B1AA0BFD052464B61225FC798EFDF7.xml

<document id="69D74AF2CF7D72A40E66709935D89A6C" ID-CLB-Dataset="51310" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.156685" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e3894b69-14b9-4d11-90e9-b2a3c1381af4" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="156685" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459619271569" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shear, William A. &amp; Leonard, William P." docDate="2003" docId="03B1AA0BFD052464B61225FC798EFDF7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00243.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 243" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Microlympia echina Shear &amp; Leonard, 2003, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FF88D273FD06246DB71A212A7D18FF81" masterDocTitle="Microlympiidae, a new milliped family from North America, and Microlympia echina, new genus and species (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Brannerioidea)" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698204600598" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="03DF044E16141A3C26353261466E2D32">Microlympiidae, a new milliped family from North America, and Microlympia echina, new genus and species (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Brannerioidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6785F211F4F1E4D98CC319DB9472B4A7">Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AFF674B7913420B8EBADA7E25FFB968A">Leonard, William P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03B1AA0BFD052464B61225FC798EFDF7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6276508" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119331796" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6276508" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B1AA0BFD052464B61225FC798EFDF7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B1AA0BFD052464B61225FC798EFDF7" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="C3024896FD05246EB61225FC7C66FA92" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD05246EB61225FC7FB9FB71" blockId="3.[264,673,1238,1299]" box="[264,673,1238,1264]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="D0EFAC71FD05246EB61225FC7FB9FB71" bold="true" box="[264,673,1238,1264]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD05246EB61225FC7F1CFB71" ID-CoL="42YJY" box="[264,516,1238,1264]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina" status="sp. nov.">Microlympia echina</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25F7A74FD05246EB50B25FC7FB9FB71" box="[529,673,1238,1264]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD05246EB61225D37C66FA92" blockId="3.[264,673,1238,1299]" box="[264,382,1273,1299]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<figureCitation id="13230798FD05246EB61225D37C66FA92" box="[264,382,1273,1299]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 ­ 2" captionStart-1="FIGURES 3 ­ 11" captionStart-2="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId-0="2.[264,382,1781,1805]" captionStartId-1="5.[264,382,1842,1866]" captionStartId-2="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox-0="[359,1221,313,1744]" captionTargetBox-1="[280,1318,313,1830]" captionTargetBox-2="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[597,992,677,1147]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 ­ 2. Microlympia echina, n. sp., male. 1, photomicrograph, lateral view of anterior end. 2, line drawing based on Fig. 1, to emphasize features such as reduced telopodites of legpair 11. Scale line = 0. 35 mm (350 µ)." captionText-1="FIGURES 3 ­ 11. Right legs of Microlympia echina, n. sp., posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 þµ)" captionText-2="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/168732/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1­16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD05246EB61224637C53F982" blockId="3.[264,1324,1353,1899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54A3A5BFFD05246EB61224637C4AFAE2" box="[264,338,1353,1379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Types</typeStatus>
: Male 
<typeStatus id="54A3A5BFFD05246EB6B024637F09FAE2" box="[426,529,1353,1379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(FMNH), 16 additional male and 
<specimenCount id="9D1ED094FD05246EB4A424637920FAE2" box="[958,1080,1353,1379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="female">16 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="54A3A5BFFD05246EB359246379ABFAE2" box="[1091,1203,1353,1379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
(AMNH, CAS) from leaf litter in a red alder riparian forest on Alder Creek, 1.5 miles north of Hoh River, Jefferson Co, Washington, 
<collectingCountry id="F30F5B8DFD05246EB58024B37FCDFA32" box="[666,725,1433,1459]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE2C7DDAFD05246EB5FC24B37E62FA32" box="[742,890,1433,1459]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="15" value="47.82861">47°49’43”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE2C7DDAFD05246EB49224B37928FA32" box="[904,1072,1433,1459]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="15" value="-124.225">124°13’30”W</geoCoordinate>
), collected 
<date id="FFA63DDDFD05246EB3A324B37C5BFA5A" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2003-03-28">28 March 2003</date>
by W. Leonard; 
<specimenCount id="9D1ED094FD05246EB50A24EB7F79FA5A" box="[528,609,1473,1499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="male">3 male</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D1ED094FD05246EB58724EB7E1DFA5A" box="[669,773,1473,1499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="female">3 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="54A3A5BFFD05246EB41524EB7E67FA5A" box="[783,895,1473,1499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
collected at the same site, 
<date id="FFA63DDDFD05246EB3DC24EB7C5EF982" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2003-03-01">1 March 2003</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD05246EB622273B7C53F9D2" blockId="3.[264,1324,1353,1899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Etymology: Latin adjective, 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD05246EB583273B7FF0F9AB" box="[665,744,1553,1578]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD05246EB583273B7FF0F9AB" box="[665,744,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">echina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= spiny, referring to appearance of segmental setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD052469B622274B7F09FBAF" blockId="3.[264,1324,1353,1899]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1324,284,1835]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Description: Male (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD05246EB505274B7F8AF9FA" box="[543,658,1633,1659]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 ­ 2" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[359,1221,313,1744]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 ­ 2. Microlympia echina, n. sp., male. 1, photomicrograph, lateral view of anterior end. 2, line drawing based on Fig. 1, to emphasize features such as reduced telopodites of legpair 11. Scale line = 0. 35 mm (350 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168732/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1, 2</figureCitation>
): Twenty­eight segments, two diplosegments anterior to epiproct legless. Length, 3.8 mm, width 0.35 mm. Third antennomere 5 times as long as wide, fifth antennomere 2 times as long as wide, length of sixth antennomere equal to width, sixth and seventh antennomeres subequal in length. Ocelli 8, in two rows of 4 and 3, plus single ocellus, well­formed, pigmented. Trunk segments with metaterga smooth, shining, segmental setae smooth, curving, about 1/2 width of terga, outer two setae on each side on tubercles, outermost seta on each side directed laterally, inner two setae directed medially, arching over metaterga. Legpairs 1 (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B4B920367EF3FEB7" box="[931,1003,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 11" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[280,1318,313,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[597,992,677,1147]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 11. Right legs of Microlympia echina, n. sp., posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 þµ)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) and 2 (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B34820367983FEB7" box="[1106,1179,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 11" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[280,1318,313,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[597,992,677,1147]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 11. Right legs of Microlympia echina, n. sp., posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 þµ)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) with tarsal combs; coxae 2 with vas deferens opening through coxa on short tube. Legpair 3 encrassate, femur with short mediodistal projection (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B42B20467E62FE07" box="[817,890,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 11" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[280,1318,313,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[597,992,677,1147]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 11. Right legs of Microlympia echina, n. sp., posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 þµ)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Legpairs 4 (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B3312046796BFE07" box="[1067,1139,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 11" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[280,1318,313,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[597,992,677,1147]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 11. Right legs of Microlympia echina, n. sp., posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 þµ)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) and 5 (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B3C320467839FE07" box="[1241,1313,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 11" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[280,1318,313,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[597,992,677,1147]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 11. Right legs of Microlympia echina, n. sp., posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 þµ)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) similar, but with stronger femoral projection. Legpair 6 (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B4D820BE7913FE2F" box="[962,1035,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 11" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[280,1318,313,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[597,992,677,1147]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 11. Right legs of Microlympia echina, n. sp., posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 þµ)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) larger than preceeding legpairs, femur with additional basal process. Legpair 7 of normal size (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B372209679A9FE57" box="[1128,1201,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 11" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[280,1318,313,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[597,992,677,1147]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 11. Right legs of Microlympia echina, n. sp., posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 þµ)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). Gonopods in anterior view (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B51820CE7F4EFE7F" box="[514,598,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) with broad sternum partially fused to coxae, anterior surface of coxae slightly roughened. Anterior angiocoxites (
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD022469B46223267EB1FDA4" box="[888,937,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">acx,</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B4AA23267929FDA7" box="[944,1073,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 12, 13</figureCitation>
) broad at base, curving posteriorly, tips with small tooth­like fimbriae; posterior angiocoxites (
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD022469B388231E79DAFDCC" box="[1170,1218,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">pcx,</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B3D7231E7C3EFDF7" captionStart="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 12, 13</figureCitation>
) sinuous, curving posteriorly. In posterior view (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B49B23767EC1FDF7" box="[897,985,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
), anterior angiocoxites with concave tips, acute tooth subterminal; posterior angiocoxites with expanded tips; colpocoxites poorly sclerotized, irregular, sac­like, with many tiny, acute scale­like teeth. Ninth legpair (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B67623FE7CDCFD6F" box="[364,452,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) with broad, well­developed sternum carrying spiracles, legs reduced to single, U­shaped article. Inner arm of U with terminal gland pore, seta; outer arm with subterminal and terminal groups of 4­5 setae. Large, globular glands dorsal to sternum. Tenth legpair (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B6AD22667F16FCE7" box="[439,526,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
) with coxosternum bearing gland pores; anterior margins of gland pores with 8­10, fine, acute, branching fimbriae, posterior margins raised as broad, thin cuticular plates. Telopodite articles (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B5D322B67E39FC37" box="[713,801,924,950]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 11" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[280,1318,313,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[597,992,677,1147]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 11. Right legs of Microlympia echina, n. sp., posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 þµ)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) reduced to less than 1/2 length of normal legs. Eleventh legpair with somewhat reduced telopodites (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B4FC22EE7927FC5F" box="[998,1087,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 11" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[280,1318,313,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[597,992,677,1147]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 11. Right legs of Microlympia echina, n. sp., posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 þµ)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
), coxae with gland openings, anteriodistal projection. Coloration white, with faint dusting of purple­brown pigment around ocelli.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD022469B62225167ECCFB4F" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Female: Length, 4.0 mm, width, 0.38 mm. Nonsexual characters as described for male, but with 5 ocelli in row of 4, plus single ocellus. Cyphopods (
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B35F254E7983FBFF" box="[1093,1179,1124,1150]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
) with fused valves (
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD022469B67E25A67C6CFB24" box="[356,372,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">v,</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B66725A67CC9FB27" box="[381,465,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
) and large receptacle (
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD022469B5C125A67FF0FB24" box="[731,744,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">r,</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B5EB25A67E5DFB27" box="[753,837,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
) distally toothed; teeth possibly interlock with thin, vertical processes on second leg coxae (
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD022469B44F259E7E71FB4C" box="[853,873,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">c,</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13230798FD022469B46A259E7EDFFB4F" box="[880,967,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 ­ 16" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[740,1323,916,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 ­ 16. Microlympia echina, n. sp. 12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD022469B62225F67F20F8AA" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Natural History Observations: All millipeds were hand collected while using an OptiVisor© 
<date id="FFA63DDDFD022469B681242E7CA0FA9F" box="[411,440,1284,1310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3x</date>
magnifying visor to visually search leaf litter and woody debris along an approximately 100­m long section of the valley bottom of Alder Creek, a tributary of the Hoh River. The site, which has a maritime climate with very high rainfall and relatively moderate temperatures, is located approximately 
<quantity id="4CE0B6F8FD022469B44824567E85FA17" box="[850,925,1404,1430]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="km" value="21.0">21 km</quantity>
inland from the Pacific coastline and lies within the coastal Sitka spruce zone (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD022469B43E248E794DFA3F" author="Franklin" box="[804,1109,1444,1470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="10" refString="Franklin, J. F, &amp; Dyrness, C. T. (1973) Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. U. S. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report. PNW- 8. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR, 417 pp." type="book" year="1973">Franklin &amp; Dyrness 1973</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD022469B378248E7C5CFA6B" author="Henderson" pageId="4" pageNumber="10" refString="Henderson, J. A., Peter, D. A., Lesher, R. &amp; Shaw, D. C. (1989) Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest. United States Forest Service Publication R 6 - ECOL-TP 001 - 88." type="book" year="1989">Henderson et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
)‾commonly referred to as temperate rainforest. The valley floor of Alder Creek is vegetated by a red alder (
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD022469B55224D37FC2F993" box="[584,730,1529,1554]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD022469B55224D37FC2F993" box="[584,730,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Alnus rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)/sword fern (
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD022469B49E24D3799FF993" box="[900,1159,1529,1554]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Polystichum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="munitum">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD022469B49E24D3799FF993" box="[900,1159,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Polystichum munitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) community; approximately 
<quantity id="4CE0B6F8FD022469B6A0270B7CEEF9BA" box="[442,502,1569,1595]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
from the stream channel, the vegetation transitions to second­growth western hemlock (
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD022469B6F427637FCDF9E3" box="[494,725,1609,1634]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD022469B6F427637FCDF9E3" box="[494,725,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tsuga heterophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) forest. While millipeds were present in litter throughout the forest, they were noticeably most abundant beneath sword fern clumps and in mats of alder leaves abutting large logs. Both the dense thatch beneath sword ferns and large logs provide moist retreats that can buffer the effects of seasonal drying and changing temperatures, and apparently are important microhabitats for litter invertebrates in Pacific Northwest forests.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF674B95FD032468B61226187832F8ED" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156686/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[280,1318,313,1830]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD032468B61226187832F8ED" blockId="5.[264,1322,1842,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD032468B61226187CA4F8CB" bold="true" box="[264,444,1842,1866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURES 3­11.</emphasis>
Right legs of 
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD032468B54526187E26F8C8" box="[607,830,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD032468B54526187E22F8C8" box="[607,826,1842,1865]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina" status="sp. nov.">Microlympia echina</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25F7A74FD032468B45F26187E99F8C8" box="[837,897,1842,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, posterior views. 3, leg 1. 4, leg 2. 5, leg 3. 6, leg 4. 7, leg 5. 8, leg 6. 9, leg 7. 10, leg 10. 11, leg 11. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100þµ)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF674B95FD00246BB612262C7E58F8E3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156687/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[269,1320,327,1783]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD00246BB612262C7E58F8E3" blockId="6.[264,1323,1798,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD00246BB612262C7CD1F89F" bold="true" box="[264,457,1798,1822]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURES 12­16.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD00246BB6CC262C7FAAF89C" box="[470,690,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD00246BB6CC262C7FB6F89C" box="[470,686,1798,1821]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina" status="sp. nov.">Microlympia echina</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25F7A74FD00246BB5A2262C7FE9F89C" box="[696,753,1798,1821]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
12, gonopods, anterior view. 13, gonopods, posterior view. 14, male ninth legpair, anterior view. 15, male tenth coxosternum, anterior view. 16, cyphopods, ventral view. All scale lines = 0.1 mm (100 µ).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD01246AB62220367926FDF7" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
It is surprising 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD01246AB6EA20367F70FEB4" box="[496,616,284,309]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD01246AB6EA20367F70FEB4" box="[496,616,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. echina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been found in WL’s collections from other survey sites in western Washington. 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD01246AB574206E7FFDFEDC" box="[622,741,324,349]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD01246AB574206E7FFDFEDC" box="[622,741,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. echina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appeared to be common at the Alder Creek site, and similar riparian forest habitat is widespread across much of lowland western Washington. Moreover, a comparable maritime climate extends along the entire Pacific Northwest coast. While it appears that 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD01246AB54B20967FDEFE54" box="[593,710,444,469]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD01246AB54B20967FDEFE54" box="[593,710,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. echina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have a narrow distribution, we anticipate locating additional populations on the western Olympic Peninsula and, possibly, southern Vancouver Island, British 
<collectingCountry id="F30F5B8DFD01246AB50C23267F95FDA7" box="[534,653,524,550]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Columbia</collectingCountry>
, which harbors several regionally endemic invertebrate species (Ovaska et al., 2003; Gardner &amp; Shelley, 1989; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD01246AB4B5231E7955FDCF" author="Shelley" box="[943,1101,564,590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Shelley R. M. (1994) The Chonaphini, a biogeographically significant milliped tribe in eastern and western North America (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Brimleyana, 20, 111 - 200." type="journal article" year="1994">Shelley 1994</bibRefCitation>
) and genera (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD01246AB61223767F5EFDF7" author="McKey-Fender" box="[264,582,604,630]" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" refString="McKey-Fender, D., Fender, W. M. &amp; Marshall, V. G. (1994) North American earthworms native to Vancouver Island and the Olympic Peninsula. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 1325 - 1339." type="journal article" year="1994">McKey­Fender et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
) that also occur on the Olympic Peninsula.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD01246AB62223AE7E9CF9E2" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Discussion: Monotypic genera and monobasic families are justified under a variety of circumstances (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD01246AB6EF23867FB5FD47" author="Hormiga" box="[501,685,684,710]" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" refString="Hormiga, G. (1994) A revision and cladistic analysis of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneoidea: Araneae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 549, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1994">Hormiga, 1994</bibRefCitation>
, for more detailed argumentation). Primary among these is the argument that the species or genera so designated represent isolated sistergroups of their closest relatives; this is possible where well­corroborated phylogenetic hypotheses are available‾hardly the case in chordeumatid millipeds. Monotypy may be used to emphasize significant phenetic distance between the taxon in question and its nearest relatives, which distance may be narrowed by subsequent discoveries, resulting in the synonymy of the monotypic taxa (for examples, see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD01246AB482228B7933FC3A" author="Shear" box="[920,1067,929,955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" refString="Shear, W. A. (1972) Studies in the milliped order Chordeumida (Diplopoda): a revision of the family Cleidogonidae and reclassification of the order Chordeumida in the New World. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 144, 151 - 352." type="journal article" year="1972">Shear, 1972</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD01246AB326228B7963FC3A" author="Shear" box="[1084,1147,929,955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" refString="Shear, W. A. (1990) On the central and east Asian milliped family Diplomaragnidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Diplomaragnoidea). American Museum Novitates, 2977, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
), or they may reflect the confidence of their describers that they will, with future work, “fill up” with additional species and genera. This may take a while. Loomis named the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD01246AB3DB22DB7C5BFBB2" class="Diplopoda" family="Apterouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Apterouridae</taxonomicName>
in 1966; a second species in the family has only just been discovered (Shear, in press) and curiously, nearly simultaneously, the same thing has happened for the 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD01246AB3A0256B7CFCFB02" authority="Shear, 2003" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="2003" class="Diplopoda" family="Branneriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Branneriidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD01246AB65125437CC3FB02" author="Shear" box="[331,475,1129,1155]" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Shear, W. A. (2003) Branneria bonoculus, new species, a second species in the North American milliped family Branneriidae (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Brannerioidea). Zootaxa, 233, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2003">Shear, 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
monotypic since 1896. In any case, it can be argued that monotypic higher taxa are at least temoporarily useful, though they contain phenetic, not phylogenetic, information. The family 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD01246AB59B25937E26FB52" box="[641,830,1209,1235]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microlympiidae</taxonomicName>
is described here because while an obvious brannerioid, the new species cannot be placed in any of the named families. The current state of our knowledge of the brannerioid millipeds is manifestly incomplete, as new taxa are continually being discovered and described. The brannerioids are all very small millipeds, most of the species less than 
<quantity id="4CE0B6F8FD01246AB40524737E7BFAF2" box="[799,867,1369,1395]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
in length, are inhabitants of the poorly collected forest leaf­litter habitat, and probably are for the most part winter­active. These factors have ensured that the growth of our understanding of the superfamily has been slow, and will probably continue to be so. Under the circumstances, the discovery of a new form that differs very significantly from those already known is best recognized by establishing a higher monotypic/monobasic taxon, which becomes a “red flag” encouraging systematists to look for additional, related species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD01246AB622275B7F48F95A" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The form of the ninth and tenth legs in 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD01246AB416275B7EE1F90B" box="[780,1017,1649,1674]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD01246AB416275B7EE1F90B" box="[780,1017,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Microlympia echina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique, providing two sound autapmorphies for the family. The pregonopodal leg modifications are not found elsewhere in Brannerioidea.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD012465B62227C37E5EFB4F" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,1875]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Comparisons with possible candidate families further emphasize the distant position of 
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD01246AB631263B7F39F8AB" box="[299,545,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD01246AB631263B7F05F8AB" box="[299,541,1809,1834]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina">Microlympia echina</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The family 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD01246AB5D8263B7EF7F8AA" authority="Loomis 1966" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1966" box="[706,1007,1809,1835]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Tingupidae 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD01246AB44A263B7EF7F8AA" author="Loomis" box="[848,1007,1809,1835]" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" refString="Loomis, H. F. (1966) Two new families and other North American Diplopoda of the suborder Chordeumidea. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 79, 221 - 230." type="journal article" year="1966">Loomis 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was originally monobasic but now contains three genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD01246AB56626137EAAF8D2" authority="Chamberlin 1910" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1910" box="[636,946,1849,1875]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Tingupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD01246AB56626137FC3F8D3" box="[636,731,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tingupa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD01246AB5FE26137EAAF8D2" author="Chamberlin" box="[740,946,1849,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1910) Diplopoda from the western states. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 3, 233 - 262." type="journal article" year="1910">Chamberlin 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[ten species], 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD012465B34626137C71FEB7" authority="Chamberlin 1940" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1940" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD01246AB346261379B6F8D3" box="[1116,1198,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Buotus</emphasis>
Chamberlin 1940
</taxonomicName>
[monotypic], and 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B55A20367EE3FEB7" authority="Shear and Hubbard 1998" authorityName="Shear and Hubbard" authorityYear="1998" box="[576,1019,284,310]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Blancosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B55A20367FC9FEB4" box="[576,721,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Blancosoma</emphasis>
Shear and Hubbard 1998
</taxonomicName>
[monotypic]). The gonopods of 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B66A206E7CC8FEDC" box="[368,464,324,349]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Tingupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B66A206E7CC8FEDC" box="[368,464,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tingupa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were thoroughly studied by WS (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD0E2465B46C206E7910FEDF" author="Shear" box="[886,1032,324,350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" refString="Shear, W. A. (1981) The milliped family Tingupidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Brannerioidea). American Museum Novitates, 2715, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1981">Shear, 1981</bibRefCitation>
) and follow the typical brannerioid plan, with two­part angiocoxites and a lobe­like or sac­like colpocoxite. The three­branched posterior angiocoxite is remarkably uniform in the genus, while the anterior angiocoxite is divided on each side into median and lateral plates. The ninth legs retain 2 or 3 telopodite articles and the tenth legs are unmodified. Species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B38520CE79E5FE7C" box="[1183,1277,484,509]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Tingupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B38520CE79E5FE7C" box="[1183,1277,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tingupa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are heavily sclerotized, have prominent metatergal paranota and a metatergal sculpture of short, thin, acute ridges (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD0E2465B531231E7E2FFDCF" author="Shear" box="[555,823,564,590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" refString="Shear, W. A. (1981) The milliped family Tingupidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Brannerioidea). American Museum Novitates, 2715, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1981">
Shear, 1981, 
<figureCitation id="13230798FD0E2465B5DD231E7E2FFDCF" box="[711,823,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 ­ 2" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[359,1221,313,1744]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 ­ 2. Microlympia echina, n. sp., male. 1, photomicrograph, lateral view of anterior end. 2, line drawing based on Fig. 1, to emphasize features such as reduced telopodites of legpair 11. Scale line = 0. 35 mm (350 µ)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168732/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 1, 2</figureCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
). The segmental setae are short and spatulate. The unique ninth legpair and modified tenth legpair of 
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B4CF2376794BFDF4" box="[981,1107,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B4CF23767956FDF4" box="[981,1102,604,629]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina">M. echina</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the lack of paranota and segmental sculpture, weak sclerotization and long, acute segmental setae all point to considerable differences from tingupids. The monobasic Japanese family 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B3BD23867FD8FD6F" authority="Verhoeff 1941 (Shear, 1988)" authorityName="Verhoeff 1941 (Shear" authorityYear="1988" class="Diplopoda" family="Niponiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Niponiosomatidae Verhoeff 1941 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD0E2465B53223FE7FA0FD6F" author="Shear" box="[552,696,724,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" refString="Shear, W. A. (1988) Systematic position of the milliped family Niponiosomatidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Brannerioidea). Myriapodologica, 2, 37 - 43." type="journal article" year="1988">Shear, 1988</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is worth considering also, because of its close relationship to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B6A123D67F27FC97" box="[443,575,764,790]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tingupidae</taxonomicName>
and the many biogeographical connections between 
<collectingCountry id="F30F5B8DFD0E2465B3AF23D679E0FC97" box="[1205,1272,764,790]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Japan</collectingCountry>
and northwestern North 
<collectingCountry id="F30F5B8DFD0E2465B6E9220E7F44FCBF" box="[499,604,804,830]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">America</collectingCountry>
. The same arguments regarding the gonopod complex of tingupids vs. 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B69D22667F05FCE4" box="[391,541,844,869]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B69D22667F05FCE4" box="[391,541,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Microlympia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be made for this family. The 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B4AA226679C9FCE7" authority="Cook 1896" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[944,1233,844,870]" class="Diplopoda" family="Branneriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Branneriidae Cook 1896</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD0E2465B3FA22667C5DFC0F" author="Shear" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" refString="Shear, W. A. (1972) Studies in the milliped order Chordeumida (Diplopoda): a revision of the family Cleidogonidae and reclassification of the order Chordeumida in the New World. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 144, 151 - 352." type="journal article" year="1972">Shear, 1972</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD0E2465B64E225E7C88FC0F" author="Shear" box="[340,400,884,910]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Shear, W. A. (2003) Branneria bonoculus, new species, a second species in the North American milliped family Branneriidae (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Brannerioidea). Zootaxa, 233, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
) consists of two species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B5FB225E7E42FC0C" box="[737,858,884,909]" class="Diplopoda" family="Branneriidae" genus="Branneria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B5FB225E7E42FC0C" box="[737,858,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Branneria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from southeastern North 
<collectingCountry id="F30F5B8DFD0E2465B38A225E79E1FC0F" box="[1168,1273,884,910]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">America</collectingCountry>
; the gonopods differ strongly from those of the tingupids, niponiosomatids and 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B36C22B67815FC34" box="[1142,1293,924,949]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B36C22B67815FC34" box="[1142,1293,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Microlympia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the presence of a pseudoflagellar branch. However, both the ninth and tenth legpairs are strongly reduced, the tenth much more so than in 
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B45422C67EF4FB84" box="[846,1004,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B45422C67EF0FB84" box="[846,1000,1004,1029]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Microlympia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and the glands of the eleventh coxae may be vestigial. In addition, several taxa of small, obscure European chordeumatidans have been placed in Brannerioidea (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD0E2465B43025167EA6FBD7" author="Shear" box="[810,958,1084,1110]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Shear, W. A. (2000) On the milliped family Heterochordeumatidae, with comments on the higher classification of the order Chordeumatida (Diplopoda). Invertebrate Taxonomy 14, 363 - 376." type="journal article" year="2000">Shear, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). The families 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B36125167C93FBFF" authority="Cook 1896" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" class="Diplopoda" family="Trachygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trachygonidae Cook 1896</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B68D254E7E08FBFF" authority="Verhoeff 1897" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1897" box="[407,784,1124,1150]" class="Diplopoda" family="Heterolatzeliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heterolatzeliidae Verhoeff 1897</taxonomicName>
, and Chaemosomatidae Verhoeff 1913 remain poorly studied, and each contains one or a few species. Closer looks at these taxa may result in future synonymies in the Brannerioidea.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD0E2465B62225F67EADF98F" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Some features of 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B50225F67E13FB74" box="[536,779,1244,1269]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B50225F67E13FB74" box="[536,779,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Microlympia echina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deserve further comment. A trend toward reduction of segment number from the ground plan of 32 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD0E2465B4A8242E7958FA9F" author="Shear" box="[946,1088,1284,1310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Shear, W. A. (2000) On the milliped family Heterochordeumatidae, with comments on the higher classification of the order Chordeumatida (Diplopoda). Invertebrate Taxonomy 14, 363 - 376." type="journal article" year="2000">Shear, 2000</bibRefCitation>
) often accompanies small size in chordeumatidan millipeds. The present minimum known number is 26 segments, found in both sexes of, for example, 
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B40C247E7967FAEF" authority="Bollman" authorityName="Bollman" box="[790,1151,1364,1390]" class="Diplopoda" family="Branneriidae" genus="Branneria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B40C247E7EE2FAEC" box="[790,1018,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Branneria carinata</emphasis>
(Bollman)
</taxonomicName>
; many species have males with 28 segments and females with 30, while others have 28 segments in both sexes, as does 
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B6DE248E7F5EFA3C" box="[452,582,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B6DE248E7F5AFA3C" box="[452,578,1444,1469]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina">M. echina</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The legless condition of the two segments anterior to the epiproct in the present species suggests the possible future disappearance of those two segments altogether, giving 26­segmented males and females.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD0E2465B62227367EE0F92F" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The absence in this species of the expected promentum, thought to be present in all members of the Suborder Craspedosomatidea (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD0E2465B430276E7EA0F9DF" author="Shear" box="[810,952,1604,1630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Shear, W. A. (2000) On the milliped family Heterochordeumatidae, with comments on the higher classification of the order Chordeumatida (Diplopoda). Invertebrate Taxonomy 14, 363 - 376." type="journal article" year="2000">Shear, 2000</bibRefCitation>
) may be due to small size, but a discernable promentum is present in some tingupids of similar stature. It may be necessary in the future to re­evaluate the importance of this character.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA71B1DFD0E2464B6222796798EFDF7" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="9.[264,1323,284,630]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Having evidently functional coxal glands on the ninth legpair is a plesiomorphic character. In more apomorphic forms, the glands are either vestigial (as in many trichopetalids), completely absent, or permanently extruded and sclerotized as colpocoxites (characteristic of the superfamily Heterochordeumatidea; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8966ECFD0E2465B4B5261E7958F8CF" author="Shear" box="[943,1088,1844,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Shear, W. A. (2000) On the milliped family Heterochordeumatidae, with comments on the higher classification of the order Chordeumatida (Diplopoda). Invertebrate Taxonomy 14, 363 - 376." type="journal article" year="2000">Shear, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<emphasis id="B96CC70FFD0E2465B366261E79E1F8CC" box="[1148,1273,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C18609EFD0E2465B366261E79ECF8CC" box="[1148,1268,1844,1869]" class="Diplopoda" family="Microlympiidae" genus="Microlympia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echina">M. echina</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
this plesiomorphic character is correlated with the highly apomorphic strong reduction of the legs themselves. The homologies of the remains of the reduced legs are phylogenetically important, but hard to establish in this species. One hypothesis is based on the presence of two groups of setae on the single articles­­the basal group may represent the distal limits of the coxa, while the apical group may mark an extremely reduced telopodite. In other brannerioids, telopodite reduction takes place as a result of the loss of podomeres, not podomere fusion, so the telopodite remnant is likely to be the last vestige of the prefemur, fused to the reduced coxa. However, the question can only be answered by the examination of antepenultimate and penultimate males, none of which were collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>