374 lines
51 KiB
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374 lines
51 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.e119967" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2193-0074-1-187" ID-Pensoft-UUID="E61CC987F6E15D42A18FB4095AC9124E" ID-ZooBank="739CC1FF7E284678AD1009E6412EB960" ModsDocID="2193-0074-27-1-187" checkinTime="1712889356133" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Carrillo-Briceno, Jorge Domingo, Ruiz-Ramoni, Damian, Sanchez, Rodolfo, Jaimes, Arturo, Chavez-Aponte, Edwin, Prevosti, Francisco Juan, Segura, Valentina, Carlini, Alfredo Armando, Garbe, Lisa, Tombret, Olivier, Zazzo, Antoine & Sanchez-Villagra, Marcelo Ricardo" docDate="2024" docId="E4CA7DDEE9A758939128FCE5AFEF535C" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilRecord 27(1): 187-207" docOrigin="Fossil Record 27 (1)" docPubDate="2024-04-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.e119967" docTitle="Notiomastodon platensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="E61CC987F6E15D42A18FB4095AC9124E" lastPageNumber="187" masterDocId="E61CC987F6E15D42A18FB4095AC9124E" masterDocTitle="Cauca: megafaunal and felid fossils (Mammalia) from a Pleistocene site in northwest Venezuela" masterLastPageNumber="207" masterPageNumber="187" pageNumber="187" updateTime="1712889356133" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="2E4CF77E5233CCC1704585F4FDE4FF78">Cauca: megafaunal and felid fossils (Mammalia) from a Pleistocene site in northwest Venezuela</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="394769E76D6B65C6C28ACA0E61672D6F">Carrillo-Briceno, Jorge Domingo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1309CB7BE918E3EBEDDBC015BF73D183">Universitaet Zuerich, Palaeontologisches Institut, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zuerich, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2A476E0F7A414C9D1114481AB7A8F4A8" type="email">jorgedcb100@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="1096C1817F578022B7A3E5D56901DE2D">Ruiz-Ramoni, Damian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="82450EDCEFD998C6204C137D7F54FC9B">Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina & Instituto Argentino de Nivologia, Glaciologia y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), Av. Ruiz Leal s / n, Parque Gral. San Martin, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="164C495BF33A50B742B481F86BD652CC">Sanchez, Rodolfo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D5389AA63185A9D11DF8E203C8EC640A">Museo Paleontologico de Urumaco, Calle Bolivar s / n, Urumaco, Estado Falcon, Venezuela</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1AFE2E6F4508FCA6902828F8A959351F">Jaimes, Arturo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4306EEC24D640341E60648130513AB65">Centro de Antropologia, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Km. 11 Altos de Pipe, Parroquia Macarao 1204, Miranda, Venezuela</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A0AABEAEF271380DA581FC85FB5E6849">Chavez-Aponte, Edwin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D2C15ADEE13D1BF5278F4A1053AEBF79">Sistema Nacional de Museos, Fundacion Museos Nacionales (FMN), Museo de la Estampa y el Diseno " Carlos Cruz Diez ", ZP 1011, El Silencio, Caracas, Venezuela & Fundacion Nacional de Parques Zoologicos, Zoocriaderos y Acuarios (FUNPZZA) y Universidad Popular del Ambiente " Fruto Vivas ", del Ministerio del P. P. para el Ecosocialismo, ZP 1010, Caracas, Venezuela & Parque Zoologico El Pinar, Instituto Nacional de Parques, ZP 1010, Caracas, Venezuela</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DBBB5747B2D493EF07435252B447D06D">Prevosti, Francisco Juan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CD35BC72EE99058D1F99DDABA7CF572B">Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina & Museo de Ciencias Antropologicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja (UNLaR), Av. Luis M. de la Fuente s / n, 5300, La Rioja, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3A4A9C149A57DA0595658871AD89DBCC">Segura, Valentina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="58BCC09F2338CFDF746F29E468CB8EF1">Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina & Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundacion Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, CP 4000, San Miguel De Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A6921D2769FCC0EBE7CD416099F25C84">Carlini, Alfredo Armando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5901EB2C005F3A04AD75DCFB66EDFC44">Laboratorio de Morfologia Evolutiva y Desarrollo (Morphos), Facultad de Cs. Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="90E3AB17EE9362BA8C3BAD867A33F279">Garbe, Lisa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9125DE773461DF35A76444EE1BE2A6B9">Archeozoologie, Archeobotanique, Societes, Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), UMR 7209, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5780E68B8D53AD8D684BD280890950FF">Tombret, Olivier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="849BBE17E306E796A59F715CA400DD7E">Archeozoologie, Archeobotanique, Societes, Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), UMR 7209, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C6DF3F9303BC236710491BD40EBD724B">Zazzo, Antoine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6C6DDCF549D731E7834946C5FB9A1A32">Archeozoologie, Archeobotanique, Societes, Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), UMR 7209, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0CB13507B719A740E7EBD57E682AB3D4">Sanchez-Villagra, Marcelo Ricardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="01524969788509C2EBD4716CDB5EB899">Universitaet Zuerich, Palaeontologisches Institut, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zuerich, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="621B04D65B4D11D1B3C26AFD2F7DBBD9" type="email">m.sanchez@pim.uzh.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="4AD3762823005C513E713B56B1805ABB">Fossil Record</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2DF3A4BE4F7845AC300C3DDEF4BB7320">
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<mods:date id="45963F767663FE9C7B90712CD0E6BAD3">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EED2FB366BB23C82E9B52BD1A2E66427">2024-04-11</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1BA1CEB43E33E2CFA870CF448CA5C9E8">27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="826159459A993004CE0C5C776B87C9BD">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="A07D827FCB53B400AD389E9EB52A86A5">187</mods:start>
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<treatment id="E4CA7DDEE9A758939128FCE5AFEF535C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E4CA7DDEE9A758939128FCE5AFEF535C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E4CA7DDEE9A758939128FCE5AFEF535C" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
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<subSubSection id="47D55F7C2D4EA631549CBA3E897F9AAF" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="CEAD5AD545371FE6BF831A12801750D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="8543966BF02E17937149343B942A16DB" LSID="E4CA7DDE-E9A7-5893-9128-FCE5AFEF535C" authority="(Ameghino, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Notiomastodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Notiomastodon platensis" order="Proboscidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platensis">Notiomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C40BA3166C67A261ACD4A91BCBBC85DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A43BEFD22A7CA36AEBD2875E7EDA4539" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
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<figureCitation id="10802ED6BBE245FAC31AD57D0419ED3C" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B306EFBE30BB9510B85EA3A49962111F" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E3F28EBA7ABCDBCFDB1807096905F827" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Referred material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E5ADC4F466E0DDF58FC8FD6ECFA5935" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
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A mandible (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="74B627F0756074E21A06B39B5101D009" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7A1</figureCitation>
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), the proximal part of a humerus and the distal end of the radius with what appears to be parts of very deteriorated carpals and metacarpals, all assigned as AMU-CURS-1269 and collected from Cauca
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<normalizedToken id="A361E1E341885CEAA7F34A89AE117D9D" originalValue="“A”">"A"</normalizedToken>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation id="9869FC4DABF547D664BAD4D6E1D7CBB7" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Excavations at the Cauca site. Cauca " A " (A), Cauca " B " (B), and Cauca " E " (C), showing the defence of Notiomastodon platensis (AMU-CURS- 1359) in situ. Mandible of N. platensis in plaster jacket in Cauca " A " (D). Cauca " D " with remains (tibia and ribs) of cf. Eremotherium laurillardi (E)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023339" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">4A</figureCitation>
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). An isolated M2 (AMU-CURS-1045) collected about
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<quantity id="1D70BC22483F99359255A63A0D568AC9" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
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northwest of Cauca
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<normalizedToken id="FAA9907741FD13FF8518B348AF7D3BF2" originalValue="“C”">"C"</normalizedToken>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation id="0D868DA664B7CF14B71FCE11B59D2B48" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic location of the Cauca site (A) and the excavation area (B). The different bone groupings are referred to as " S " and the excavations as " A-E ". The M 2 isolated from a juvenile Notiomastodon platensis (AMU-CURS- 1045) is referred to with a triangle and *. Lithic artefacts referred to here are illustrated in Fig. 9." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023336" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">1B</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
) and a complete and isolated tusk (AMU-CURS-1359) (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="EA3AF08FE981C3CC89F7E28B60D5FBFA" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7C</figureCitation>
|
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) from Cauca
|
||
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<normalizedToken id="CD662FB9EEBB6F706B49EAB055257501" originalValue="“E”">"E"</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
(Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="2FB4E0B08B23CD2906307BA5C7B4F405" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Excavations at the Cauca site. Cauca " A " (A), Cauca " B " (B), and Cauca " E " (C), showing the defence of Notiomastodon platensis (AMU-CURS- 1359) in situ. Mandible of N. platensis in plaster jacket in Cauca " A " (D). Cauca " D " with remains (tibia and ribs) of cf. Eremotherium laurillardi (E)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023339" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
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). Other dental and postcranial fragments (see below) in a very poor state of preservation could not be collected.
|
||
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</paragraph>
|
||
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<caption id="B69BBB31DC8A8D80625BA30F01AE4F15" doi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
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<paragraph id="8080785E3043588B0E9A07969FB813D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
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<emphasis id="C1C23EE12183C96006ABF4DF809C3E14" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
|
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<taxonomicName id="BEA421E2B66C6825A34F7BB2DA59DFAD" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Notiomastodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Notiomastodon platensis" order="Proboscidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platensis">
|
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<emphasis id="04BB8F1382A4E1C298CAC7BA964D9F38" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Notiomastodon platensis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
remains from Cauca site.
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="3E77A41728B6E9D54A5505C9DC90BFD2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">A1, A5.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS-1269);
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="E142D386C3B4C3ECED2AF3F0B51D256C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">A2, A3.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m2 and (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="43AD9DC0EFD0E7D42C4B578075C156EF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">A4</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
), occlusal view of m3;
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="CF8AFE560B0463F3FEA0D12869906A9B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">B1, B2.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Occlusal and lateral view of M2 (AMU-CURS-1045).
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="71023293385D74249AC53214ADDE2C39" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">C</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS-1359).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</caption>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection id="F21E2CCF58E75C2A55DD85CEFDA6527B" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="description">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="289FB5676D3E435D1F2BB551AB3F8109" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Descriptions.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="19A323C80424B46D321DB9441FCCBEEE" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
The mandible AMU-CURS-1269 (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="64E6CB10D29D17796A9D56A0F422B010" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7A1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
) preserves the complete right m2 (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="FF974F31D27157D281DBCE35BB072FCC" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7A1-A3, A5</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
) and erupted m3 (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="850218A74C1FEA235BDEBCC6E111E1FB" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7A1, A4</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
) and erupted left m2 and m3 in a fragmentary state (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="299B061F019792DC788EA6BF9A7CEEF5" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7A1, A5</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Part of the mandibular ramus and condylar processes are not preserved. The right m2 is a bunodont and trilophodont molar with a well-defined heel and cingulum (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="AB224CA2474DA00E8D184FB7B3C96641" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7A2, A3</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
); it is 150 mm in Tl. This molar presents a wear state of
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="29CFAE06B641785B8D72F6079BE0EF4C" originalValue="“3”">"3"</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
(following
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6EE3302E396DC52744C00B373DFAB323" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652010005000001" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="983 - 996" refId="B78" refString="Mothe, D, Avilla, LS, Winck, GR, 2010. Population structure of the gomphothere Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 82 (4): 983 - 996, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652010005000001" title="Population structure of the gomphothere Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652010005000001" volume="82" year="2010">
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="44D429C9849E8DE64FE78FC20A029F90" originalValue="Mothé">Mothe</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
et al. (2010)
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
), which suggests that it could correspond to a subadult/adult individual. Abundant fragments referring to upper molars M2-M3 of the same individual were recovered on the mandibular remains (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="5D5BDFBF63526A302A94A9877BAD252A" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Remains of fossil vertebrates emerging on the surface at the Cauca site. Skull (A), pelvis (B) and appendicular elements (C) of megatheriid Eremotherium. A, C. correspond to unexcavated S 2 (see Fig. 1 B). Upper molars (D) of gomphoteriid Notiomastodon platensis, with the root completely eroded, associated with the mandible AMU-CURS- 1269 from Cauca " A " (Fig. 1 B)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023338" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">3D</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). A small portion of a tusk was also found a few centimetres from the specimen, which was not collected due to the high degree of disintegration. Of the postcranial remains associated with the lower jaw, the proximal part of a right humerus is only preserved in the posterior section and what appears to be the distal end of the radius with carpal and metacarpal fragments are in a very poor state of preservation.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="F0C0493A1F870B7EC7958077288CCE68" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
The isolated tusk AMU-CURS-1359 (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="5A272AC6AEEA39F91345555E30B2E009" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7C</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), whose position on the skull is undetermined, measures about 1700 mm long and could belong to an adult. It is curved, although it shows no apparent natural twist and lacks an enamel band. The tusk lies about 14 m north of the Cauca
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="AB9BCC2923554AC279B8353A8411B189" originalValue="“A”">"A"</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
site and its association with the jaw and the other elements is uncertain. Near the collection site of this tusk and on the surface, some fragmented and indeterminate postcranial bones were observed.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="9758006A85B7E76D6EAD9ACA320B3D61" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
A few metres northeast of the Cauca
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="BB451BB16C565D093A8E709A83CBB56F" originalValue="“D”">"D"</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="860B2EC963C06CEA5A312A8AF0952B1C" originalValue="“E”">"E"</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
excavations, a tusk and bone fragments were found emerging on the surface. However, these were not collected due to the poor state of preservation (grouping 7; Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="D189AE1E95A5ED7E84468994ADD534AE" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic location of the Cauca site (A) and the excavation area (B). The different bone groupings are referred to as " S " and the excavations as " A-E ". The M 2 isolated from a juvenile Notiomastodon platensis (AMU-CURS- 1045) is referred to with a triangle and *. Lithic artefacts referred to here are illustrated in Fig. 9." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023336" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">1B</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). In addition, small fragments of gomphotherid molars were scattered on the surface of the site, possibly because of transport by runoff. A possible upper left M2 (AMU-CURS-1045) not worn and with ~ 96 mm in Tl (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="637EEF8D6C482943916C1A66A4B62C22" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7B1, B2</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), was collected a few metres northeast of excavation
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="6AE4871C34A291D1A914044A046FFB47" originalValue="“C”">"C"</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
, suggesting the probable presence of a juvenile individual at the site. On the other hand, we do not have any evidence that allows us to associate the cranial and dental remains found in Cauca
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="4B43A849BCE160E59390583C1CEB6E3C" originalValue="“A”">"A"</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
, with the other gomphothere elements reported herein, resulting in an uncertain number of adult individuals present at the site.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection id="73DCA838D5661894D02EC9D0741B9901" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="remarks">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="26AB27CC5100A18DF2AA5E7E2FCFC5CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="073F57C515268FE2E3559E425F06C3E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
In recent times, consensus has emerged suggesting the validity of only two genera of gomphothere in the southern continent,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="74A386CFF5FF1AE795F5CCF6B39C3828" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Cuvieronius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuvieronius hyodon" order="Proboscidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hyodon">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="722190B483EA5EFA47C5FBE3F83863EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Cuvieronius hyodon</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
Fischer, 1814 and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8B57AC57C80BED14ABFA14E619111DEC" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Notiomastodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Notiomastodon platensis" order="Proboscidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platensis">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="8A98E5155CCCCD75F7B0CAD5DE7F9D3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Notiomastodon platensis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(=
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FA4E3C6A5CCF26BFFDFD8B566B91BF35" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Stegomastodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegomastodon platensis" order="Proboscidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platensis">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="23332673C52EE6B77E7CDBF269E03712" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Stegomastodon platensis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) (e.g.
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="CE6DC58C11C0EE1ED79767F7C944E0B0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" refId="B79" refString="Mothe, D, Avilla, LS, Cozzuol, MA, Winck, GR, 2012. Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South America lowlands. Quaternary International 276-277: 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018" title="Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South America lowlands. Quaternary International 276 - 277: 2 - 7." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018" year="2012">
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="78A4AD71CD0653198BAA840E13CDD6F4" originalValue="Mothé">Mothe</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
et al. (2012
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="215EA74B4E4FE679843D301F195E4D70" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalian Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="23 - 32" refId="B80" refString="Mothe, D, Avilla, LS, Cozzuol, MA, 2013. The South American gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 20: 23 - 32, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3" title="The South American gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3" volume="20" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="AC10E1F0D5ABDFE1E36F09082A92F315" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalian Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="165 - 177" refId="B82" refString="Mothe, D, Ferretti, MP, Avilla, L, 2017a. Running over the same old ground: Stegomastodon never roamed South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 26: 165 - 177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y" title="Running over the same old ground: Stegomastodon never roamed South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y" volume="26" year="2017 a">2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
);
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EC59521023B55CCE2DBEF8BF229016B0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2067754" author="Alberdi, MT" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="1685 - 1691" refId="B3" refString="Alberdi, MT, Prado, JL, 2022. Diversity of the fossil gomphotheres from South America. Historical Biology 34 (8): 1685 - 1691, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2067754" title="Diversity of the fossil gomphotheres from South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2067754" volume="34" year="2022">Alberdi and Prado (2022)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). The stratigraphic and geographic distribution, as well as the diagnostic features that have been used to differentiate both genera, which are based on the skull and mandibular symphysis morphology and upper tusk and molars, are discussed in detail by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="57A3F4B37D3BD58D036FE5E3CEDEDF71" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147009" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalian Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" refId="B81" refString="Mothe, D, Marco, PF, Avilla, LS, Beatty, BL, 2016. The dance of tusks: rediscovery of lower incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon revises incisor evolution in Elephantimorpha. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0147009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147009" title="The dance of tusks: rediscovery of lower incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon revises incisor evolution in Elephantimorpha. PLoS ONE 11 (1): e 0147009." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147009" year="2016">
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="29F43A8280981C28D78B8D0DBF567889" originalValue="Mothé">Mothe</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
et al. (2016
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B0DD2DC0BF1E6A28649BC0AC22D72B99" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalian Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="165 - 177" refId="B82" refString="Mothe, D, Ferretti, MP, Avilla, L, 2017a. Running over the same old ground: Stegomastodon never roamed South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 26: 165 - 177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y" title="Running over the same old ground: Stegomastodon never roamed South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y" volume="26" year="2017 a">2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
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|
<bibRefCitation id="9245A62CD211214D7A0A02212955FBD5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2017.1.12" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="149 - 152" refId="B83" refString="Mothe, D, Aguanta, WF, Belatto, SL, Avilla, L, 2017b. First record of Notiomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Bolivia. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 20 (1): 149 - 152, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2017.1.12" title="First record of Notiomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Bolivia." url="https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2017.1.12" volume="20" year="2017 b">2017b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
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),
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B9429FFAB014D0CA1F1AE71ED629723D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2067754" author="Alberdi, MT" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="1685 - 1691" refId="B3" refString="Alberdi, MT, Prado, JL, 2022. Diversity of the fossil gomphotheres from South America. Historical Biology 34 (8): 1685 - 1691, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2067754" title="Diversity of the fossil gomphotheres from South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2067754" volume="34" year="2022">Alberdi and Prado (2022)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
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|
and
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="68DF8767B8EBF792075A0A2FB7DD0187" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-023-00273-7" author="Carrillo-Briceno, JD" journalOrPublisher="Swiss Journal of Palaeontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" refId="B25" refString="Carrillo-Briceno, JD, Vezzosi, RI, Ming, KM, Christen, ZM, Mothe, D, Ruiz-Ramoni, D, Sanchez-Villagra, MR, 2023. Nearctic Pleistocene ungulates from the Pampean region (Argentina) in the historical collections of Santiago Roth in Switzerland: an overview. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 142(1)12-26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-023-00273-7" title="Nearctic Pleistocene ungulates from the Pampean region (Argentina) in the historical collections of Santiago Roth in Switzerland: an overview. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 142 (1) 12 - 26." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-023-00273-7" year="2023">
|
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|
<normalizedToken id="871227571C388F373504044A865A235C" originalValue="Carrillo-Briceño">Carrillo-Briceno</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
et al. (2023)
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
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<paragraph id="85A459E9AB3424754CBEA47E666AB040" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
Based on the taxonomic differences mentioned above and used to differentiate both genera of gomphotheres in South America, we assigned the better-preserved specimens referred to in this section to
|
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|
<taxonomicName id="9F06FE6E4E21B2E0C338748CF01BB81C" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. platensis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platensis">
|
||
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<emphasis id="E3C834C6F7DEFFF52D84CB47AFDF4307" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">N. platensis</emphasis>
|
||
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. This assignment is supported by: 1) the double to single clover wear pattern present in the right m2 of the AMU-CURS-1269 (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="961DEF33F782EAED4C00EBA723745CD6" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7A2</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), which resembles the pattern present in molars with advanced wear state in
|
||
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<taxonomicName id="C670DBFF717AC906737BC994B4D0009E" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. platensis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platensis">
|
||
|
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<emphasis id="06760F244BA5256FA41788F951808787" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">N. platensis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(e.g.
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="7647432DC4338002562CFB7667C07148" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" refId="B79" refString="Mothe, D, Avilla, LS, Cozzuol, MA, Winck, GR, 2012. Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South America lowlands. Quaternary International 276-277: 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018" title="Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South America lowlands. Quaternary International 276 - 277: 2 - 7." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018" year="2012">
|
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<normalizedToken id="1EE52C0BAEB7D8F9ACD04D9988A2A663" originalValue="Mothé">Mothe</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
et al. (2012
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="11FBED346505DA755BBF0013ED482576" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalian Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="23 - 32" refId="B80" refString="Mothe, D, Avilla, LS, Cozzuol, MA, 2013. The South American gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 20: 23 - 32, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3" title="The South American gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3" volume="20" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
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,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="67E9284964D39AA0919A379A17CF23A4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalian Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="165 - 177" refId="B82" refString="Mothe, D, Ferretti, MP, Avilla, L, 2017a. Running over the same old ground: Stegomastodon never roamed South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 26: 165 - 177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y" title="Running over the same old ground: Stegomastodon never roamed South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y" volume="26" year="2017 a">2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
) and references therein); 2) the robustness, curved shape and lack of twist and enamel bands in the tusk AMU-CURS-1359 (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="96B962C80A1ABE990BC36AAF2EF5B0DC" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Notiomastodon platensis remains from Cauca site. A 1, A 5. Dorsal and anterodorsal views of the mandible (AMU-CURS- 1269); A 2, A 3. Occlusal and labial views of preserved right m 2 and (A 4), occlusal view of m 3; B 1, B 2. Occlusal and lateral view of M 2 (AMU-CURS- 1045). C. lateral view of tusk (AMU-CURS- 1359)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e119967.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1023342" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">7C</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), which contrast with the shape and morphology of the
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EE7F12CC8E4269D1CAF89532A8909DEA" lsidName="C. hyodon" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="species" species="hyodon">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="2E9CDD557D84CA340A0C20323C00F743" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">C. hyodon</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
tusk (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="AD7F297854C3F3A39705DB7323971903" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" refId="B79" refString="Mothe, D, Avilla, LS, Cozzuol, MA, Winck, GR, 2012. Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South America lowlands. Quaternary International 276-277: 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018" title="Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South America lowlands. Quaternary International 276 - 277: 2 - 7." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018" year="2012">
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="EAD4A70E4ACE2A8AE25F119FB8457886" originalValue="Mothé">Mothe</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
et al. 2012
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D0B3FF361AFDFC87482EF43AD128C558" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalian Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="23 - 32" refId="B80" refString="Mothe, D, Avilla, LS, Cozzuol, MA, 2013. The South American gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 20: 23 - 32, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3" title="The South American gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3" volume="20" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
;
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="04F4539B9E10291646469DFD34302578" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary Science Reviews" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="23 - 35" refId="B77" refString="Mothe, D, Avilla, L, 2015. Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea). Quaternary Science Reviews 110: 23 - 35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013" title="Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013" volume="110" year="2015">
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="D89C4EE40F326B5C2766B06064EDECF6" originalValue="Mothé">Mothe</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
and Avilla 2015
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
); and 3) a jaw with no trace of lower tusks; meanwhile,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9C6B68DEBCE248D07EC9B98F917CED41" lsidName="C. hyodon" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="species" species="hyodon">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="368A949F9D64ED3825C0153E1A54F7BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">C. hyodon</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
presents a pair of lower incisors or its corresponding vestigial alveoli (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="77E78DBC27E976F5CBB935CCA5AB3D4E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013" author="Mothe, D" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary Science Reviews" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="23 - 35" refId="B77" refString="Mothe, D, Avilla, L, 2015. Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea). Quaternary Science Reviews 110: 23 - 35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013" title="Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013" volume="110" year="2015">
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="31C2429D5B332BFA9C77FF19262EDCE0" originalValue="Mothé">Mothe</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
and Avilla 2015
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). By analogy, we believe the other remains of gomphotheres found at the Cauca site (e.g. tooth fragments and probably postcranial elements), and with a poor state of preservation (for example these from grouping 7) could also belong to
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D4E25FBD58B888358D7C0896C9C55165" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. platensis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platensis">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="A6C7F394CDECA50F6A088BE888BBC86E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">N. platensis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="B96E0EC76553E1729E170AE32FE77040" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
Abundant specimens of gomphotheres have been reported for several locations in the
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="1E3075677E17DE69B26B7953C67AEFFC" originalValue="Falcón">Falcon</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
State and other sites in Venezuela (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F3668F0E8FA3FF018E1A0B961157E5EB" author="Carrillo-Briceno, JD" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Antropologico" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="233 - 266" publicationUrl="http://www.saber.ula.ve/handle/123456789/30824" refId="B21" refString="Carrillo-Briceno, JD, Chavez-Aponte, AE, Alfonso, HI, 2008a. Notas preliminares sobre los mastodontes gonfoterios (Mammalia: Proboscidea) del Cuaternario venezolano. Boletin Antropologico 26 (74): 233 - 266, http://www.saber.ula.ve/handle/123456789/30824" title="Notas preliminares sobre los mastodontes gonfoterios (Mammalia: Proboscidea) del Cuaternario venezolano." url="http://www.saber.ula.ve/handle/123456789/30824" volume="26" year="2008 a">
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="EDACE2D2E7E34C7072545269CC4C94BA" originalValue="Carrillo-Briceño">Carrillo-Briceno</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
et al. 2008a
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="49A78069B5338845FC5B54F65AC548D5" author="Carrillo-Briceno, JD" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Centro de Historia del Estado Trujillo" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="33 - 44" refId="B22" refString="Carrillo-Briceno, JD, Alfonzo-Hernandez, I, Chavez-Aponte, EO, 2008b. Primer registro paleontologico de Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia Proboscidea) para la Serrania de Trujillo, Estado Trujillo. Boletin del Centro de Historia del Estado Trujillo 17 (63): 33 - 44" title="Primer registro paleontologico de Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia Proboscidea) para la Serrania de Trujillo, Estado Trujillo." volume="17" year="2008 b">2008b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
;
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="CA3F529862495F1E0C3D820383854830" originalValue="Chávez-Aponte">Chavez-Aponte</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
et al. 2008;
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="7EB52224AEE733218D9498486B9BC9E5" author="Carrillo-Briceno, JD" editor="Sanchez-Villagra, MR" journalOrPublisher="Printwork Art GmbH, St. Gallen" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="313 - 322" refId="B19" refString="Carrillo-Briceno, JD, 2012. Los Mastodontes y sus Parientes: El Registro Fosil de los Proboscidios. In: Sanchez-Villagra, MR, Ed., Venezuela Paleontologica: Evolucion de la diversidad en el pasado. Printwork Art GmbH, St. Gallen: 313 - 322" title="Los Mastodontes y sus Parientes: El Registro Fosil de los Proboscidios." volumeTitle="Venezuela Paleontologica: Evolucion de la diversidad en el pasado." year="2012">
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="F3BEB41620E28E3D4F05FB39F52F04F1" originalValue="Carrillo-Briceño">Carrillo-Briceno</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
2012
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="2B2DF81ED74800AEEB92FCE5058BDC38" author="Carrillo-Briceno, JD" journalOrPublisher="Rio Verde, Caracas" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" refId="B20" refString="Carrillo-Briceno, JD, 2015. Bestias Prehistoricas de Venezuela "Colosos de la Edad de Hielo". Rio Verde, Caracas" title="Bestias Prehistoricas de Venezuela " Colosos de la Edad de Hielo "." year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
); however, their taxonomic assignment should be re-evaluated. The gomphothere remains collected from the palaeontological/archaeological sites of Muaco, Taima-Taima and
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="AB0242BC87FBB9A1D5FFBB5A10178F77" originalValue="Cucuruchú">Cucuruchu</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
in
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken id="818AB6186183C176EB38429160EFDDD4" originalValue="Falcón">Falcon</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
State, should be assigned to
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="96E6F11D5B27A8DB89339805E26CACFA" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. platensis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platensis">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="F52DDFCC180816253687E74F15B86BC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">N. platensis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(e.g. J.D.C.B., pers. obs. (2022)).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="0F93075AF071AA06B28CD87F85205F3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="6E9D5215B7C9561EB9C9B30138BD3E93" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B8D2C81EEDE2678315887DEC4551F94B" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Perissodactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
Owen, 1848
|
||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="C7F3E1E86649F984A390DAE3CF66CE1C" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="9DC1B2A3F278F2547BFCE9A339305850" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F4AC67764475810E5C036A8CA4F6F6B5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Equidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
Gray, 1821
|
||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="05684E0BF265BC264C756468F9B66684" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="EBE5BBAA83CA2B78DD05456CBAA8D6ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3DE254395603E1235DBDD7A36381BCEF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Equus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="1E55ABF23DD6C59A0A6B2E3704A75E48" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
</treatment>
|
||
|
|
</document>
|