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264 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590" ID-PMC="PMC8595221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-9-e75590" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48" ID-PubMed="34795550" ModsDocID="1314-2828-9-e75590" checkinTime="1636536797203" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sennikov, Alexander N. & Lazkov, Georgy A." docDate="2021" docId="BCC30C7AF1935B76871DF09D577CFCA8" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 9: e75590" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 9" docPubDate="2021-11-09" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590" docTitle="Xanthium spinosum L. 1753" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48" lastPageNumber="75590" masterDocId="6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48" masterDocTitle="The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 1" masterLastPageNumber="75590" masterPageNumber="75590" pageNumber="75590" updateTime="1668126427846" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sennikov, Alexander N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6664-7657</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland & Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lazkov, Georgy A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-11-09</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>9</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>75590</mods:start>
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<mods:end>75590</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-9-e75590</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BCC30C7AF1935B76871DF09D577CFCA8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BCC30C7AF1935B76871DF09D577CFCA8" lastPageNumber="75590" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<taxonomicName LSID="BCC30C7A-F193-5B76-871D-F09D577CFCA8" authority="L. 1753" authorityName="L." authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium spinosum" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosum">Xanthium spinosum L. 1753</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium spinosum" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosum">Xanthium spinosum</taxonomicName>
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L., Sp. Pl. 2: 987 (1753) -
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<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Asteraceae" genus="Acanthoxanthium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acanthoxanthium spinosum" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="spinosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Acanthoxanthium spinosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(L.) Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="sér">ser</normalizedToken>
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. 2, 17: 110 (1869).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">This species is characterised by armed leaves and subglabrous elliptic burrs 1-1.5 cm long with numerous hooked prickles.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Distribution</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="native distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Native distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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The species is native to South America (
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<bibRefCitation author="Loeve, D." journalOrPublisher="Lagascalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="55 - 71" refId="B7379770" refString="Loeve, D., 1975. The genus Acanthoxanthium (DC.) Fourr. revived. Lagascalia 5 (1): 55 - 71" title="The genus Acanthoxanthium (DC.) Fourr. revived" volume="5" year="1975">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Löve">Loeve</normalizedToken>
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1975
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="secondary distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Secondary distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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Neophyte in North America, Europe (including the Mediterranean), Southern Africa, Asia, Australia. In Europe, this species belongs to the most widely distributed alien vascular plants (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lambdon, P. V." journalOrPublisher="Preslia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="101 - 149" refId="B7430092" refString="Lambdon, P. V., Pysek, P., Basnou, C., Hejda, M., Arianoutsou, M., Essl, F., Jarosik, V., Pergl, J., Winter, M., Anastasiu, P., Andriopoulos, P., Bazos, I., Brundu, G., Celesti-Grapow, L., Chassot, P., Delipetrou, P., Josefsson, M., Kark, S., Klotz, S., Kokkoris, Y., Kuehn, I., Marchante, H., Perglova, I., Pino, J., Vila, M., Zikos, A., Roy, D., Hulme, P. E., 2008. Alien flora of Europe: species diversity, temporal trends, geographical patterns and research needs. Preslia 80 (2): 101 - 149" title="Alien flora of Europe: species diversity, temporal trends, geographical patterns and research needs" volume="80" year="2008">Lambdon et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="distribution in central asia">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Distribution in Central Asia</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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Widely distributed in all the countries (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nabiev, M. M." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7199560" refString="Nabiev, M. M., 1993. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia 10" volume="10" year="1993">Nabiev 1993</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In Chinese Central Asia,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium spinosum" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Xanthium spinosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was first recorded in the 1880s by A. Regel from Uqturpan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fedtschenko, O. A." journalOrPublisher="Izvestia Turkestanskogo Otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obschestva, part 4" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="155 - 401" refId="B7275364" refString="Fedtschenko, O. A., Fedtschenko, B. A., 1911. Conspectus florae Turkestanicae. Izvestia Turkestanskogo Otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obschestva, part 4 6 (Supplement): 155 - 401" title="Conspectus florae Turkestanicae" volume="6" year="1911">Fedtschenko and Fedtschenko 1911</bibRefCitation>
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). This early Chinese record has been neglected in national inventories (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Xu, Haigen" journalOrPublisher="NeoBiota" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="1 - 26" refId="B7422346" refString="Xu, Haigen, Qiang, Sheng, Genovesi, Piero, Ding, Hui, Wu, Jun, Meng, Ling, Han, Zhengmin, Miao, Jinlai, Hu, Baishi, Guo, Jiangying, Sun, Hongying, Huang, Cheng, Lei, Juncheng, Le, Zhifang, Zhang, Xiaoping, He, Shunping, Wu, Yu, Zheng, Zhou, Chen, Lian, Jarosik, Vojtech, Pysek, Petr, 2012. An inventory of invasive alien species in China. NeoBiota 15: 1 - 26" title="An inventory of invasive alien species in China" volume="15" year="2012">Xu et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In Kazakhstan, this species occurs in four restricted areas, of which the Talas Alatau is adjacent to Kyrgyzstan (
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<bibRefCitation author="Zaitseva, L. G." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Kazakhstan" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7435054" refString="Zaitseva, L. G., 1965. . Flora of Kazakhstan 8" volume="8" year="1965">Zaitseva 1965</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Aldibekova, Dinara Abdikhaliyevna" journalOrPublisher="OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="237 - 246" refId="B7434894" refString="Aldibekova, Dinara Abdikhaliyevna, Kizaibek, Murat, Aisijiang, Mahaya, Dyuskaliyeva, Gulzhamal, Taldau, Angsar, Erkinbek, Mainur, 2018. Morphology, anatomy, chlorogenic acid content and antioxidant capacity of Xanthium strumarium L. and Xanthium spinosum L. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 18 (2): 237 - 246" title="Morphology, anatomy, chlorogenic acid content and antioxidant capacity of Xanthium strumarium L. and Xanthium spinosum L." volume="18" year="2018">Aldibekova et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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). It was first observed in 1877 by I. Zarubin along the Syrdarya River between Qazaly (formerly Kazalinsk), Josaly (formerly Karmakshy) and Qyzylorda (formerly Perovsk) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Zarubin, I. I." journalOrPublisher="Russkii Vestnik" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="235 - 275" refId="B7473578" refString="Zarubin, I. I., 1879. Through mountains and steppes of Central Asia. Travel notes from Moscow to Kulja. Russkii Vestnik 144: 235 - 275" title="Through mountains and steppes of Central Asia. Travel notes from Moscow to Kulja" volume="144" year="1879">Zarubin 1879</bibRefCitation>
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), and then on the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Maŋğystau">Maŋgystau</normalizedToken>
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Peninsula at the Kaspian Sea (first collected in 1895).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In Uzbekistan, the species has been originally known from the eastern parts of the country (Tashkent and Samarkand Regions) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nabiev, M. M." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Uzbekistan" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7435026" refString="Nabiev, M. M., 1962. . Flora of Uzbekistan 6" volume="6" year="1962">Nabiev 1962b</bibRefCitation>
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). The first observation made by A. Regel along the Salor irrigation channel near Tashkent was dated the 1880s (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fedtschenko, O. A." journalOrPublisher="Izvestia Turkestanskogo Otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obschestva, part 4" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="155 - 401" refId="B7275364" refString="Fedtschenko, O. A., Fedtschenko, B. A., 1911. Conspectus florae Turkestanicae. Izvestia Turkestanskogo Otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obschestva, part 4 6 (Supplement): 155 - 401" title="Conspectus florae Turkestanicae" volume="6" year="1911">Fedtschenko and Fedtschenko 1911</bibRefCitation>
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); the first specimens were collected in 1912-1920 near railway stations and along roadsides.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In Tajikistan, the species was first collected as a ruderal plant from Dushanbe (
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<bibRefCitation author="Grigoriev, Y. S." journalOrPublisher="Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow & Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7473589" refString="Grigoriev, Y. S., 1953. Manual of vascular plants of the vicinities of Stalinabad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow & Leningrad" title="Manual of vascular plants of the vicinities of Stalinabad" year="1953">Grigoriev 1953</bibRefCitation>
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), Xujand and Samgar in the northern part of the country (
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<bibRefCitation author="Komarov, B. M." journalOrPublisher="Science Publishers, Dushanbe" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7473598" refString="Komarov, B. M., 1967. Manual of vascular plants of northern Tajikistan. Science Publishers, Dushanbe" title="Manual of vascular plants of northern Tajikistan" year="1967">Komarov 1967</bibRefCitation>
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). The date of the first record is not known, but seemingly it appeared shortly after the Second World War.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In Turkmenistan, the species occurred as a rare ruderal along irrrigation ditches in and around populated places (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nikitin, V. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Turkmenia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7473565" refString="Nikitin, V. V., 1960. . Flora of Turkmenia 7" volume="7" year="1960">Nikitin 1960</bibRefCitation>
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). The first herbarium specimen was collected in 1898.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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As evident from the first herbarium specimens and observations in present-day Kazakhstan, the introduction of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. spinosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="spinosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. spinosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was linked to Russian fortifications that served as foreposts for the conquest and colonisation of the territory, and the roads connecting those fortifications along the Caspian Sea (established in the 1840s-1860s) and along the Syrdarya River (established in 1850s-1860s). As the species is notorious for its efficiency in contaminating various kinds of fur and wool (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kowarik, I." journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7474175" refString="Kowarik, I., von der Lippe, M., 2007. Biological invasions. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg" title="Biological invasions" year="2007">Kowarik and von der Lippe 2007</bibRefCitation>
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), it is easy to understand that
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. spinosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="spinosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. spinosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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had arrived being tangled in manes and tails of Russian military horses, gradually proceeding eastwards (as, for example, in Australia:
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<bibRefCitation author="Woolls, W." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="185 - 205" refId="B7474241" refString="Woolls, W., 1885. Plants which have become naturalized in N. S. Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9 (1): 185 - 205" title="Plants which have become naturalized in N. S. Wales" volume="9" year="1885">Woolls 1885</bibRefCitation>
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). Since the species was found extensively established already in 1877 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Zarubin, I. I." journalOrPublisher="Russkii Vestnik" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="235 - 275" refId="B7473578" refString="Zarubin, I. I., 1879. Through mountains and steppes of Central Asia. Travel notes from Moscow to Kulja. Russkii Vestnik 144: 235 - 275" title="Through mountains and steppes of Central Asia. Travel notes from Moscow to Kulja" volume="144" year="1879">Zarubin 1879</bibRefCitation>
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), its invasion to Kazakhstan may have started in the 1860s or even earlier.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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Its introduction to Turkmenistan was by the same military cavalry, probably in the 1880s. In particular, the first locality of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. spinosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="spinosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. spinosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Daine Village (
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<bibRefCitation author="Dittrich, M." journalOrPublisher="Flora Iranica" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7378342" refString="Dittrich, M., 1989. . Flora Iranica 164" volume="164" year="1989">Dittrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
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), was a border post which was certainly horse-served at that time. In Uzbekistan, the species appeared also in the 1880s, using the same pathway (Tashkent was the seat of the Russian administration in Turkestan, intensely supported by the military power from European Russia).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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Besides the military traffic, by the 1850s, a road from Orsk Town along the Syr-Darya River was established for regular horse-driven transportation of merchandise from Russia to the Emirate of Buxoro and back (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nebolsin, P. I." journalOrPublisher="Zapiski Imperatorskago Russkago Geograficheskago Obschestva" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="1 - 335" refId="B7523883" refString="Nebolsin, P. I., 1855. Essays on the trade of Russia with Central Asia. Zapiski Imperatorskago Russkago Geograficheskago Obschestva 10: 1 - 335" title="Essays on the trade of Russia with Central Asia" volume="10" year="1855">Nebolsin 1855</bibRefCitation>
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), which undoubtedly promoted the further spread of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. spinosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="spinosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. spinosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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The first records of the species from Kyrgyzstan are later and, therefore, are not linked with the horse power. Instead, they are firmly connected with the relocation of 2.3 million head of cattle during the second part of 1941, from the European part of the USSR to its Asiatic territories, including Central Asia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kumanev, G. A." journalOrPublisher="Novaya i Noveyshaya Istoriya" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="7 - 27" refId="B7474259" refString="Kumanev, G. A., 2006. The war and the evacuation in the USSR, in 1941 and 1942. Novaya i Noveyshaya Istoriya 2006 (6): 7 - 27" title="The war and the evacuation in the USSR, in 1941 and 1942" volume="2006" year="2006">Kumanev 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), as a contaminant of cattle tails and fur, fodder and bedding. The same pathway can be inferred also for Tajikistan, where the species was not registered before the War time.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="distribution in kyrgyzstan">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Distribution in Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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Western Tian-Shan, Northern Tian-Shan, Alay-Turkestan (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F7430521" captionText="Figure 10. Distribution of Xanthium spinosum in Kyrgyzstan according to herbarium specimens and our observations. The occurrence in Talas Region is borrowed from Deza (1983) and mapped tentatively." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591064" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">10</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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The species prefers arid areas with higher temperatures. It occurs in the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Chü">Chue</normalizedToken>
|
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Depression with surrounding mountains and the eastern part of the Fergana Depression with surrounding mountains (
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<bibRefCitation author="Gorbunova, N. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Kirghizia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7206708" refString="Gorbunova, N. V., 1965. . Flora of Kirghizia 11" volume="11" year="1965">Gorbunova 1965</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Deza, M. I." journalOrPublisher="Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7206684" refString="Deza, M. I., 1983. Weedy plants of Kirghizia. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" title="Weedy plants of Kirghizia" year="1983">Deza 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
); numerous recent observations exist (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F7411403" captionText="Figure 11. Xanthium spinosum at the Toskool River, Kyrgyzstan (photo by G. Lazkov, 16 August 2021)." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/578243" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">11</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Its first record comes from railway embankments in Bishkek City between Bishkek-1 Station (formerly Pishpek) and Bishkek-2 Station (formerly Frunze), where a large population was observed in 1942 (
|
||
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|
<bibRefCitation author="Nikitina, E. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Kirghizia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7275344" refString="Nikitina, E. V., 1965. . Flora of Kirghizia 11" volume="11" year="1965">Nikitina 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
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|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
|
||
|
|
The species is also known from the Talas Depression in north-western Kyrgyzstan (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Deza, M. I." journalOrPublisher="Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7206684" refString="Deza, M. I., 1983. Weedy plants of Kirghizia. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" title="Weedy plants of Kirghizia" year="1983">Deza 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
), although without supporting specimens. This part of its distribution agrees with the corresponding occurrences in Kazakhstan (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Aldibekova, Dinara Abdikhaliyevna" journalOrPublisher="OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="237 - 246" refId="B7434894" refString="Aldibekova, Dinara Abdikhaliyevna, Kizaibek, Murat, Aisijiang, Mahaya, Dyuskaliyeva, Gulzhamal, Taldau, Angsar, Erkinbek, Mainur, 2018. Morphology, anatomy, chlorogenic acid content and antioxidant capacity of Xanthium strumarium L. and Xanthium spinosum L. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 18 (2): 237 - 246" title="Morphology, anatomy, chlorogenic acid content and antioxidant capacity of Xanthium strumarium L. and Xanthium spinosum L." volume="18" year="2018">Aldibekova et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">So far, the species was found in the lowlands and foothills, mostly at elevations of 600-1000 m, but also climbing up to 1650 m in the arid mountains.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="ecology">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Ecology</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Riversides in the native distribution area; waste lands, disturbed grounds, roadsides, gravelly riversides, clayey lowlands, gardens and fallow fields in the secondary distribution area.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="biology">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Biology</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Annual.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="introduction to kyrgyzstan">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Introduction to Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="period of introduction">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Period of introduction</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Neophyte.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
|
||
|
|
The first record from Kyrgyzstan is based on undocumented observations from railway tracks within Bishkek City, which are dated 1942 (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Nikitina, E. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Kirghizia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7275344" refString="Nikitina, E. V., 1965. . Flora of Kirghizia 11" volume="11" year="1965">Nikitina 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). The first herbarium specimens were collected from Osh Town and dated 1946. Both records are connected with the Second World War migration of refugees and relocation of resources from the European part of the USSR during 1941, which required extensive transportation of industrial equipment, human population and livestock, including a massive amount of cattle and their supply (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kazakova, A. S." journalOrPublisher="Obschestvennye Nauki v Uzbekistane" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="3 - 10" refId="B7433390" refString="Kazakova, A. S., Salamov, D. A., 1961. Uzbekistan in the times of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (1941-1945). Obschestvennye Nauki v Uzbekistane 1961 (6): 3 - 10" title="Uzbekistan in the times of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (1941 - 1945)" volume="1961" year="1961">Kazakova and Salamov 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kumanev, G. A." journalOrPublisher="Novaya i Noveyshaya Istoriya" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="7 - 27" refId="B7474259" refString="Kumanev, G. A., 2006. The war and the evacuation in the USSR, in 1941 and 1942. Novaya i Noveyshaya Istoriya 2006 (6): 7 - 27" title="The war and the evacuation in the USSR, in 1941 and 1942" volume="2006" year="2006">Kumanev 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="pathways of introduction">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Pathways of introduction</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Transport - Contaminant: Contaminant on animals.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">The species has arrived as a contaminant on live animals, which were massively transported from south-eastern Europe. Further dispersal occurred by domestic animals and water.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
|
||
|
|
In Europe, the species was also noted as a grain contaminant (e.g.
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Suominen, J." journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Fennica" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="1 - 108" refId="B7434725" refString="Suominen, J., 1979. The grain immigrant flora of Finland. Acta Botanica Fennica 111: 1 - 108" title="The grain immigrant flora of Finland" volume="111" year="1979">Suominen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Clement, E. J." journalOrPublisher="Botanical Society of the British Isles, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7466737" refString="Clement, E. J., Foster, M. C., 1994. Alien plants of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London" title="Alien plants of the British Isles" year="1994">Clement and Foster 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="invasion status">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Invasion status</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Fully naturalised, invasive.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="evidence of impact">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Evidence of impact</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
|
||
|
|
Agriculture - minor impact (the species may occur as a weed of vegetable plantations and was noticed in gardens and vineyards) (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Deza, M. I." journalOrPublisher="Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7206684" refString="Deza, M. I., 1983. Weedy plants of Kirghizia. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" title="Weedy plants of Kirghizia" year="1983">Deza 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Native ecosystems - major impact (recorded along mountain rivers, in mountain forests and in steppe-like vegetation around populated places, mostly along roadsides). Urban areas - major impact (recorded as a ruderal in many populated places).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="trend">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Trend</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Increasing (observed).</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
</treatment>
|
||
|
|
</document>
|