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<document id="031A83A995AECADBE3C793A8B8740FCC" ID-CLB-Dataset="42365" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f1d1977-6b97-4789-828c-76ed250cf1ae" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="242729" ID-ZooBank="D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460936415633" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano &amp; Boero, Ferdinando" docDate="2015" docId="03F887DEFFD9FF899CD60CC0D7CCF96A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03908p187.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3908 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cladonema radiatum Dujardin 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFC1FFA6FFF6FFB99C410F49D739FFD6" masterDocTitle="The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide" masterLastPageNumber="187" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1698583517399" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6A2886214BD46FA0D517693DA80B5E98">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E315D7761615DC176148F0F2C8FC74C4">Gravili, Cinzia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D30072526B0784CAD6549C1DED7C047F">Vito, Doris De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C2B6F3974DBF4752586F4BE2BC06C4EB">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="88DC4BEAA1099AF7627028EB70506E61">Martell, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="890E102849FDB5762F5DA2756EA5D9E6" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3E16719AF0A05A5C92A35166BE1F2D40">Piraino, Stefano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8E39AB805F674E39A48DB00C2923E5C2">Boero, Ferdinando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E66DF4E03AA4F90617B97C1D51D0C8CA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B40FB78171F129F3BC609D11C7065833">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="E60D77F8C6B2D38F8056E7844D227E93" type="volume">
<mods:number id="005BFA4DB23D23B20383E269B738B9B7">3908</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F887DEFFD9FF899CD60CC0D7CCF96A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107005" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119591079" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6107005" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887DEFFD9FF899CD60CC0D7CCF96A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887DEFFD9FF899CD60CC0D7CCF96A" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFD9FF969CD60CC0D546FBDC" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD9FF969CD60CC0D562FC75" blockId="47.[151,603,905,965]" box="[151,603,905,931]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<heading id="D0A681A4FFD9FF969CD60CC0D562FC75" bold="true" box="[151,603,905,931]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFD9FF969CD60CC0D562FC75" ID-CoL="VPBQ" authority="Dujardin, 1843" authorityName="Dujardin" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,603,905,931]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Cladonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="radiatum">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD9FF969CD60CC0D562FC75" bold="true" box="[151,603,905,931]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD9FF969CD60CC0D6A1FC75" bold="true" box="[151,408,905,931]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Cladonema radiatum</emphasis>
Dujardin, 1843
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD9FF969CD60CE5D622FC12" blockId="47.[151,603,905,965]" box="[151,283,940,965]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFFD9FF969CD60CE5D7DEFC12" box="[151,231,940,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[158,1436,1093,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[154,1439,1089,1671]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 32. Cladonema radiatum: A, part of a stolonal colony, one gonozoid with medusa bud; B, medusa (drawn by C. G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, 0.2 mm; B, 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242761/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
A, B
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD9FF969CD60CBDD546FBDC" blockId="47.[151,639,1012,1034]" box="[151,639,1012,1034]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">See Schuchert (2006) for a complete synonymy.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2E6640FFD9FF969CD609E2D567F909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242761/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[158,1436,1093,1667]" targetPageId="47">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD9FF969CD609E2D567F909" blockId="47.[151,1435,1707,1759]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD9FF969CD609E2D626F916" bold="true" box="[151,287,1707,1729]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 32.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFD9FF969D6409E2D6C4F917" box="[293,509,1707,1729]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Cladonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="radiatum">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD9FF969D6409E2D6C4F917" box="[293,509,1707,1729]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Cladonema radiatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD9FF969E4B09E2D525F916" bold="true" box="[522,540,1707,1728]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A</emphasis>
, part of a stolonal colony, one gonozoid with medusa bud;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD9FF96983309E2D3BAF916" bold="true" box="[1138,1155,1707,1728]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B</emphasis>
, medusa (drawn by C.G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, 0.2 mm; B, 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFD9FF969CD6084FD59AF892" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD9FF969CD6084FD59AF892" blockId="47.[151,1437,1798,2004]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD9FF969CD6084FD6B9F8C9" bold="true" box="[151,384,1798,1823]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Material examined.</emphasis>
HCUS-S 037p and HCUS-S 037m (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula)—polyp and medusa stages.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFD9FF899C860807D3A8FBC6" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD9FF969C860807D214F8B1" blockId="47.[151,1437,1798,2004]" box="[199,1325,1870,1895]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD9FF969C860807D668F8B1" bold="true" box="[199,337,1870,1895]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Description</emphasis>
(based on our own observations;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFD9FF969E8A0807D322F8B1" author="Brinckmann" box="[715,1051,1870,1895]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refString="Brinckmann, A. &amp; Petersen, K. W. (1960) On some distinguishing characters of Dipurena reesi Vannucci 1956 and Cladonema radiatum Dujardin 1843. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 386 - 392." type="journal article" year="1960">Brinckmann &amp; Petersen 1960</bibRefCitation>
; Schuchert 2006, 2012):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD9FF899C86083AD3C1FF03" blockId="47.[151,1437,1798,2004]" lastBlockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD9FF969C86083AD60AF85A" bold="true" box="[199,307,1907,1932]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Hydroid.</emphasis>
Hydrorhiza as creeping ramified stolons; colonies stolonal or slightly branching; hydrocaulus of variable length, usually longer than hydranth, covered by smooth perisarc terminating shortly below hydranth; hydranths clavate, terminal; hypostome rounded, with apical ectoderm presenting a well developed glandular perioral cavity; with one whorl of 4–5 capitate oral tentacles and one whorl of 4–5 filiform aboral tentacles with a slight terminal swelling; medusa buds naked, borne singly on hydranth just above filiform tentacles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860F96D612FE96" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899C860F96D65AFF2E" bold="true" box="[199,355,223,248]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Habitat
<typeStatus id="54EA886AFFC6FF899D680F96D667FF2E" box="[297,350,223,248]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Hydroid and medusa occur in shallow water and in tide pools on
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC6FF89987A0F96D394FF2E" box="[1083,1197,223,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF89987A0F96D394FF2E" box="[1083,1197,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Posidonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, algae and other hard substrata (depth range
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFC6FF899DD60E4DD6D4FECA" box="[407,493,260,285]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="0.0">0–50 m</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899E440E4DD5A8FECB" author="Picard" box="[517,657,260,285]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233." type="journal article" year="1952">Picard 1952</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899EDC0E4DD427FECA" author="Rossi" box="[669,798,260,285]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101." type="journal article" year="1971">Rossi 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899F6A0E4DD312FECB" author="Morri" box="[811,1067,260,285]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Morri, C. &amp; Bianchi, N. (1976) Osservazioni sull'idroide Cladonema radiatum. Estratto del Bollettino del Gruppo di Ricerca in Biologia Marina &quot; Cerianthus &quot; Genova, 4, 11 - 17." type="journal article" year="1976">Morri &amp; Bianchi 1976</bibRefCitation>
; Barangé &amp; Gili 1987;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF8999750E4DD626FE96" author="Faucci" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Faucci, A. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255" type="journal article" year="2000">Faucci &amp; Boero 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860E05D26AFEB2" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" box="[199,1363,332,357]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899C860E05D678FEB3" bold="true" box="[199,321,332,357]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Substrate.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC6FF899D090E05D51DFEB3" box="[328,548,332,357]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cymodoceaceae" genus="Cymodocea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodosa">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899D090E05D51DFEB3" box="[328,548,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cymodocea nodosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC6FF899E1B0E05D5F5FEB3" box="[602,716,332,357]" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899E1B0E05D5F5FEB3" box="[602,716,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Posidonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC6FF899F660E04D441FEB2" box="[807,888,333,356]" class="Liliopsida" family="Ruppiaceae" genus="Ruppia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899F660E04D441FEB2" box="[807,888,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Ruppia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, algae such as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC6FF8998610E04D3A1FEB2" box="[1056,1176,333,356]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Cystoseira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Heterokontophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF8998610E04D3A1FEB2" box="[1056,1176,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cystoseira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC6FF8998E70E05D275FEB3" box="[1190,1356,332,357]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Cardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edule">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF8998E70E05D275FEB3" box="[1190,1356,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cardium edule</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860E26D564FE7B" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899C860E26D66DFE5E" bold="true" box="[199,340,367,392]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Seasonality.</emphasis>
In the western Mediterranean Sea, in May–August (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899FFB0E26D3FCFE5E" author="Motz-Kossowska" box="[954,1221,367,392]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Motz-Kossowska, S. (1905) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. I. - Hydraires Gymnoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 4, 3, 39 - 98." type="journal article" year="1905">Motz-Kossowska 1905</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF8998950E26D7EAFE7A" author="Brinckmann-Voss" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
); November (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899D2D0EDDD568FE7B" author="Boero" box="[364,593,404,429]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860EFED33FFE22" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899C860EFED6FEFE06" bold="true" box="[199,455,439,464]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
In the western Mediterranean Sea, fertile colonies occur from June to August, rarely also in October (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899D110E95D560FE23" author="Motz-Kossowska" box="[336,601,476,501]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Motz-Kossowska, S. (1905) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. I. - Hydraires Gymnoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 4, 3, 39 - 98." type="journal article" year="1905">Motz-Kossowska 1905</bibRefCitation>
); May–July (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899EAD0E95D4C3FE22" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[748,1018,476,501]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860EB6D614FDCE" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" box="[199,301,511,536]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899C860EB6D614FDCE" bold="true" box="[199,301,511,536]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Medusa.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860D6DD642FC73" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Adult. Umbrella bell-shaped, slightly higher than broad, about
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wide and
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high when mature, mesoglea moderately thin, sometimes with a slight apical projection; manubrium fusiform, not extending beyond umbrella margin, with usually 5, sometimes 4, perradial pouch-like outgrowths in its middle region; mouth with usually 5, sometimes 4, short protuberances or lobes, each armed with cnidocyst clusters; usually 5, sometimes 4, thin primary radial canals some of which bifurcate to form 10, sometimes 8, radial canals in all; circular canal narrow; gonads on the upper two-thirds of manubrium and on the perradial pouches; velum rather broad; usually 10, sometimes 8, marginal tentacles, corresponding to the number of radial canals, branched, with elongated thickened bases from the underside of which grow 1 to 4 (up to 10) branches with adhesive organs, the branched upper portions of the marginal tentacles are beset with numerous cnidocyst clusters; with an abaxial ocellus at the base of each marginal tentacle. Colours: black or deep crimson ocelli, manubrium and marginal tentacles red, bright-red or brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860CE6D54AFC3B" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with 8–10 bifid tentacles, upper branch with a terminal nematocyst cluster and a few oral clusters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860CBED3A8FBC6" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" box="[199,1169,1015,1040]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899C860CBED602FBC6" bold="true" box="[199,315,1015,1040]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cnidome.</emphasis>
Stenoteles and mastigophores (hydroid); stenoteles, desmonemes (medusa).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFC6FF899C860B55D7DDFB3E" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860B55D35AFBAA" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899C860B55D659FBE3" bold="true" box="[199,352,1052,1077]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</emphasis>
Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Black Sea, Mediterranean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899FFC0B55D37BFBE3" author="Thiel" box="[957,1090,1052,1077]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Thiel, M. E. (1935) Zur Kenntnis der Hydromedusenfauna des Schwarzen Meeres. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 111 (7 - 8), 161 - 174." type="journal article" year="1935">Thiel 1935</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF8998140B55D3D6FBE3" author="Russell" box="[1109,1263,1052,1077]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562" type="book" year="1953">Russell 1953</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF8999400B54D2AEFBE3" author="Kramp" box="[1281,1431,1052,1077]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959) The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959">Kramp 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899CD60B76D61EFB8E" author="Calder" box="[151,295,1087,1112]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow water hydroids of Bermuda. The Athecatae. Life Science Contributions Royal Ontario Museum, 148, 1 - 107. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899D760B76D590FB8E" author="Medel" box="[311,681,1087,1112]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899EF90B76D4FEFB8E" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[696,967,1087,1112]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899F970B09D3FCFB8E" author="Boero" box="[982,1221,1087,1112]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF8998920B76D7EAFBAB" author="Benovic" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Benovic, A. &amp; Lucic, D. (1996) Comparison of hydromedusae findings in the northern and southern Adriatic Sea. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P. F. S. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), pp. 129 - 135." type="journal article" year="1996">Benović &amp; Lučić 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899C9C0B2DD642FBAB" author="Migotto" box="[221,379,1124,1149]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899DC40B2DD501FBAB" author="Schuchert" box="[389,568,1124,1149]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
, 2006; Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899EB30B2CD412FBAB" box="[754,811,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
2004;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899F390B2DD36EFBAA" author="Gravili" box="[888,1111,1124,1149]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899F8F0B2CD33EFBAB" box="[974,1031,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860BCED7DDFB3E" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899C860BCED697FB76" bold="true" box="[199,430,1159,1184]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
Rare in the following localities: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF8998720BCED213FB76" author="Faucci" box="[1075,1322,1159,1184]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Faucci, A. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255" type="journal article" year="2000">Faucci &amp; Boero 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF8999740BCED62DFB12" author="Miglietta" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163" type="journal article" year="2000">
Miglietta
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899CD60BE4D7F0FB13" box="[151,201,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
); Grotta del Ciolo (Denitto
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899E0D0BE4D545FB13" box="[588,636,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
. 2007); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF8998C90BE5D251FB12" author="Gravili" box="[1160,1384,1196,1221]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF89989E0BE4D221FB13" box="[1247,1304,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
; this study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFC6FF899C860BBDD2A4FA33" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860BBDD2A4FA33" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899C860BBDD602FADB" bold="true" box="[199,315,1268,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</emphasis>
The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. The medusa of
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC6FF8998CF0BBDD246FADB" box="[1166,1407,1268,1293]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Cladonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="radiatum">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF8998CF0BBDD246FADB" box="[1166,1407,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cladonema radiatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is rather variable with respect to the branching patterns of the radial canals and their number. There are several nominal
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC6FF899CBD0A75D644FA83" box="[252,381,1340,1365]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Cladonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899CBD0A75D644FA83" box="[252,381,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cladonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with minimal or poorly clarified differences (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC6FF899FAA0A75D346FA83" author="Kramp" box="[1003,1151,1340,1365]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1968) The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sections II and III. Dana-Report, 72, 1 - 200." type="journal article" year="1968">Kramp 1968</bibRefCitation>
; Stepanjants
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF8999590A74D26AFA83" box="[1304,1363,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
1993; Schuchert 2006). Another species referable to this genus has been found both in Ligurian and Salento waters (unpublished), it lives in horny sponges, sticking out from their oscula, and can completely retract into the host body. It is probable that, due to this particular association, the species is distinct from
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC6FF8998290AEED261FA16" box="[1128,1368,1447,1472]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Cladonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="radiatum">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF8998290AEED261FA16" box="[1128,1368,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cladonema radiatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, even though the morphology is identical. The medusa has not been observed yet, so the taxonomic position is uncertain.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFC6FF899C860AA6D7CCF96A" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899C860AA6D7CCF96A" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899C860AA6D669F9DE" bold="true" box="[199,336,1519,1544]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">References.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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