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<document id="BA90EEEC87642CF1FBB59713009EA9AD" ID-CLB-Dataset="42365" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f1d1977-6b97-4789-828c-76ed250cf1ae" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="242729" ID-ZooBank="D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460936415633" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano &amp; Boero, Ferdinando" docDate="2015" docId="03F887DEFFCDFF849CD6098FD3D7FEB2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03908p187.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3908 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ectopleura dumortierii Van Beneden 1844" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="FFC1FFA6FFF6FFB99C410F49D739FFD6" masterDocTitle="The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide" masterLastPageNumber="187" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1698583517399" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C10EE08AA491358CD4DB853AC588CE73">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="17775AF2E5EE6DEAD9EA6FF462F891C7">Gravili, Cinzia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EB00725F37931107AB07C0EC5711D467">Vito, Doris De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C570E1DBAE275C2C3F3CDBC117FF0239">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BA40833F53A8C1CDF33E0EA9F22B0F1F">Martell, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DA07AF55A1E0AB78897492AD70542606">Piraino, Stefano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A2E156F7C1E11CC9F704D4F4D8AA48F8">Boero, Ferdinando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="4787B47214ED39FB7E731D62E7409395">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F887DEFFCDFF849CD6098FD3D7FEB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107031" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119591087" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6107031" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887DEFFCDFF849CD6098FD3D7FEB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887DEFFCDFF849CD6098FD3D7FEB2" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFCDFF829CD6098FD546F891" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCDFF829CD6098FD58DF936" blockId="59.[151,692,1734,1794]" box="[151,692,1734,1760]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<heading id="D0A681A4FFCDFF829CD6098FD58DF936" bold="true" box="[151,692,1734,1760]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFCDFF829CD6098FD58DF936" ID-CoL="38QWZ" authority="Van Beneden, 1844" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,692,1734,1760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dumortierii">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCDFF829CD6098FD58DF936" bold="true" box="[151,692,1734,1760]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCDFF829CD6098FD694F936" bold="true" box="[151,429,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Ectopleura dumortierii</emphasis>
(Van Beneden, 1844)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCDFF829CD609A0D622F8D7" blockId="59.[151,692,1734,1794]" box="[151,283,1769,1794]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFFCDFF829CD609A0D7DFF8D4" box="[151,230,1769,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="60.[151,250,743,765]" captionTargetBox="[346,1247,183,724]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[342,1250,180,725]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 41. Ectopleura dumortierii: A, hydranth; B, mature medusa (A, B same scale bar) (drawn by C. G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, B, 2.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242770/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
A, B
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCDFF829CD60878D546F891" blockId="59.[151,639,1841,1863]" box="[151,639,1841,1863]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">See Schuchert (2010) for a complete synonymy.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFCDFF829CD6083DD688F867" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCDFF829CD6083DD688F867" blockId="59.[151,1436,1908,2005]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCDFF829CD6083DD6B4F85B" bold="true" box="[151,397,1908,1933]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Material examined.</emphasis>
HCUS-S 0 46 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula)—polyp stage.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFCDFF859C8608F5D214F897" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCDFF859C8608F5D54BFB43" blockId="59.[151,1436,1908,2005]" lastBlockId="60.[151,1437,824,2037]" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCDFF829C8608F5D668F803" bold="true" box="[199,337,1980,2005]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Description</emphasis>
(based on our own observations;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCDFF829E8A08F5D4EFF802" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[715,982,1980,2005]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCDFF829FA008F4D3BAF802" author="Petersen" box="[993,1155,1980,2004]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100 (2), 101 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
; Schuchert 2010, 2012):
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859C860C71D60AFC87" bold="true" box="[199,307,824,849]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Hydroid.</emphasis>
Solitary polyps; hydrocaulus up to
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFCAFF859E9C0C70D407FC86" box="[733,830,825,849]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
high, unbranched or slightly branched, ending in a terminal hydranth and increasing in width from base to distal end, hydrocaulus endoderm with up to 4 longitudinal ridges, covered by irregularly annulated perisarc until proximal end of hydranth; hydranth flask-shaped, neck region with gland cells forming an indistinct collar; hypostome rounded; with 14–25 rather short, rounded, oral filiform tentacles in one whorl, bases of tentacles not adnate to hypostome; one whorl of up to 30 long, aboral, semifiliform tentacles; medusa buds carried on 8–12 blastostyles, blastostyles initially short and Y-shaped, later longer and with several short sidebranches, buds of all developmental stages in dense clusters at ends of sidebranches and on main trunk of blastostyle; 8 longitudinal nematocyst tracks visible on advanced buds, arising in pairs from 4 equally developed marginal bulbs. Colours: perisarc may be horn-coloured or yellowish, hydranth body pink, blastostyles conspicuously red.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCAFF859CD60DAED666FCCD" blockId="60.[151,1436,743,795]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859CD60DAED626FD2A" bold="true" box="[151,287,743,765]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFCAFF859D640DAED536FD2B" box="[293,527,743,765]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dumortierii">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859D640DAED536FD2B" box="[293,527,743,765]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Ectopleura dumortierii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859E5D0DAED517FD2A" bold="true" box="[540,558,743,764]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">A</emphasis>
, hydranth;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859EE30DAED58AFD2A" bold="true" box="[674,691,743,764]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">B</emphasis>
, mature medusa (A, B same scale bar) (drawn by C.G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, B, 2.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCAFF859C860BE9D3A7FB6F" blockId="60.[151,1437,824,2037]" box="[199,1182,1184,1209]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859C860BE9D65DFB6F" bold="true" box="[199,356,1184,1209]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
Habitat
<typeStatus id="54EA886AFFCAFF859D6B0BE9D666FB6F" box="[298,351,1184,1209]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Shallow littoral (depth range: 0–20, also until to
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFCAFF859FCD0BE9D4FFFB6F" box="[908,966,1184,1209]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="65.0">65 m</quantity>
) (Schuchert 2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCAFF859C860B8DD357FB0B" blockId="60.[151,1437,824,2037]" box="[199,1134,1220,1245]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859C860B8DD678FB0B" bold="true" box="[199,321,1220,1245]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Substrate.</emphasis>
Several substrates such as stones, other hydroids, shells, and bryozoans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCAFF859C860BA1D62DFAF3" blockId="60.[151,1437,824,2037]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859C860BA1D66DFAD7" bold="true" box="[199,340,1256,1281]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Seasonality.</emphasis>
All year (for a review see Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859EB20BA0D415FAD7" box="[755,812,1256,1281]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
2004); in Salento waters in April, July (De Vito 2006; this study).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCAFF859C860A79D354FABB" blockId="60.[151,1437,824,2037]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859C860A79D6FDFA9F" bold="true" box="[199,452,1328,1353]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
In the Tyrrhenian Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF859E890A79D4EDFA9F" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[712,980,1328,1353]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF859F9F0A78D323FA9F" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[990,1050,1329,1353]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1987) Seasonal distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples and vicinity, with observations on sexual and asexual reproduction in some species. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. &amp; Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 133 - 141." type="book chapter" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFCAFF85986C0A79D216FA9F" box="[1069,1327,1328,1353]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dumortierii">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF85986C0A79D216FA9F" box="[1069,1327,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Ectopleura dumortierii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in winter months; from January to December in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCAFF859C860A31D3F3F967" blockId="60.[151,1437,824,2037]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859C860A31D614FA47" bold="true" box="[199,301,1400,1425]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Medusa.</emphasis>
Adult. Umbrella nearly spherical,
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFCAFF859E800A30D418FA46" box="[705,801,1401,1425]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
high, mesoglea very thick, especially in apical region, apical canal sometimes present; exumbrella with 4 pairs of cnidocyst tracks; manubrium spherical at base, tapering towards mouth, very large, extensile; mouth simple, tube-like, with band of fine spots around centre of stomach, circle of pigment around base of stomach near junction of radial canals, mouth rim with cnidocysts; gonads completely surrounding manubrium, leaving mouth area free; females produce only one or more usually 2 large, opposite eggs at one time, development through a pro-actinula and actinula stage; velum fairly broad; 4 perradial bulbs, each marginal bulb with one tentacle with prominent round cnidocyst clusters on abaxial surface. Colours: tentacle bulbs brownish or yellow, mouth orange or crimson, with band of fine red spots around centre of stomach, and brownish or yellow circle of pigment around base of stomach near junction of radial canals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCAFF859C8609F5D657F8CB" blockId="60.[151,1437,824,2037]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Developmental stages. Newly released medusa similar to mature one, only smaller, fine apical canal present or not, no gonads present, with 4 short tentacles with small terminal knobs and, sometimes, also one indistinct abaxial nematocyst cluster.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCAFF859C860861D214F897" blockId="60.[151,1437,824,2037]" box="[199,1325,1832,1857]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859C860861D602F897" bold="true" box="[199,315,1832,1857]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Cnidome.</emphasis>
Stenoteles, desmonemes, spherical heterotrichous anisorhizas, microbasic mastigophores.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFCAFF859C860805D406F823" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCAFF859C860805D417F87B" blockId="60.[151,1437,824,2037]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859C860805D659F8B3" bold="true" box="[199,352,1868,1893]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Distribution.</emphasis>
Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF859F780805D4DCF8B3" author="Stechow" box="[825,997,1868,1893]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow 1923</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF859FB90805D3ACF8B3" author="Russell" box="[1016,1173,1868,1893]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562" type="book" year="1953">Russell 1953</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF8598E90805D3DAF8B3" author="Russell" box="[1192,1251,1868,1893]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Russell, F. S. (1957) Coelenterata. In: Plymouth marine fauna. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, pp. 37 - 69." type="book chapter" year="1957">1957</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF8598B60805D2AEF8B3" author="Teissier" box="[1271,1431,1868,1893]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Teissier, G. (1965) Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires-Ctenaires. Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff, 16, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1965">Teissier 1965</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF859CD60839D69BF85F" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[151,418,1904,1929]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF859DEF0838D568F85F" author="Petersen" box="[430,593,1905,1929]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100 (2), 101 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF859E1C0838D429F85F" author="Goy" box="[605,784,1904,1929]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Goy, J., Lakkis, S. &amp; Zeidane, R. (1991) Les meduses (Cnidaria) des eaux Libanaises. The medusae Cnidaria of Lebanese waters. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 67 (2), 99 - 128." type="journal article" year="1991">
Goy
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859ED50838D5F7F85F" box="[660,718,1904,1929]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF859F5D0839D31AF85F" author="Benovic" box="[796,1059,1904,1929]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Benovic, A. &amp; Lucic, D. (1996) Comparison of hydromedusae findings in the northern and southern Adriatic Sea. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P. F. S. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), pp. 129 - 135." type="journal article" year="1996">Benović &amp; Lučić 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF85986F0839D2AEF85F" author="Medel" box="[1070,1431,1904,1929]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González 1996</bibRefCitation>
; Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859D4108DFD601F87B" box="[256,312,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
2004;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF859DC408DDD55AF87B" author="Gravili" box="[389,611,1940,1965]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859D9D08DFD52DF87B" box="[476,532,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
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; Schuchert 2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCAFF859C8608F1D406F823" blockId="60.[151,1437,824,2037]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF859C8608F1D688F807" bold="true" box="[199,433,1976,2001]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
Rare at Otranto (Apulia) (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCAFF85986E08F1D228F807" author="Gravili" box="[1071,1297,1976,2001]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCAFF8598C708F0D3F8F807" box="[1158,1217,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
; this study), S.ta Caterina, Taranto (S. Piraino unpublished observations).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFCBFF849C860FDED23DFF03" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCBFF849C860FDED23DFF03" blockId="61.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCBFF849C860FDED602FF66" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCBFF849D050FD1D6C1FF66" author="Petersen" box="[324,504,152,176]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100 (2), 101 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen (1990)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed all
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFCBFF849ED90FDED42DFF66" box="[664,788,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCBFF849ED90FDED42DFF66" box="[664,788,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Ectopleura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species known from the polyp stage and also described several new species. Only the hydroid stage and the new born medusa were seen in the present study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFCBFF849C860F96D3D7FEB2" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFCBFF849C860F96D3D7FEB2" blockId="61.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCBFF849C860F96D669FF2E" bold="true" box="[199,336,223,248]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">References.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCBFF849D170F96D530FF2E" author="Stechow" box="[342,521,223,248]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refString="Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow (1923)</bibRefCitation>
,
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,
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Goy
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCBFF8499C90E4CD78DFE96" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(1988
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,
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,
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, Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCBFF84994B0E60D27AFE96" box="[1290,1347,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(2004), Touzri
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCBFF849CA70E04D626FEB3" box="[230,287,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFCBFF849EA40E05D4EAFEB2" box="[741,979,332,357]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFCBFF849F7A0E04D44AFEB3" box="[827,883,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(2008a)
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, Schuchert (2010, 2012).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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