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173 lines
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<document ENCODING="UTF8" ID-CLB-Dataset="264120" ID-GBIF-Dataset="738f9c47-deef-47b3-bf3e-469438162cf6" ModsDocAuthor="LaPolla, J. S., Brady, S. G. & Shattuck, S. O." ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="23024" ModsDocOrigin="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00492.x" ModsDocTitle="Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus-group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." checkinTime="1271565979872" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="LaPolla, J. S., Brady, S. G. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2010" docId="C9CE67D2B124AB9FB2A0BA17B0D07E81" docLanguage="en" docName="23024.htm" docOrigin="Systematic Entomology 35" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00492.x" docTitle="Paratrechina" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="C9DE62AB128537677F932C5599388040" lastPageNumber="128" masterDocId="C9DE62AB128537677F932C5599388040" masterDocTitle="Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus-group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." masterLastPageNumber="131" masterPageNumber="118" pageNumber="127" updateTime="1693327567932" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="140727F861579A8C0C8AD330DF56CC91">
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<mods:title id="BE484A695B9B5DAC5E13063728E62B4C">Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus-group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DD0D21669453FAC09AB31CA0763378B9">LaPolla, J. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="755B323F8014622125F0EAFBD65589B2">Brady, S. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2AB87A8D02E96C44993E5D366BAB8E87">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="96238CD13D28EC734CF977F797D6A8D6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="1D9E65AF2062C858540BBA438BD3CED1">
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<mods:title id="89A5637FB59F47E9ECD6411F6D71C1A6">Systematic Entomology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="0F189D9BC887E81FB340B4FEBD30D61C">
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<mods:date id="8B637EAE832A79A4351F4CBD4205FC37">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="68421AAC5B150220167AA737D368D211" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="25F9BD8E2FFCFD66DA3703C4A314958B">35</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="7B3DED51AFDC91C60482D29A35B6125F">118</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="994FA5E3F62DB21489E7D362C115A291">131</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="DA01EABFA44091306D6E5212EBE5C3D1">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00492.x</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="6C06BC2B3833572C6DB5A47B8DD86023">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6575588424DDF306FE1831F52D2957BF" type="HNS-PUB">23024</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="C9CE67D2B124AB9FB2A0BA17B0D07E81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8295013" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8295013" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C9CE67D2B124AB9FB2A0BA17B0D07E81" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C9CE67D2B124AB9FB2A0BA17B0D07E81" lastPageNumber="128" pageNumber="127">
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<subSubSection id="4B791850D6D8DC4F3E6F330C54101FA4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="37A3EA1648F5AC1ECD729C8BAACF21BF" pageNumber="127">
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<taxonomicName id="5D956A6F914EC05DC04B784B9ABDBBC9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Paratrechina">Paratrechina</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="51D60D4D841D44BB5F83C60D64B031F1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="02F953DBE2D084A03543D040E2935845" pageNumber="127">Figures of worker. Head: Fig. 5D; mesosoma: Fig. 6D; mandible: Fig. 7C.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AF8EA8B4B68DAF00C75B9E8FDA63D574" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="50A22FCF4DB79559A7A519EDBFADBAC5" pageNumber="127">
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Synopsis of taxonomic history (for full description see
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<bibRefCitation id="4B99A165CCBAAEDC97A50A4ADE5CF4CA" author="Bolton, B. & Alpert, G. & Ward, P. S. & Naskrecki, P." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bolton" refId="ref9932" refString="Bolton, B., Alpert, G., Ward, P. S. & Naskrecki, P. (2006) Bolton ' s Catalogue of Ants of the World: 1758 - 2005 [CD-ROM]. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts." type="book" year="2006">Bolton et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
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):
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<taxonomicName id="4028639B7EA45FA50243FFAAE694C5B0" authority="Motschoulsky 1863: 13" authorityName="Motschoulsky" authorityPageNumber="13" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Paratrechina">
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Paratrechina
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<bibRefCitation id="C603E09C900B9B04C0495850D014A0A3" author="Motschoulsky, V. de" firstAuthor="Motschoulsky" page="13" pagination="1 - 153" refId="ref10933" refString="Motschoulsky, V. de. (1863) Essai d ' un catalogue des insectes de l ' ˆı le Ceylan (suite). Bulletin de la Socie ' te ' Impe ' riale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 36, 1 - 153." type="journal article" year="1863">Motschoulsky 1863: 13</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. As junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="AFA0F7FD60B1C6137D086FCE8C01A180" authority="Dalla Torre, 1893: 177" authorityName="Dalla Torre" authorityPageNumber="177" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prenolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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Prenolepis,
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<bibRefCitation id="CD158DE26CAF23736A20A22533ED17DF" author="von Dalla Torre, K. W." firstAuthor="Dalla Torre" page="177" refId="ref10221" refString="von Dalla Torre, K. W. (1893) Catalogus Hymenopterorum Hucusque Descriptorum Systematicus et Synonymicus, Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W. Engelmann, Leipzig." type="book" year="1893">Dalla Torre, 1893: 177</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; revived as genus,
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<bibRefCitation id="BF090A737AEA7E630049750703FC0DD7" author="Emery, C." firstAuthor="Emery" page="216" pagination="1 - 302" refId="ref10404" refString="Emery, C. (1925) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum, 183, 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1925">Emery, 1925: 216</bibRefCitation>
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. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="B4A3597DF1B76CE735EC6117A0967FA3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Paratrechina">Paratrechina</taxonomicName>
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currens (junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="D6B9A264CECC4F770D7023D23D90D0B0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">Paratrechina longicornis</taxonomicName>
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); by subsequent designation of
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<bibRefCitation id="B1AC85BC799EC9DFD03C86C190E2D214" author="Wheeler, W. M." firstAuthor="Wheeler" pagination="157 - 175" refId="ref11535" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1911) A list of the type species of the genera and subgenera of Formicidae. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 21, 157 - 175." type="journal article" year="1911">Wheeler (1911)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1D79EBD33B717CF94B4427EF5AAC06C8" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="9457A0BE57E34B4E6835F28A9E5D287E" pageNumber="127">Diagnosis. Mandible with 5 teeth; maxillary palps 6- segmented; labial palps 4-segmented; erect setae on dorsum of head randomly placed; scapes lacking erect hairs; abundant erect setae on legs and dorsum of mesosoma. Eyes well developed and convex, surpassing outline of head in full frontal view, placed midlength and laterally on head. Dorsal mesosomal setae arranged loosely in pairs; propodeum lacking erect setae; propodeum with a low-domed dorsal face; overall mesosoma shape long and slender.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0BD86A5ED03AFACFF735DF99BC1D22C4" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="84A76C753C24E6AD32EABF0C541E095D" pageNumber="127">
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Distribution. (Fig. 9A).
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<taxonomicName id="3BF47CE2E695F46AE08AB60B9D38452F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">Paratrechina longicornis</taxonomicName>
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is a well-known invasive species that now has a pantropical distribution. It has also become established in more temperate localities by living in buildings and other man-made structures. Greenhouses in North America are sometimes infested with
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<taxonomicName id="3EC4A146C1685FBC13E6F172BFA4AC81" authority="(Wetterer et al., 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Wetterer" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
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Pa. longicornis (
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<bibRefCitation id="63F5A34B54A996DD5A5C8E4580BE0747" author="Wetterer, J. K. & Miller, S. E. & Wheeler, D. E." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wetterer" pagination="381 - 388" refId="ref11480" refString="Wetterer, J. K., Miller, S. E., Wheeler, D. E. et al. (1999) Ecological dominance by Paratrechina longicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), an invasive tramp ant, in Biosphere 2. Florida Entomologist, 82, 381 - 388." type="journal article" year="1999">Wetterer et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="032F981E06894EC3F1CC7BB07635557E" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="F7A89C6B82221257ABBAD714A7757122" pageNumber="127">
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Notes. Taxonomists have long commented on the unusual morphology of
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<taxonomicName id="01187ACCE5CBF2BF833B9843DAB28343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">Pa. longicornis</taxonomicName>
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, such as its elongated scapes and tibiae and unusual mesosomal setal pattern compared to other ‘
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<taxonomicName id="B40C89A2CD26FF69FB4DAD7D2F89E625" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" sensu="lato" subTribe="Paratrechina">Paratrechina</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="5B188132914AC3C1DA7FE332BF10AF99" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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' (
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<bibRefCitation id="B512AB56FB41CDB40D4B8C5B20C5F7AF" author="Trager, J. C." firstAuthor="Trager" pagination="49 - 162" refId="ref11311" refString="Trager, J. C. (1984) A revision of the genus Paratrechina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the continental United States. Sociobiology, 9, 49 - 162." type="journal article" year="1984">Trager, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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). Our results here confirm that it is in fact a separate, distinct lineage from other
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<taxonomicName id="877E523ECDF0882AC02CB54DB2DCF967" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prenolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prenolepis</taxonomicName>
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genus-group members. In his reorganization of the genus,
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<bibRefCitation id="8D708A2120830BFEA2C69D45E62E5AF1" author="Emery, C." firstAuthor="Emery" pagination="1 - 302" refId="ref10404" refString="Emery, C. (1925) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum, 183, 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1925">Emery (1925)</bibRefCitation>
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recognized
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<taxonomicName id="603E51FC893EBA1E0C1BD4C8559F26FA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">Pa. longicornis</taxonomicName>
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as distinct from the rest of the genus by placing it in its own monotypic subgenus. Here we recognize
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<taxonomicName id="F8A9D02499DA55099417091F70DC01BE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Paratrechina">Paratrechina</taxonomicName>
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as a monotypic genus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="85456CECBF11C351678F1CCBF9C44FF3" lastPageNumber="128" pageNumber="127">
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This is a notoriously invasive species that has spread worldwide around the tropics and subtropics. It is interesting to note that our analysis places it within a clade containing
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<taxonomicName id="BADAC865F2938DED5D1DB95227FEB69D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudolasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudolasius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="313819215FC8DBDD87F716AD65CF3570" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euprenolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euprenolepis</taxonomicName>
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, two genera that are restricted to southeastern Asia. Therefore, it may be reasonable to assume that
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<taxonomicName id="F54B6B4A7A1B47F804ED633E35594354" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">Pa. longicornis</taxonomicName>
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is native to this region, and not to Africa as has been previously suggested. It is also interesting to note that to date no
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<taxonomicName id="3F213FA499017DCE4B5BF3259B48794D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euprenolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euprenolepis</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="79142333438DF6D247A58BA9CE5067FA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudolasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudolasius</taxonomicName>
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are known
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<pageBreakToken id="1025AF60809549B481E34A3AC6442B49" pageNumber="128" start="start">to</pageBreakToken>
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have been introduced by human activities, so whatever characteristics of
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<taxonomicName id="7D6B48C6F2FE7B9216C21F370489C755" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Paratrechina">Paratrechina</taxonomicName>
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that make it a good invader seem restricted to this single lineage.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="CDC53677809FAB4B241025E5D397B6E0" pageNumber="128">
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<paragraph id="8401A52F18B91F5EA478C75F4E459DCD" pageNumber="128">
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<pageBreakToken id="870E2D33C9C526FBA1B86929746BFF12" pageNumber="128">Fig</pageBreakToken>
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. 9.
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<taxonomicName id="FFB335F9EFF5515B17C2BDBB2CB1FE6C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prenolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prenolepis</taxonomicName>
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genus-group distributions based on
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<bibRefCitation id="DD6815E86C46DC45C433FC92451C535F" author="Wetterer, J. K." firstAuthor="Wetterer" pagination="137 - 149" refId="ref11446" refString="Wetterer, J. K. (2008) Worldwide spread of the longhorn crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 11, 137 - 149." type="journal article" year="2008">Wetterer (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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for
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<taxonomicName id="FC7773EA462CA5102084E779DD45DDE9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Paratrechina">Paratrechina</taxonomicName>
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, and material examined for all genera. Note that
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<taxonomicName id="9EA554D40002FCCFC75B2C0BB838CB86" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Paratrechina">Paratrechina</taxonomicName>
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is highly invasive and that the distribution reported here represents both natural and introduced populations, and that many northern records represent occurrences restricted to indoor sites.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="431C611132F1342159541656F14C41DC" pageNumber="128">
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<taxonomicName id="B4AE028034DB560F55A33E4D7C1268DE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">Paratrechina longicornis</taxonomicName>
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currently contains the subspecies Pa. l. hagemanni (
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<bibRefCitation id="07CC7E4A7F319B522AF3E85424F6CF7E" author="Forel, A." firstAuthor="Forel" pagination="43 - 82" refId="ref10471" refString="Forel, A. (1901) Formiciden des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Neue Calyptomyrmex, Dacryon, Podomyrma und Echinopla Arten. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 18, 43 - 82." type="journal article" year="1901">Forel, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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), described from worker(s) collected at Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo.
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<bibRefCitation id="C9F32687ACD8B0567EC6193506A4D61B" author="Wheeler, W. M." firstAuthor="Wheeler" pagination="711 - 1004" refId="ref11606" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 711 - 1004." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler (1922)</bibRefCitation>
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treated this form as a junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="E72E45254231A654242B466D01D7B9D4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">longicornis</taxonomicName>
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(without comment), whereas
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<bibRefCitation id="7E39363B2BD6716A73D1F32F6234FB74" author="Emery, C." firstAuthor="Emery" pagination="1 - 302" refId="ref10404" refString="Emery, C. (1925) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum, 183, 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1925">Emery (1925)</bibRefCitation>
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removed it from synonymy as a variety of
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<taxonomicName id="07851ABE4A79CB2CFB3216937EB21717" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">longicornis</taxonomicName>
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(again without comment). In his original description,
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<bibRefCitation id="89193E7AC11D0A06910788F11ACCBE61" author="Forel, A." firstAuthor="Forel" pagination="43 - 82" refId="ref10471" refString="Forel, A. (1901) Formiciden des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Neue Calyptomyrmex, Dacryon, Podomyrma und Echinopla Arten. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 18, 43 - 82." type="journal article" year="1901">Forel (1901)</bibRefCitation>
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states that this taxon is very similar to
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<taxonomicName id="33940273C707A80DB7CCE95AE576F5D3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">longicornis</taxonomicName>
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and differs in being ‘perhaps ' slightly smaller and with the metanotum slightly more convex. All other characters mentioned match
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<taxonomicName id="DA495DC8936E63F1B6D2407D968DDF79" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">longicornis</taxonomicName>
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, and, upon examination of type material, Pa. l. hagemanni (Forel) is here returned to synonymy with
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<taxonomicName id="EBC223DA5B90308129205448A57A9DFB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paratrechina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">Pa. longicornis</taxonomicName>
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(syn. nov.), leaving
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<taxonomicName id="2981D6853604D7404B9F57C55A0EDCDF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Paratrechina">Paratrechina</taxonomicName>
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with a single valid species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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