203 lines
17 KiB
XML
203 lines
17 KiB
XML
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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" approvalRequired="392" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="1" approvalRequired_for_matCits="49" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="120" approvalRequired_for_treatments="222" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFDEF6318CAF3887FC0CF75C" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Eonycteris robusta G. S. Miller 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="85" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="84" updateTime="1656519960238" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>16</mods:start>
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<mods:end>162</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448909" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448909" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFDEF6318CAF3887FC0CF75C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFDEF6318CAF3887FC0CF75C" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<subSubSection box="[1457,1515,3227,3273]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1455,2623,3227,3354]" box="[1457,1515,3227,3273]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<heading box="[1457,1515,3227,3273]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<figureCitation box="[1457,1515,3227,3273]" captionStart="Plate 3: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="23.[116,146,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[13,2758,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="32. Zenker’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris zenkeri), 33. Hayman’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris occidentalis), 34. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris bergmansi), 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnas), 36. Pohle’s Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon), 37. Campo-Ma’an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis), 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major), 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta), 41. Geoffroy’s Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus), 43. Leschenault’s Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultin), 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis), 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis), 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 47. Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus), 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448843/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">40.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1531,1964,3227,3273]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1455,2623,3227,3354]" box="[1531,1964,3227,3273]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<heading box="[1531,1964,3227,3273]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<vernacularName box="[1531,1964,3227,3273]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Philippine Dawn Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2030,2349,3227,3273]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1455,2623,3227,3354]" box="[2030,2349,3227,3273]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<heading box="[2030,2349,3227,3273]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1913" box="[2030,2349,3227,3273]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
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<emphasis box="[2030,2349,3227,3273]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Eonycteris robusta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="84" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1455,2623,3227,3354]" box="[1457,2622,3291,3312]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<heading box="[1457,2622,3291,3312]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1457,1532,3291,3312]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1542,1800,3291,3312]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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Eonyctere des
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<collectingCountry box="[1694,1800,3291,3312]" name="Philippines" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1821,1911,3291,3312]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1921,2247,3291,3312]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Philippinen-Langzungenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2268,2360,3291,3312]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2370,2622,3291,3312]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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Eonicterio de las
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<collectingCountry box="[2544,2622,3291,3312]" name="Philippines" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Filipinas</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1455,2623,3227,3354]" box="[1457,1923,3331,3352]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<heading box="[1457,1923,3331,3352]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1457,1704,3331,3352]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1714,1923,3331,3352]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Philippine Nectar Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="84" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1455,2662,3401,3478]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1456,1612,3401,3430]" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1913" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1913" box="[1626,2116,3401,3430]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">Eonycteris robusta G. S. Miller, 1913</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="26" pageNumber="84">
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“cave at Montalban [
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<collectingRegion box="[2434,2648,3401,3430]" country="Philippines" name="Rizal" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Rizal Province</collectingRegion>
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], Luzon,
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<collectingCountry box="[1565,1820,3438,3471]" name="Philippines" pageId="26" pageNumber="84">Philippine Islands</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[741,1333,280,708]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1913" box="[742,973,280,313]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">Eonycteris robusta</taxonomicName>
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is occasionally included as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1910" box="[1009,1122,320,353]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">E. major</taxonomicName>
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, although it is morphologically distinct based on cranial measurements and is generally recognized as a distinct species. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="distribution">
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<caption inLine="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" targetBox="[933,937,2226,2247]" targetPageId="27">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[741,1333,280,708]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[741,917,477,510]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry box="[939,1096,477,510]" name="Philippines" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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on Luzon, Polillo, Lubang,
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<collectingRegion box="[944,1121,517,550]" country="Philippines" name="Marinduque" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Marinduque</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[1141,1325,517,550]" country="Philippines" name="Catanduanes" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Catanduanes</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[742,829,565,590]" country="Philippines" name="Samar" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Samar</collectingRegion>
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, Maripipi,
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<collectingRegion box="[1000,1096,565,590]" country="Philippines" name="Biliran" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Biliran</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[1122,1199,565,590]" country="Philippines" name="Southern Leyte" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Leyte</collectingRegion>
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, Negros,
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<collectingRegion box="[742,828,604,629]" country="Philippines" name="Bohol" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Bohol</collectingRegion>
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, Siargao, and Mindanao Is.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[741,1333,280,708]" lastBlockId="27.[121,1332,713,2247]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[741,1013,635,668]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" metricValueMax="1.27" metricValueMin="1.0699999999999998" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="117.0" valueMax="127.0" valueMin="107.0">107- 127 mm</quantity>
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, tall
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<quantity box="[939,1092,679,708]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="24.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="20.0">20-28 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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<quantity box="[1174,1325,679,708]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="21.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="19.0">19-23 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
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<quantity box="[263,413,713,746]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="24.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="23.0">23-25 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity box="[559,710,713,746]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.45" metricValueMax="8.2" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="74.5" valueMax="82.0" valueMin="67.0">67-82 mm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[834,947,713,746]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="g" value="68.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="56.0">56-80 g</quantity>
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. The Philippine Dawn Bat has elongated and narrow snout and head, long pointed tongue, and no claw on second digit of wing. Males are typically larger than females and have ruff of elongated hairs around neck that is often yellowish. Muzzle is longer and more downturned than in the Lesser Dawn Bat (FE.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[536,631,871,904]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spelaea">spelaea</taxonomicName>
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), and it lacks paired anal glands, has somewhat longer tail, and averages a little larger in size. Dorsal pelage ranges from dark gray to silvery gray relatively evenly from head to rump, often tinged with yellow or orange around neck region. Ventral pelage is generally lighter than dorsum. Ears are bluntly pointed, medium in length, and brownish; eyes are large, with dark reddish-brown irises. Wings,legs, and uropatagium are dark brown. Arms are lightly covered in brown hairs. Tail is moderately long, sparsely covered with hairs, and dark brownish; uropatagium attaches at base oftail and short keel at ankles, giving V-shaped gap where tailis. Second digit of wing lacks a claw, and metacarpals offifth digit are much shorter than metacarpals of third digit; skin over wing bones is pigmented. Skull is elongated, with long rostrum; anterior premaxillae are in contact or slightly divided; and braincaseis heavily deflected downward. Teeth are sharp and not as reduced as in some nectarfeeding bats, but molars and premolars have considerably reduced cusps and are narrow and elongated. Upper incisors are small and triangular, C' is relatively large, and C, 1s small, simple, and heavily curved outward. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 66(?).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[121,1332,713,2247]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,235,1503,1536]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Largely undisturbed primary lowland forests and some secondary and disturbed forest habitats from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
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<quantity box="[955,1065,1542,1575]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
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(more commonly lower elevations).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[123,624,1621,1654]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[121,1332,713,2247]" box="[123,624,1621,1654]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,385,1621,1654]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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No information.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[123,1131,1660,1693]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[121,1332,713,2247]" box="[123,1131,1660,1693]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,257,1660,1693]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Female Philippine Dawn Bats have one young per pregnancy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[121,1332,713,2247]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,358,1700,1733]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Day roosts of Philippine Dawn Bats are located in caves, particularly limestone caves, although they might roost in rocky banks and rock crevices.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[122,1063,1779,1812]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[121,1332,713,2247]" box="[122,1063,1779,1812]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,824,1779,1812]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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No information.
|
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|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="conservation">
|
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|
|
<paragraph blockId="27.[121,1332,713,2247]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
|
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|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,480,1819,1852]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
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|
|
Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Philippine Dawn Bat is not particularly common throughout its distribution, although it is common in some lowland regions surrounding roost caves. It seems to be sensitive to habitat disturbance and destruction and is absent from agricultural and urban regions. General deforestation and cave disturbance are most likely main threats, and it might be threatened by increased habitat loss through deforestation across the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry name="Philippines" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Hunting and mining operations are additional threats.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="27.[121,1332,713,2247]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,276,2104,2129]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Heaney (2001), Heaney & Rabor (1982), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016), Heaney, Gonzales et al. (1991), Heaney, Tabaranza et al. (2006), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Walston et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney, Heideman & Utzurrum (1993), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Rickart, Mercier & Heaney (1999), Tababa et al. (2012).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|