217 lines
19 KiB
XML
217 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" approvalRequired="58" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_originalDoi="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="39" approvalRequired_for_treatments="17" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFACF64289B1368BF8B4FDD7" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus chrysoproctus Temminck 1837" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="162" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="162" updateTime="1656943967923" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>16</mods:start>
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<mods:end>162</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449078" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6449078" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFACF64289B1368BF8B4FDD7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFACF64289B1368BF8B4FDD7" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<subSubSection box="[175,255,663,709]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[170,1316,663,793]" box="[175,255,663,709]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<heading box="[175,255,663,709]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<figureCitation box="[175,255,663,709]" captionStart="Plate 11: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="97.[117,147,3321,3346]" captionTargetBox="[11,2741,16,3661]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="174. Livingstone’s Flying Fox (Pteropus livingstonii), 175. Pemba Flying Fox (Pleropus voeltzkowi), 176. Ryukyu Flying Fox (Pleropus dasymallus), 177. Bonin Flying Fox (Pteropus pselaphon), 178. Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox (Pleropus pumilus), 179. Lyle’s Flying Fox (Pteropus lylei), 180. Indian Flying Fox (Pleropus medius), 181. Rodrigues Flying Fox (Pteropus rodricensus), 182. Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus), 183. Aldabra Flying Fox (Pleropus aldabrensis), 184. Malagasy Flying Fox (Pteropus rufus), 185. Seychelles Flying Fox (Pleropus seychellensis), 186. Greater Mascarene Flying Fox (Pteropus niger), 187. Aru Flying Fox (Pteropus aruensis), 188. Kai Flying Fox (Pleropus keyensis), 189. Black-bearded Flying Fox (Pleropus melanopogon), 190. South Moluccan Flying Fox (Pteropus chrysoproctus), 191. North Moluccan Flying Fox (Pteropus caniceps)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448911/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">190.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[272,846,663,709]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[170,1316,663,793]" box="[272,846,663,709]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<heading box="[272,846,663,709]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<vernacularName box="[272,846,663,709]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">South Moluccan Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[913,1315,663,709]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[170,1316,663,793]" box="[913,1315,663,709]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<heading box="[913,1315,663,709]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[913,1315,663,709]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
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<emphasis box="[913,1315,663,709]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Pteropus chrysoproctus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[170,1316,663,793]" box="[172,1174,727,748]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<heading box="[172,1174,727,748]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,247,727,748]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[257,455,727,748]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Roussette d'Ambon</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[476,567,727,748]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[576,811,727,748]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Sidmolukken-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[833,924,727,748]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[933,1174,727,748]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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Zorro volador de
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<collectingCountry box="[1103,1174,727,748]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Ambon</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="104.[170,1316,663,793]" box="[171,607,768,789]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<heading box="[171,607,768,789]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[171,419,768,789]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[426,607,768,789]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<collectingCountry box="[426,498,768,789]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Ambon</collectingCountry>
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Flying Fox
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[784,1379,833,1260]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[784,939,833,866]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Temminck, 1837" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">Pteropus chrysoproctus Temminck, 1837</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<collectingCountry box="[1002,1109,878,907]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Ambon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1141,1370,878,907]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Maluku Islands</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[785,926,912,945]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[784,1379,833,1260]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[785,1079,951,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">Pteropus chrysoproctus</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">melanopogon</taxonomicName>
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species group. It might not include synonymized
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[979,1150,1030,1063]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="argentatus">P. argentatus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[1170,1286,1030,1063]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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specimens previously referred to as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="argentatus">P. argentatus</taxonomicName>
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were identified as
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1121,1371,1109,1142]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Acerodon celebensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="104.[784,1379,833,1260]" box="[785,1375,1148,1181]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">It might contain undescribed subspecies.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="104.[784,1379,833,1260]" box="[785,942,1188,1221]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[784,1379,833,1260]" lastBlockId="104.[172,1386,1276,2564]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[785,961,1231,1260]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Distribution.</emphasis>
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C
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<collectingCountry box="[1021,1151,1231,1260]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
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Is (Buru,
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<collectingCountry name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Ambon</collectingCountry>
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, and Seram) and Watubela Archipelago in
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<collectingCountry box="[842,983,1276,1301]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[172,1386,1276,2564]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,433,1311,1340]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[642,832,1311,1340]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.275" metricValueMax="2.65" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="227.5" valueMax="265.0" valueMin="190.0">190-265 mm</quantity>
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(tailless), ear
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<quantity box="[1067,1227,1311,1340]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="28.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="27.0">27-30 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
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<quantity box="[172,326,1346,1379]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.15" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.8" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="51.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="48.0">48-55 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity box="[476,662,1346,1379]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.77" metricValueMin="1.63" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="170.0" valueMax="177.0" valueMin="163.0">163-177 mm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[788,936,1346,1379]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" unit="g" value="360.0" valueMax="420.0" valueMin="300.0">300-420 g</quantity>
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. Greatest lengths of skulls are
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<quantity box="[173,319,1386,1419]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" metricValueMax="7.7" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="72.0" valueMax="77.0" valueMin="67.0">67-77 mm</quantity>
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and tibias
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<quantity box="[473,622,1386,1419]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="77.5" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="75.0">75-80 mm</quantity>
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. Ears of the South Moluccan Flying Fox are of moderate length and curved into pointed tips. Bases of most hairs are tawny to rufous. On Seram, body is dark chestnut-brown, with more gradation to red-chestnut on sides of upper chest and flanks. Mantle is rufous, with sides occasionally grading to golden rufous to golden toward nape. Crown and sides of head are dark rufous, with back grading from lighter mantle into chestnut. A Buru specimen has dark burnt umber on back, with more golden tawny-tinged hairs toward rump, dark chestnut chest and belly, nearly ocherous buffy thighs, and tawny head, mantle, and sides of neck. Forearm is naked, and upperside oftibia is sparsely furred or naked. Wing membranes are black from uppersides of body. Index claw is present. Canines are slender at bases, I, and P| are smaller, and cheekteeth are narrower compared with Black-bearded Flying Fox (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[248,459,1820,1853]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">P. melanopogon</taxonomicName>
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). 1, is 1-5-2 times larger than I. Canines of males are noticeably longer and slightly heavier than females.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[173,973,1900,1933]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[172,1386,1276,2564]" box="[173,973,1900,1933]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,284,1900,1933]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Old growth forest and recently mangrove forest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[172,1386,1276,2564]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,440,1939,1972]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The South Moluccan Flying Fox is probably frugivorous, but anecdotal evidence from Seram suggests that it feeds on durian (
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<taxonomicName box="[1076,1201,1979,2012]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Durio" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Durio sp.</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1220,1366,1979,2012]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
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) flowers. Hunters have seen it foraging in stands of
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<taxonomicName box="[895,963,2022,2051]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[984,1132,2022,2051]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and orchards of cultivated fruits (
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<taxonomicName box="[412,533,2058,2091]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Syzygium</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[548,699,2058,2091]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
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|
).
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection box="[173,547,2098,2131]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="breeding">
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|
<paragraph blockId="104.[172,1386,1276,2564]" box="[173,547,2098,2131]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
|
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|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,308,2098,2131]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
No information.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="activity">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="104.[172,1386,1276,2564]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,413,2137,2170]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The South Moluccan Flying Fox is crepuscular and nocturnal. It roosts on mangrove islands during the day and leaves around dusk to forage in forested areas with low levels of disturbance.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="104.[172,1386,1276,2564]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,880,2255,2288]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The South Moluccan Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts in large colonies in forested areas. A colony of ¢.300 individuals was found in an unprotected mangrove forest. Single individuals and groups of less than ten individuals have been seen in temporary roosts in fragmented forests near villages. It roosts with the Black-bearded Flying Fox in separate trees.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="conservation">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="104.[172,1386,1276,2564]" lastBlockId="104.[1446,2656,278,593]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[175,532,2453,2486]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population decline of the South Moluccan Flying Fox is suspected to have been more than 30% over three generations due to hunting and habitat loss. It is usually hunted at foraging sites as a snack for drinking parties. Deforestation, mining, oil exploration, and agroforestry expansion has resulted in loss of almost one-half of total forest coverage. Some foraging sites occur in Manusela National Park on Seram, but day roosts occur in unprotected mangrove forests on offshore islands nearby. There is no effective protection, and no protected area on Buru. It is likely extinct on
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1493,1602,476,509]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Ambon</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="104.[1446,2656,278,593]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1448,1601,523,548]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Andersen (1912b), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Musseretal. (1982), Simmons (2005), Tsang (2016j), Tsang et al. (2015).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|