193 lines
22 KiB
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193 lines
22 KiB
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<mods:titleInfo id="DEE19FE86699B6B26FBF88F4EFA5BDAB">
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<mods:title id="9B45B806E6434EB622AAE740DF2F24C8">Hylobatidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="AE9034BA322851B9E29EF9AEEEB1211B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="652E7C26E6E469519513BFC6C2555F9D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F695085C8AF49C076EE19F86619E2888">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="6E01383E7AC0AA375238A97325287FFF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="4A9A2B5AAB3630387806636DF2D77AAB">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FFF6884A47294E04D81D74ABB19D1D21">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="075C999DC24828C4F90C5664F06DA9B1">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="0F87251CE845F1192B03E188B5D2BD71" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="C3F01671DBEA51A66A5474A1D5D637AC">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="0FBF49074938D82F66FD6C866D23F09A">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="C7A7B76C7FEF3F295F8AF5F19E7FECF1">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="2678574BC0DD5125F9D26036C1B3F924">778</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="AADABBF2FEF9E0C85D8DDCF70A46A40B">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A7DCEAB5A06D22640699AA2BABCC5796" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6727957</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D787BA0E33FFCAFF2EF6BCF6BFC26B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6728305" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196222199" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6728305" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D787BA0E33FFCAFF2EF6BCF6BFC26B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D787BA0E33FFCAFF2EF6BCF6BFC26B" lastPageNumber="788" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFF2EF6BCFF67C243" box="[168,222,2323,2365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFF2EF6BCFF67C243" blockId="10.[163,1178,2323,2443]" box="[168,222,2323,2365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<heading id="D08981C00E33FFCAFF2EF6BCFF67C243" box="[168,222,2323,2365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<figureCitation id="13452A290E33FFCAFF2EF6BCFF67C243" box="[168,222,2323,2365]" captionStart="Plate 54: Hylobatidae" captionStartId="9.[127,157,3404,3429]" captionTargetBox="[12,2743,13,3642]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="12. Western Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor), 13. Eastern Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus nasutus), 14. Hainan Crested Gibbon (Nomascus haimmanus), 15. Northern Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus annamensis), 16. Northern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys), 17. Southern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus siki), 18. Southern Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae), 19. Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6728001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6728001/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">14.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFF76F6BCFD5AC243" box="[240,739,2323,2365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFF76F6BCFD5AC243" blockId="10.[163,1178,2323,2443]" box="[240,739,2323,2365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<heading id="D08981C00E33FFCAFF76F6BCFD5AC243" box="[240,739,2323,2365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E33FFCAFF76F6BCFD5AC243" box="[240,739,2323,2365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Hainan Crested Gibbon</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFCABF6BCFB23C243" box="[813,1178,2323,2365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFCABF6BCFB23C243" blockId="10.[163,1178,2323,2443]" box="[813,1178,2323,2365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<heading id="D08981C00E33FFCAFCABF6BCFB23C243" box="[813,1178,2323,2365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFCABF6BCFB23C243" ID-CoL="47NQN" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[813,1178,2323,2365]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hainanus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFCABF6BCFB23C243" box="[813,1178,2323,2365]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Nomascus hainanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFF23F6E0FBFEC2F5" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFF23F6E0FBA7C21A" blockId="10.[163,1178,2323,2443]" box="[165,1054,2383,2404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<heading id="D08981C00E33FFCAFF23F6E0FBA7C21A" box="[165,1054,2383,2404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFF23F6E0FF4BC21A" bold="true" box="[165,242,2383,2404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E33FFCAFF7DF6E0FE15C21A" box="[251,428,2383,2404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Gibbon de Hainan</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFE47F6E0FDA5C21A" bold="true" box="[449,540,2383,2404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E33FFCAFDA1F6E0FCB9C21A" box="[551,768,2383,2404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Hainan-Schopfgibbon</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFC93F6E0FCC9C21A" bold="true" box="[789,880,2383,2404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E33FFCAFCFCF6E0FBA7C21A" box="[890,1054,2383,2404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Gib6n de Hainan</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFF23F6D9FBFEC2F5" blockId="10.[163,1178,2323,2443]" box="[165,1095,2422,2443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<heading id="D08981C00E33FFCAFF23F6D9FBFEC2F5" box="[165,1095,2422,2443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFF23F6D9FE22C2F5" bold="true" box="[165,411,2422,2443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E33FFCAFE23F6D9FD72C2F5" box="[421,715,2422,2443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Hainan Black Crested Gibbon</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E33FFCAFD5FF6D9FC10C2F5" box="[729,937,2422,2443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Hainan Black Gibbon</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E33FFCAFC31F6D9FBFEC2F5" box="[951,1095,2422,2443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Hainan Gibbon</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFC8BF616FCEEC17F" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFC8BF616FCEEC17F" blockId="10.[781,1368,2489,2916]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFC8BF616FC11C2A4" bold="true" box="[781,936,2489,2522]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFC47F616FCEBC17F" authority="Thomas" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hainanus">Hylobates hainanus Thomas, 1892</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFCE5F647FB8EC17F" box="[867,1079,2536,2561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFCE5F647FB8EC17F" blockId="10.[781,1368,2489,2916]" box="[867,1079,2536,2561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<materialsCitation id="3B163CF10E33FFCAFCE5F647FB8EC17F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818819311" box="[867,1079,2536,2561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">China, Hainan.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFC88F5A8FB5FC109" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFC88F5A8FB5FC109" blockId="10.[781,1368,2489,2916]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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Now commonly recognized as a distinct species from N.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFB8EF580FBD5C12E" box="[1032,1132,2607,2640]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">nasutus</taxonomicName>
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based on vocal and genetic evidence. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFC88F5D2FCEBC042" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF0166240E33FFCAFC88F5D2FCEBC042" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727987" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6727987/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" targetBox="[168,749,2500,2907]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFC88F5D2FCEBC042" blockId="10.[781,1368,2489,2916]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFC88F5D2FC04C1E0" bold="true" box="[782,957,2685,2718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Endemic to Hainan I, China; once widespread, but today the only known population is restricted to Bawangling Nature Reserve in the W of the island.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFC88F4E8FA85C72E" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFC88F4E8FA85C72E" blockId="10.[781,1368,2489,2916]" lastBlockId="10.[164,1368,2926,3466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFC88F4E8FB99C01A" bold="true" box="[782,1056,2887,2916]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body mean 49-1 cm (males, n = 2) and mean 48-3 cm (females, n = 3); weight 5.8-10 kg. As with other species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFE08F43EFDB7C0CC" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1933" box="[398,526,2961,2994]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nomascus</taxonomicName>
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, the Hainan Crested
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFCC6F43EFC11C0CC" box="[832,936,2961,2994]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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is sexually dichromatic. Males are completely black, and females are brownish buff with a black crown streak and a thin white face ring. Infants are born buff and transition to black by 5-6 months of age, which they maintain as juveniles and subadults. Males maintain this pelage through to adulthood, but females change to their adult pelage of brownish buff at maturity.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFF23F3F9FD8BC7B8" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFF23F3F9FD8BC7B8" blockId="10.[164,1368,2926,3466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFF23F3F9FEAAC709" bold="true" box="[165,275,3158,3191]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Restricted to ravine microhabitats in montane forest at 700-1200 m above sea level. The lowland forests preferred by the Hainan Crested
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFB80F3D2FBD7C7E0" box="[1030,1134,3197,3230]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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are now largely destroyed on Hainan Island.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFF23F37BFAAFC6F4" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFF23F37BFAAFC6F4" blockId="10.[164,1368,2926,3466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFF23F37BFE13C793" bold="true" box="[165,426,3284,3309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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To date, the Hainan Crested
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFCD6F37BFC01C793" box="[848,952,3284,3309]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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is known to select food items from 119 plant species. Food availability may be limited in February-April. At this time, they subsist on less preferred food sources. Restriction to less preferred montane forests due to the destruction of the lowland forests has implications for their feeding ecology, with lower plant diversity and fewer preferred tree species in these areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFA18FEB6F78DC959" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFA18FEB6F78DC959" blockId="10.[1432,2645,281,2327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFA18FEB6F99CCA44" bold="true" box="[1438,1573,281,314]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Gestation period of the Hainan Crested
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAF7EDFEB6F76DCA44" box="[2155,2260,281,314]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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is estimated to be 136-173 days, and the interbirth interval is about two years, based on observations in the wild. Births are not seasonal, and infants are weaned at c.1-5 years. Survivorship of infants to subadulthood can be 92%. Between 1982 and 1989, nine of twelve infants born were male, skewing the sex ratio and potentially causing issues with mate choice within the population. Familial polygyny appears to be common. Femalesinitiate sexual encounters and are sexually receptive post-conception.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFA1BFD82F901C9E3" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFA1BFD82F901C9E3" blockId="10.[1432,2645,281,2327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFA1BFD82F931C930" bold="true" box="[1437,1672,557,590]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Hainan Crested
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAF839FD82F791C930" box="[1983,2088,557,590]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
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is diurnal and arboreal. Activity begins just before dawn and often commences with loud vocalizations. Adult males lead the group during travel.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFA18FD08F655CFE3" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFA18FD08F655CFE3" blockId="10.[1432,2645,281,2327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFA18FD08F7DAC9BA" bold="true" box="[1438,2147,679,708]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Group size of the Hainan Crested
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFA19FD64F9BEC992" box="[1439,1543,715,748]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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is large; surveys in 2008 found that the last two groups of the species had nine and six individuals. The home ranges of these two groups are very large at 548 ha and 987 ha. It is unknown if these large home ranges are typical, are related to a lack of optimal habitat, or reflect home range expansion due to lack of competition from neighboring groups. Over 30 years of observation, these two groups of Hainan Crested Gibbons have maintained a polygynous mating strategy, with two adult females and a single adult male. Mating opportunities are restricted, however, and this may reflect abnormal behavior for the taxon—a point of contention over many years. Subadults are peripheralized until they leave the natal group. In one case, a subadult male was observed to be peripheral to his natal group for about six months before his expulsion at ¢.5-5 years old. Subadults leaving the natal group may be at high risk of mortality because many have dispersed but few have been observed to
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAF771FBD3F6C4CFE3" box="[2295,2429,1148,1181]" form="new" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" rank="form">form new</taxonomicName>
|
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groups.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFA19FB0CF8FFC37E" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="conservation">
|
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFA19FB0CF8FFC37E" blockId="10.[1432,2645,281,2327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
|
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFA19FB0CF8BBCFBA" bold="true" box="[1439,1794,1187,1220]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
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CITES Appendix I. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Hainan Crested
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAF860FB60F7F7CF92" box="[2022,2126,1231,1260]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
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|
is legally protected in China. It occurs in just one protected area, Bawangling Nature Reserve. Three hundred years ago it inhabited most of Hainan Island—some 27,784 km?*—but several waves of habitat destruction have reduced the available habitat to only ¢.66 km?*. Hainan Crested Gibbons are now restricted to a mere 14-16 km®. The population has declined from over 2000 individuals in the 1950s to a low point of 7-8 individuals in the 1970s, with a subsequent recovery to 21 individuals in the 1980s. Estimates since that time have varied between 13 and 20 individuals, with the current population estimated at 22; two groups of seven and eleven individuals and four solitary individuals. Although the population has increased through births in recent years, no new social groups have been formed since 2000. The small size of the population leaves it vulnerable to threats such as inbreeding depression, skewed sex ratios, disease outbreaks, and extreme weather. Other threats include habitat destruction and fragmentation, which in recent decades has been driven by agroindustry, small-scale farming, and infrastructure development. The continuing demand for Hainan Crested Gibbons for use in traditional Asian medicine also poses a threat to the remaining population, although there have been no known instances of hunting in recent years. Reducing risks from hunting and further habitat degradation through increased enforcement are priority conservation actions. Reforestation using native tree species, particularly those fed on by Hainan Crested Gibbons, will be important for the species’ survival, and some work has already begun in this area.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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|
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</subSubSection>
|
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|
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFA26F7A0F6BFC26B" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
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|
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFA26F7A0F6BFC26B" blockId="10.[1432,2645,281,2327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
|
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFA26F7A0F983C356" bold="true" box="[1440,1594,2063,2088]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
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|
|
Bleisch & Chen Nan (1991), Chan Bosco Pui Lok et al. (2005), Chivers (2001), Fellowes et al. (2008), Geissmann et al. (2000), Groves (2001), Haimoff (1984a), Liu Zhenhe, Yu Simian & Yuan Xicai (1984), Liu Zhenhe, Zhang Yongzu et al. (1989), Ma Shilai et al. (1988), Mootnick & Fan Pengfei (2011), Mootnick et al. (2012), Roos et al. (2007), Smith & Yan Xie (2008), Stone (2011), Tan Bangjie (1985), Van Ngoc Thinh, Mootnick, Geissmann et al. (2010), Van Ngoc Thinh, Mootnick, Vu Ngoc Thanh et al. (2010), Wei Wu et al. (2004), Xu Longhui et al. (1983), Zhang Mingxia et al. (2010), Zhou Jiang, Wei Fuwen, Li Ming, Chan Bosco Pui Lok & Wang Deli (2008), Zhou Jiang, Wei Fuwen, Li Ming, Zhan Jianfeng et al. (2005).
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document>
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