<documentid="20770C35AB6F782DD514FE62ABCD0C26"ID-CLB-Dataset="24039"ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4732.3.6"ID-GBIF-Dataset="ea9ffdde-e6b1-4e98-a8aa-93c6a67591fe"ID-ISSN="1175-5326"ID-Zenodo-Dep="3667262"ID-ZooBank="76254E06-3555-4C8D-9B25-1DF8BD9C55ED"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin"checkinTime="1581671327497"checkinUser="plazi"docAuthor="Taher, Md Abu, Kabir, Ahmed Salahuddin, Shazib, Shahed Uddin Ahmed, Kim, Min Seok & Shin, Mann Kyoon"docDate="2020"docId="03CA9569FFB3FF9365ECF8F0174191B5"docLanguage="en"docName="zootaxa.4732.3.6.pdf"docOrigin="Zootaxa 4732 (3)"docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article"docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D"docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article"docStyleVersion="9"docTitle="Stentor coeruleus Ehrenberg 1831"docType="treatment"docVersion="9"lastPageNumber="437"masterDocId="FFF3ED11FFB2FF90657BFF8212609332"masterDocTitle="Morphological Redescriptions and Molecular Phylogeny of Three Stentor Species (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea: Stentoridae) from Korea"masterLastPageNumber="452"masterPageNumber="435"pageNumber="436"updateTime="1720384016290"updateUser="admin"zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:titleid="AEA614A459636FE9FCF76D5E4326C5AD">Morphological Redescriptions and Molecular Phylogeny of Three Stentor Species (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea: Stentoridae) from Korea</mods:title>
<bibRefCitationid="EFF2598EFFB3FF916400F8F0107394BE"author="Pallas, P. S."box="[379,531,1906,1932]"pageId="1"pageNumber="436"refId="ref10577"refString="Pallas, P. S. (1766) Elenchus Zoophytorum. Petrum van Cleef, Hagae-Comitum, 451 pp."type="book"year="1766">Pallas, 1766</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitationid="EFF2598EFFB3FF916759F8F0109394BE"author="Ehrenberg, C. G."box="[546,755,1906,1932]"pageId="1"pageNumber="436"pagination="154"refId="ref9283"refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1831) Uber die Entwickelung und Lebensdauer der Infusionsthiere; nebst ferneren Beitragen zu einer Vergleichung ihrer organischen Systeme. Physikalische Abhandlungen der Ko ¨ niglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1831, l- 154."type="journal article"year="1831">Ehrenberg, 1831</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB3FF9165E4F814128D9482"box="[159,237,1942,1968]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="436">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB3FF916580F814136B9482"box="[251,267,1942,1968]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="436">2</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitationid="C6E111C4FFB3FF91646DF81413149482"box="[278,372,1942,1968]"captionStart="TABLE 1"captionStartId="11.[151,239,154,178]"captionTargetPageId="11"captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric date for Korean samples of Stentor coeruleus, S. muelleri, and S. tartari."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1C74F7FFB9FF9B65ECFF1816D79383"pageId="1"pageNumber="436"tableUuid="DF1C74F7FFB9FF9B65ECFF1816D79383">Tables 1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitationid="C6E111C4FFB3FF9164F9F81413F19482"box="[386,401,1942,1968]"captionStart="TABLE 2"captionStartId="12.[144,232,500,526]"captionTargetPageId="12"captionText="TABLE 2. Comparisons of Stentor congeners."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1C74F7FFBEFF9C65EBFE7610E2913C"pageId="1"pageNumber="436"tableUuid="DF1C74F7FFBEFF9C65EBFE7610E2913C">2</tableCitation>
after protargol impregnation. They are trumpet-shaped when completely extended, but freely motile or contracted specimens are inverted pear-shaped. Under low magnification, specimens are blue green in color but at higher magnification cortical granules are reddish brown in the absence of symbiotic algae; a contractile vacuole is present on the left of the oral cavity. 55–65 somatic kineties are longitudinally arranged; 20–25 peristomial kineties are vertically arranged within adoral zone membranelles; 145–165 adoral membranelles comprise the peristome. The moniliform macronucleus is composed of 6–15 spherical nodules. Micronucleus and lorica were not observed in the present study.
A slide with protargol-stained specimens was deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources (
<collectionCodeid="ED72BCBAFFB0FF92643EFD8313ED9129"box="[325,397,513,539]"country="South Korea"httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4iq-k5jx"name="National Institute of Biological Resources"pageId="2"pageNumber="437">NIBR</collectionCode>
, with registration number NIBRPR0000109602. The slide includes many specimens, but the relevant specimens are marked by a black ink circle on the slide.
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB0FF926407F8CC13BF945B"box="[380,479,1870,1897]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="2"pageNumber="437">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB0FF926490F8CD106F945B"box="[491,527,1871,1897]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="2"pageNumber="437">2B</figureCitation>
). After extension, when cell relaxed, the body looks like trumpet-shaped and size ranges,
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB0FF926143F8F016F194BF"box="[1080,1169,1906,1933]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="2"pageNumber="437">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). The specimens shrink considerably after protargol impregnation, i.e., 100–239 ×
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB0FF92606BF81417F79483"box="[1296,1431,1942,1969]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="2"pageNumber="437">Figs. 1D, E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB0FF9265ECF83912C594E7"box="[151,165,1979,2005]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="2"pageNumber="437">2</figureCitation>
H–J). Greenish (due to limitations of microscope and camera, CG appears greenish-brown in pictures) cortical granules (~
in diameter) irregularly arranged densely between somatic kineties (
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB0FF926107F85C16B894CB"box="[1148,1240,2014,2041]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="2"pageNumber="437">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
). The transparent cortex makes cytoplasmic organelles easily identifiable (
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF93666BFF1B11D59381"box="[784,949,153,179]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Figs. 2B, E, G</figureCitation>
). 55–65 somatic kineties composed of dikinetids longitudinally arranged parallel to the antero-posterior axis of cell (
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF9366BCFF3F162793E5"box="[967,1095,189,215]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Figs. 1D, E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF936129FF3F16EE93E5"box="[1106,1166,189,215]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">2D, J</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF936435FF6313C493C9"box="[334,420,225,251]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
). One contractile vacuole without any visible collecting canal located left of the buccal cavity about
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF9367E9FE87108A922D"box="[658,746,261,287]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). 20–25 peristomial kineties present in the peristomial region (
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF9365E4FEAB13439271"box="[159,291,297,323]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Figs. 1D, E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF93644BFEAB130A9271"box="[304,362,297,323]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">2C, I</figureCitation>
). The size of the peristomial cilia is similar to that of somatic cilia. The buccal cavity is clearly visible. Adoral zone of membranelles conspicuous, consisting of 145–165 membranelles (
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF936102FECF16999255"box="[1145,1273,333,359]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Figs. 1D, E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF936078FECF175C9255"box="[1283,1340,333,359]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">2C, I</figureCitation>
). Adoral zone of membranelles surrounding the peristome ends at the buccal cavity (
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF936694FEF3161792B9"box="[1007,1143,369,395]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Figs. 1A, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF9361F8FEF3168092B9"box="[1155,1248,369,395]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">2B, C, I</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF936695FE3B162692E1"box="[1006,1094,441,467]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Nuclear apparatus comprised of 6–12 spherical macronuclear nodules and each nodule are connected by macronuclear bridges; nodules are globular (
in length), usually located at the mid-body; however, the position of macronuclear nodules is not fixed (
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF9367BDFDA71145910D"box="[710,805,549,575]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Figs. 1E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF93664AFDA71119910D"box="[817,889,549,575]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">2G, H</figureCitation>
). Micronucleus was not observed. Food vacuoles are
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF93667FFDCB11099151"box="[772,873,585,611]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1619,1644]"captionTargetBox="[158,1429,596,1594]"captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,589,1600]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Line diagrams of S. coeruleus from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; AM, adoral membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667264"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667264/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF93660DFDCB11F99151"box="[886,921,585,611]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">2B</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF9364B2FDEF104091B5"box="[457,544,621,647]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). Holdfast organelle present at the posterior end of the cell (
<figureCitationid="135838FAFFB1FF9361C4FDEF177591B5"box="[1215,1301,621,647]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1721,1746]"captionTargetBox="[167,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,661,1701]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of S. coeruleus from life (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–J). A. Showing specimens in extended form, arrowheads indicate macronuclear nodules; B. Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads indicating the oral cavity; C. Indicating buccal ciliature; D. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; E. Position of contractile vacuole, arrowheads indicating lipid droplets; F. Posterior end of an typical extended specimen, arrows indicating somatic cilia and arrowheads indicating holdfast; G. Section showing macronuclear nodules; H. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; arrowheads indicating oral cavity; I. Indicating buccal ciliature, arrowheads indicating oral cavity; J. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; OC, oral cavity; MA, macronuclear nodules; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=200 μm, B=100 μm, E=50 μm, G–J=50 μm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667266"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667266/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="438">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
