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179 lines
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<document id="DA4C1C421876CD98291EA1BE5311422F" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-ZooBank=":pub:D3D3B15B-36FA-42EB-98AD-FAF369D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1711485825671" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gracia, Carlos De, Correa-Metrio, Alex, Carvalho, Monica, Velez-Juarbe, Jorge, P ̆ rik, Tom ́ a ̆ s, , Carlos Jarami & Kri, nd Jurgen" docDate="2022" docId="03CA87C46F38821CFC50F991FB7226C5" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.20.1.1-36.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (2091959) 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Makaira purdyi Fierstine 1999" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFF3FFBC6F2A820FFF99FF8CFF88256D" masterDocTitle="Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1711485829411" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:titleInfo id="656E0E87E8A3D88C88C5B75308D1E61F">
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<mods:title id="850DC8E83B1964C11D28EE236B0853F7">Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9323C2A98BF2DE996E679FDB3C1C6C2F">Gracia, Carlos De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="940CEBB94006A6FA809677284571BECD">Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Josef Holaubek Platz 2 (UZA II) / 2 A 323, 1090, Vienna, Austria; & Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CE8EEDAE119D9F9944F892C4A5C357EA">Correa-Metrio, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="04E43056FDE00F1F5980AE2EF08CD034">Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ́ exico, Campus Juriquilla, Quer ́ etaro 76230, Mexico; & Instituto de Geolog ́ ıa, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ́ exico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, M ́ exico, D. F., Mexico;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0C18BC037BE1A5273D6857DB4B1323AA">Carvalho, Monica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E7869A8C675AF19AD3E163CEC832BBF2">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A678C7DB7451E66F4F7ED7E26B31B3A8">Velez-Juarbe, Jorge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="79B053617183BDFB965CE00B00DE00A6">Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Country, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; & Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7CB7340B5496D3DD6095E1A725E4B8DA">P ̆ rik, Tom ́ a ̆ s</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="85E2A2A81CC7DCC38E82C5801A94F385">, Carlos Jarami</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CAC1AE5C60576A7228248DB8E5E3A592">Kri, nd Jurgen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D7D1D1361C48722987F329D972ECCFB9">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="72B5B45BA3BC24BA7225123365D43F18">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="FA2EDCF502654F746DAC26447D1594F9">2091959</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="C39A4D4DBDE34C90345532830F619639">2022-08-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6A4414D3F03E3C0CE2275897352D160E">20</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="96D36D82FF0DFB25B11E5651D4902619">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="F51022FA1D6882F416271927AB434B4B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="8EA67CA5A351B27F23C14C8F50BB99AE" type="DOI">10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2A0B40DFC66046C409DAD3DFA0F91318" type="ISSN">1478-0941</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CA87C46F38821CFC50F991FB7226C5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA87C46F38821CFC50F991FB7226C5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C46F38821CFC50F991FB7226C5" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F38821DFC50F991FAB52359" box="[969,1341,1565,1589]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFC50F991FAB52359" blockId="18.[969,1341,1565,1623]" box="[969,1341,1565,1589]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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<heading id="D09481BE6F38821DFC50F991FAB52359" box="[969,1341,1565,1589]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" reason="8">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F38821DFC4EF991FAB52359" authority="Fierstine, 1999 b" authorityName="Fierstine" authorityYear="1999" box="[983,1341,1565,1588]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="purdyi">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFC4EF991FB0D2359" bold="true" box="[983,1157,1565,1588]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Makaira purdyi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F38821DFB17F991FAB52359" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[1166,1341,1565,1588]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="71 - 77" refId="ref25265" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1999 b. A new shortbilled marlin of the genus Makaira, from the Yorktown Formation, (early Pliocene), Eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine, USA. Tertiary Research, 19, 71 - 77." type="journal article" year="1999">Fierstine, 1999b</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F38821DFBA0F9CCFC5823D5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFBA0F9CCFB46233A" blockId="18.[969,1341,1565,1623]" box="[1081,1230,1600,1623]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F38821DFBDBF9CCFB12233A" box="[1090,1178,1600,1623]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[177,1469,197,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-269@16.[159,1469,188,1133]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. A–D, Istiophoridae holotypes represented by fragmented rostrums in dorsal, right lateral and ventral view; A, †Spathochoira calvertense gen et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344), holotype; B, Makaira belgica (IRSNB P1117), holotype; C, †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250), holotype; D, Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), holotype. Dashed black lines show the positions where the sections at 0.5L and 0.25L have been studied. White dashed lines indicates the prenasal sutures. Scale bar = 5 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figs 8D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F38821DFB30F9CCFB4D233A" box="[1193,1221,1600,1623]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">9F</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFCD3F90CFC5823D5" blockId="18.[842,1467,1663,1721]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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1999a †
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F38821DFC2DF90CFB6623FA" authority="Fierstine" authorityName="Fierstine" authorityYear="1999" box="[948,1262,1664,1687]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="purdyi">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFC2DF90CFBF923FA" box="[948,1137,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Makaira purdyi</emphasis>
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Fierstine
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</taxonomicName>
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: 76, figs 1–4, table 1–4.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F38821CFCD5F95DFC3B2598" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFCD5F95DFA332200" blockId="18.[844,1467,1745,1901]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFCD5F95DFBBE2385" bold="true" box="[844,1078,1745,1768]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Emended diagnosis.</emphasis>
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F38821DFBC9F95DFB772385" authorityName="Fierstine" authorityYear="1999" box="[1104,1279,1745,1768]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="purdyi">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFBC9F95DFB772385" box="[1104,1279,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Makaira purdyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is differentiated by the following combination of morphological traits (autapomorphic characters indicated by an asterisk): rostrum higher than wide in cross-section$; denticles covering the dorsal surface of the rostrum including the
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F39821CFCD5FF31FC3B2598" blockId="19.[844,1467,181,245]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">prenasals$; rostrum short; prenasals terminate close to distal tip.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F39821CFCD5FE9EFB77248E" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F39821CFCD5FE9EFAC42426" blockId="19.[844,1466,274,331]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F39821CFCD5FE9EFC332444" bold="true" box="[844,955,274,297]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">
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<typeStatus id="54D888706F39821CFCD5FE9EFC3E2444" box="[844,950,274,297]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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USNM 481933, a partial rostrum without nasals and a preserved total length of
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<quantity id="4C9B9B376F39821CFB77FEB8FAC02426" box="[1262,1352,308,331]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="480.0">480 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F39821CFCD5FEE4FB77248E" blockId="19.[844,1467,360,483]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F39821CFCD5FEE4FC512412" bold="true" box="[844,985,360,383]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Occurrence.</emphasis>
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Early to late Pliocene (~4.8–3.1 Ma), Yorktown Formation (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F39821CFBD2FE06FAAF24CC" author="Snyder, S. W. & Mauger, L. L. & Akers, W. H." box="[1099,1319,394,417]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" pagination="455 - 482" refId="ref29068" refString="Snyder, S. W., Mauger, L. L. & Akers, W. H. 1983. Planktonic foraminifera and biostratigraphy of the Yorktown Formation, Lee Creek Mine. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 53, 455 - 482." type="journal article" year="1983">
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Snyder
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F39821CFB3EFE06FB6C24CC" box="[1191,1252,394,417]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
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1983
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Lee Creek Mine, located near Aurora, Beaufort Country, eastern
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<collectingRegion id="49A7F8306F39821CFCD5FE40FC7B248E" box="[844,1011,460,483]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37476426F39821CFC66FE40FBBC248E" box="[1023,1076,460,483]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">USA</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F39821CFBDDFE40FB67248E" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[1092,1263,460,483]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" pagination="71 - 77" refId="ref25265" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1999 b. A new shortbilled marlin of the genus Makaira, from the Yorktown Formation, (early Pliocene), Eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine, USA. Tertiary Research, 19, 71 - 77." type="journal article" year="1999">Fierstine 1999b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F39821CFCD5FD8DFB7226C5" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F39821CFCD5FD8DFB7226C5" blockId="19.[844,1467,513,936]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F39821CFCD5FD8DFC332775" bold="true" box="[844,955,513,536]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The only fossil of this species is an unusually short (
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<quantity id="4C9B9B376F39821CFC0CFDAEFC662754" box="[917,1006,546,569]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="480.0">480 mm</quantity>
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) and stout bill (
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F39821CFB34FDAEFA8D2754" box="[1197,1285,546,569]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[177,1469,197,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-269@16.[159,1469,188,1133]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. A–D, Istiophoridae holotypes represented by fragmented rostrums in dorsal, right lateral and ventral view; A, †Spathochoira calvertense gen et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344), holotype; B, Makaira belgica (IRSNB P1117), holotype; C, †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250), holotype; D, Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), holotype. Dashed black lines show the positions where the sections at 0.5L and 0.25L have been studied. White dashed lines indicates the prenasal sutures. Scale bar = 5 cm." pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
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) that is oval in cross-section with a globular distal tip (
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F39821CFA85FDCFFAFC2737" box="[1308,1396,579,602]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[177,1469,197,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-269@16.[159,1469,188,1133]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. A–D, Istiophoridae holotypes represented by fragmented rostrums in dorsal, right lateral and ventral view; A, †Spathochoira calvertense gen et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344), holotype; B, Makaira belgica (IRSNB P1117), holotype; C, †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250), holotype; D, Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), holotype. Dashed black lines show the positions where the sections at 0.5L and 0.25L have been studied. White dashed lines indicates the prenasal sutures. Scale bar = 5 cm." pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
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). The most diagnostic characteristic is the presence of prenasals that terminate nearly at the most distal tip (
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F39821CFA09FD0AFCE527D3" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[177,1469,197,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-269@16.[159,1469,188,1133]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. A–D, Istiophoridae holotypes represented by fragmented rostrums in dorsal, right lateral and ventral view; A, †Spathochoira calvertense gen et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344), holotype; B, Makaira belgica (IRSNB P1117), holotype; C, †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250), holotype; D, Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), holotype. Dashed black lines show the positions where the sections at 0.5L and 0.25L have been studied. White dashed lines indicates the prenasal sutures. Scale bar = 5 cm." pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
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). The rostrum is massive and differs morphologically from any extant or fossil istiophorid rostrum by having short and strongly fused premaxillae with denticles covering at least half of its dorsal surface (
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F39821CFA84FC87FAFD264F" box="[1309,1397,779,802]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[177,1469,197,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-269@16.[159,1469,188,1133]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. A–D, Istiophoridae holotypes represented by fragmented rostrums in dorsal, right lateral and ventral view; A, †Spathochoira calvertense gen et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344), holotype; B, Makaira belgica (IRSNB P1117), holotype; C, †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250), holotype; D, Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), holotype. Dashed black lines show the positions where the sections at 0.5L and 0.25L have been studied. White dashed lines indicates the prenasal sutures. Scale bar = 5 cm." pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
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). The internal canals are large, oval and levogyres, ventrally positioned and centrally arranged at 0.25
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<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F39821CFAD9FCC2FAD82608" box="[1344,1360,846,869]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">L</collectionCode>
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distance (Table 4;
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F39821CFC27FCE3FB9826EB" box="[958,1040,879,902]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
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). For a more complete description of †
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F39821CFCC3FC1DFB8C26C5" authorityName="Fierstine" authorityYear="1999" box="[858,1028,913,936]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="purdyi">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F39821CFCC3FC1DFB8C26C5" box="[858,1028,913,936]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Makaira purdyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F39821CFBA1FC1DFB7D26C5" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[1080,1269,913,936]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" pagination="71 - 77" refId="ref25265" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1999 b. A new shortbilled marlin of the genus Makaira, from the Yorktown Formation, (early Pliocene), Eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine, USA. Tertiary Research, 19, 71 - 77." type="journal article" year="1999">Fierstine (1999b)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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