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<document id="50646A114E99936FF61DE8380D85DE30" ID-CLB-Dataset="29367" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4486.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="de2f897b-3d16-4bcd-99a7-fb46a61b5bd1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1442168" ID-ZooBank="7652EE8A-437B-4A61-ACF6-4A3BF6553808" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1538406769457" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vondráček, Dominik, Hadjiconstantis, Michael &amp; Šípek, Petr" docDate="2018" docId="03CA879D6226661843A7FA2EFD4DFC19" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4486.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4486 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Oxythyrea Mulsant 1842" docType="key" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="424" masterDocId="FFF3FFE56230660F4330FF8FFF93FFFB" masterDocTitle="Immature stages of the genus Oxythyrea (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with a key to third instar larvae, and notes on the biology of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="434" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="423" updateTime="1698562072066" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="77EF972BC8EF7242889EC88979F5B1E3">Immature stages of the genus Oxythyrea (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with a key to third instar larvae, and notes on the biology of the genus</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03CA879D6226661843A7FA2EFD4DFC19" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5970932" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148425483" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5970932" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA879D6226661843A7FA2EFD4DFC19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879D6226661843A7FA2EFD4DFC19" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="424" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<subSubSection id="C37965006226661943A7FA2EFCF9FA40" box="[151,874,1441,1467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDC368B6226661943A7FA2EFCF9FA40" blockId="22.[151,874,1441,1467]" box="[151,874,1441,1467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<heading id="D09481E76226661943A7FA2EFCF9FA40" bold="true" box="[151,874,1441,1467]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B917EA996226661943A7FA2EFCF9FA40" bold="true" box="[151,874,1441,1467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
Key to third instar larvae of Palaearctic
<taxonomicName id="4C634D086226661941BFFA2EFC9FFA40" ID-CoL="6BJ8" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1842" box="[655,780,1441,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B917EA996226661941BFFA2EFC9FFA40" bold="true" box="[655,780,1441,1467]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Oxythyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37965006226661843A7FA6BFD4DFC19" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="424" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="key">
<keyStep id="30972E2E6226661943A7FA6BFA08F9CF" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<paragraph id="8BDC368B6226661943A7FA6BFA0FFA02" blockId="22.[151,1436,1508,2028]" box="[151,1436,1508,1529]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<keyLead id="309295BE6226661943A7FA6BFA0FFA02" box="[151,1436,1508,1529]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
1 Raster more or less horseshoe-shaped, various habitats (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6226661941CAFA6BFB85FA02" box="[762,1046,1508,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[224,1362,193,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[224,1362,193,1870]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10a–r. Last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (a–i) and last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, detail of raster (j–r). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella; m, O. dulcis; n, O. funesta; o, O. noemi; p, O. pantherina; q, O. subcalva; r, O. tripolitana. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–i)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442190/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Fig. 10B–C, E–H, K–L, N–Q</figureCitation>
).............................. 4
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC368B6226661943A7F98DFA08F9CF" blockId="22.[151,1436,1508,2028]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<keyLead id="309295BE6226661943A7F98DFA08F9CF" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
- Raster composed of two or more parallel rows of pali. Habitat in sand dunes, usually near shoreline of the Mediterranean Sea (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6226661943D8F990FE50F9CF" box="[232,451,1567,1588]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[224,1362,193,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[224,1362,193,1870]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10a–r. Last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (a–i) and last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, detail of raster (j–r). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella; m, O. dulcis; n, O. funesta; o, O. noemi; p, O. pantherina; q, O. subcalva; r, O. tripolitana. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–i)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442190/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
Fig. 10
<collectingRegion id="49A7F86962266619421DF990FED3F9CF" box="[301,320,1567,1588]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">A</collectingRegion>
, D, I, J, M, R
</figureCitation>
)................................................................................ 2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30972E2E6226661943A7F9B3FA06F8FA" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<paragraph id="8BDC368B6226661943A7F9B3FA0FF951" blockId="22.[151,1436,1508,2028]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<keyLead id="309295BE6226661943A7F9B3FA0FF951" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
2 Raster (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E62266619421BF9B3FE00F9AA" box="[299,403,1596,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[224,1362,193,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[224,1362,193,1870]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10a–r. Last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (a–i) and last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, detail of raster (j–r). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella; m, O. dulcis; n, O. funesta; o, O. noemi; p, O. pantherina; q, O. subcalva; r, O. tripolitana. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–i)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442190/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
Fig.
<date id="FFDD104B622666194267F9B3FEEAF9AA" box="[343,377,1596,1617]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" value="2010-01">10I</date>
, R
</figureCitation>
) monostichous (sometimes few pali scattered around main row), each row of pali with approximately 18–23 pali on each side, tegilla and dorsal parts of last abdominal segment covered with more or less sparse setae, medium and long setae sparse, almost absent. Zygum (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E622666194172F9F8FD10F977" box="[578,643,1655,1676]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[169,1436,274,1741]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,246,1777]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5a–r. Epipharynx of third instar Oxythyrea larvae (a–i) and antenna of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral aspect (j–r). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella; m, O. dulcis; n, O. funesta; o, O. noemi; p, O. pantherina; q, O. subcalva; r, O. tripolitana. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442178/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
Fig.
<date id="FFDD104B62266619415FF9F8FD10F977" box="[623,643,1655,1676]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">5I</date>
</figureCitation>
) with transverse, arcuate or angulate row of 12–15 stout setae and posterior group of another 4–7 stout setae. Habitat in shoreline sand dunes (
<collectingCountry id="F374761B62266619402CF91BFCF4F952" box="[796,871,1684,1705]" name="Tunisia" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B622666194041F91BFC38F952" box="[881,939,1684,1705]" name="Libya" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Libya</collectingCountry>
).............................
<taxonomicName id="4C634D08622666194627F91BFA0FF951" ID-CoL="92YTZ" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1891" box="[1303,1436,1684,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tripolitana">
<emphasis id="B917EA99622666194627F91BFA0FF951" box="[1303,1436,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">O. tripolitana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC368B6226661943A7F93DFA06F8FA" blockId="22.[151,1436,1508,2028]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<keyLead id="309295BE6226661943A7F93DFA06F8FA" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
- Raster monostichous or polystichous with more than 24 pali on each side, tegilla and dorsal parts of last abdominal segment densely setose with numerous medium and long setae (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6226661941C4F940FC30F91F" box="[756,931,1743,1764]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[224,1362,193,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[224,1362,193,1870]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10a–r. Last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (a–i) and last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, detail of raster (j–r). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella; m, O. dulcis; n, O. funesta; o, O. noemi; p, O. pantherina; q, O. subcalva; r, O. tripolitana. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–i)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442190/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
Fig. 10
<collectingRegion id="49A7F869622666194009F940FCDFF91F" box="[825,844,1743,1764]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">A</collectingRegion>
, D, J, M
</figureCitation>
). Zygum with transverse, arcuate or angulate row of 11–15 stout setae and posterior group of another 10–14 stout setae (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E622666194059F963FC42F8FA" box="[873,977,1772,1793]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[169,1436,274,1741]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,246,1777]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5a–r. Epipharynx of third instar Oxythyrea larvae (a–i) and antenna of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral aspect (j–r). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella; m, O. dulcis; n, O. funesta; o, O. noemi; p, O. pantherina; q, O. subcalva; r, O. tripolitana. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442178/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
Fig. 5
<collectingRegion id="49A7F869622666194092F963FC25F8FA" box="[930,950,1772,1793]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">A</collectingRegion>
, D
</figureCitation>
)................................... 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30972E2E6226661943A7F885FA08F834" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<paragraph id="8BDC368B6226661943A7F885FA08F8C7" blockId="22.[151,1436,1508,2028]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<keyLead id="309295BE6226661943A7F885FA08F8C7" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
3 Cranium width
<quantity id="4C9B9B6E622666194248F885FE69F8E4" box="[376,506,1802,1823]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.625" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.55" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" unit="mm" value="2.625" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="2.55">2.55–2.7 mm</quantity>
; cranium pale brown, sclerotised parts of antennomeres uniformly pale brown (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6226661947C6F885FAD7F8E4" box="[1270,1348,1802,1823]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[192,1405,223,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[184,1408,193,1886]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4a–r. Cranium of third instar Oxythyrea larvae (a–i) and antenna of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal aspect (j–r). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella; m, O. dulcis; n, O. funesta; o, O. noemi; p, O. pantherina; q, O. subcalva; r, O. tripolitana. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–i); 0.5 mm (j–r)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442176/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
Fig. 4
<collectingRegion id="49A7F869622666194600F885FAD7F8E4" box="[1328,1348,1802,1823]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">A</collectingRegion>
</figureCitation>
). Habitat in shoreline sand dunes (
<collectingCountry id="F374761B6226661942FEF8A8FD84F8C7" box="[462,535,1831,1852]" name="Cyprus" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B622666194110F8A8FDCBF8C7" box="[544,600,1831,1852]" name="Israel" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Israel</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B622666194151F8A8FD24F8C7" box="[609,695,1831,1852]" name="Lebanon" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B6226661941F1F8A8FD65F8C7" box="[705,758,1831,1852]" name="Syria" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Syria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B622666194030F8A8FCA9F8C7" box="[768,826,1831,1852]" name="Egypt" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Egypt</collectingCountry>
)..........................................
<taxonomicName id="4C634D08622666194609F8A9FA08F8C7" ID-CoL="92YTL" authorityName="Reiche &amp; Saulcy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1337,1435,1830,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abigail">
<emphasis id="B917EA99622666194609F8A9FA08F8C7" box="[1337,1435,1830,1852]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">O. abigail</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC368B6226661943A7F8CBFA08F834" blockId="22.[151,1436,1508,2028]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<keyLead id="309295BE6226661943A7F8CBFA08F834" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
- Cranium width
<quantity id="4C9B9B6E62266619424BF8CBFD99F8A2" box="[379,522,1860,1881]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.965" metricValueMax="3.04" metricValueMin="2.89" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" unit="mm" value="2.965" valueMax="3.04" valueMin="2.89">2.89–3.04 mm</quantity>
; cranium chestnut brown, sclerotised parts of antennomeres brown to dark brown, often with ultimate and penultimate antennomera darker than the preceding antennomers (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6226661940EEF8EDFBB8F88C" box="[990,1067,1890,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[192,1405,223,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[184,1408,193,1886]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4a–r. Cranium of third instar Oxythyrea larvae (a–i) and antenna of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal aspect (j–r). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella; m, O. dulcis; n, O. funesta; o, O. noemi; p, O. pantherina; q, O. subcalva; r, O. tripolitana. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–i); 0.5 mm (j–r)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442176/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). Note: the discrimination between
<taxonomicName id="4C634D086226661946B4F8EEFEB6F86F" ID-CoL="92YTL" authorityName="Reiche &amp; Saulcy" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abigail">
<emphasis id="B917EA996226661946B4F8EEFEB6F86F" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">O. abigail</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C634D08622666194264F8F1FE39F86F" ID-CoL="92YTQ" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1899" box="[340,426,1918,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis id="B917EA99622666194264F8F1FE39F86F" box="[340,426,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">O. dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based purely on larval characters is merely impossible and the characters given here might be an artefact of the breeding conditions or of the storing of the larval samples. Habitat in shoreline sand dunes (
<collectingCountry id="F374761B6226661947A4F813FA9EF84A" box="[1172,1293,1948,1969]" name="Serbia" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B622666194627F813FACEF84A" box="[1303,1373,1948,1969]" name="Greece" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Greece</collectingCountry>
, western and southern coast of
<collectingCountry id="F374761B6226661942E8F835FD8DF834" box="[472,542,1978,1999]" name="Turkey" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Turkey</collectingCountry>
)...................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C634D08622666194672F836FA08F834" ID-CoL="92YTQ" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1899" box="[1346,1435,1977,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis id="B917EA99622666194672F836FA08F834" box="[1346,1435,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">O. dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
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<keyStep id="30972E2E6226661843A7F858FA06FEA7" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="424" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
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4 Dorsum of last abdominal segment more or less truncate, with distinct round field of short ovate or scale-like setae (exception- ally also hammate setae) bordered by more or less distinct ring of long erect setae (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6227661840CBFF18FB15FF57" box="[1019,1158,151,172]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[161,1436,249,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11a–m. Last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, lateral view (a–i) and last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, posterior view (j–m). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. albopicta; k, O. cinctella; l, O. dulcis; m, O. funesta. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442192/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 11B, C, F</figureCitation>
). Distance between ridges of mandibular stridulatory field more or less equal, or only slightly dwindling towards both ends (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E622766184740FF3AFB63FF31" box="[1136,1264,181,202]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[203,1411,207,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[165,1429,193,1922]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7a–l. Left mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal, medial and ventral view (a–f) and maxillo-labial complex of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (g–l). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. abigail; h, O. albopicta; i, O. cinctella; j, O. dulcis; k, O. funesta; l, O. noemi. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442184/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 7B, C, F</figureCitation>
)............ 5 - Dorsum of last abdominal segment not truncate, lacking distinct round field and the circular row of long setae, setae on dorsum of last abdominal segment hammate. Distance between ridges of mandibular stridulatory area distinctly uneven: ridges very fine in proximal third, while very distant in remaining area (distance between two ridges about 4 times larger than in proximal area). Note: rarely sparse circular row of long setae is present on dorsum of last abdominal segment also in
<taxonomicName id="4C634D08622766184633FEA6FAF5FEC4" ID-CoL="92YTR" baseAuthorityName="Poda von Neuhaus" baseAuthorityYear="1761" box="[1283,1382,297,319]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funesta">
<emphasis id="B917EA99622766184633FEA6FAF5FEC4" box="[1283,1382,297,319]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. funesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13582A0E622766184645FEA5FEB8FEA7" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[161,1436,249,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11a–m. Last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, lateral view (a–i) and last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, posterior view (j–m). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. albopicta; k, O. cinctella; l, O. dulcis; m, O. funesta. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442192/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 11E, M</figureCitation>
), thus it is important to examine carefully mandibular stridulatory area (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6227661840EDFEC8FBA2FEA7" box="[989,1073,327,348]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[203,1411,207,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[165,1429,193,1922]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7a–l. Left mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal, medial and ventral view (a–f) and maxillo-labial complex of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (g–l). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. abigail; h, O. albopicta; i, O. cinctella; j, O. dulcis; k, O. funesta; l, O. noemi. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442184/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figs. 7E</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13582A0E62276618470BFEC8FBE4FEA7" box="[1083,1143,327,348]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1908,1930]" captionTargetBox="[208,1371,223,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[178,1402,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8a–l. Left mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal, medial and ventral view (a–c), right mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae: ventral, medial and dorsal view (d–f), maxillo-labial complex of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (g–i) and metathoracic leg (j–l). a, O. pantherina; b, O. subcalva; c, O. tripolitana; d, O. abigail; e, O. albopicta; f, O. cinctella; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442186/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
8
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, B
</figureCitation>
)!..................... 7
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30972E2E6227661843A7FEEAFA0FFDBC" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<paragraph id="8BDC368B6227661843A7FEEAFA05FE14" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,994]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
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5 Dorsum of last abdominal segment with circular row of long setae composed of only single row of setae, circular field with short ovate setae (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6227661842BCFE0DFE70FE6C" box="[396,483,386,407]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[161,1436,249,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11a–m. Last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, lateral view (a–i) and last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, posterior view (j–m). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. albopicta; k, O. cinctella; l, O. dulcis; m, O. funesta. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442192/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
). Chaetopariae of epipharynx with 45–52 and 30–36 setae on right and left side respectively, cranial width between 2.01 and
<quantity id="4C9B9B6E6227661842FAFE10FDB2FE4F" box="[458,545,415,436]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.21" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="2.21">2.21 mm</quantity>
, mandibular stridulatory area with 9–11 ridges (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6227661840D9FE10FBAFFE4F" box="[1001,1084,415,436]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[203,1411,207,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[165,1429,193,1922]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7a–l. Left mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal, medial and ventral view (a–f) and maxillo-labial complex of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (g–l). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. abigail; h, O. albopicta; i, O. cinctella; j, O. dulcis; k, O. funesta; l, O. noemi. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442184/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figs. 7B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13582A0E622766184776FE10FBF7FE4F" box="[1094,1124,415,436]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1908,1930]" captionTargetBox="[208,1371,223,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[178,1402,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8a–l. Left mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal, medial and ventral view (a–c), right mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae: ventral, medial and dorsal view (d–f), maxillo-labial complex of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (g–i) and metathoracic leg (j–l). a, O. pantherina; b, O. subcalva; c, O. tripolitana; d, O. abigail; e, O. albopicta; f, O. cinctella; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442186/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">8E</figureCitation>
). Wide range of habitats, usually open grasslands and shrubs, steppe, with more continental climatic conditions (Eastern Mediterranean to
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Asia)................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C634D0862276618462DFE56FA05FE14" ID-CoL="92YTM" baseAuthorityName="Motschulsky" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1309,1430,473,495]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albopicta">
<emphasis id="B917EA9962276618462DFE56FA05FE14" box="[1309,1430,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. albopicta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC368B6227661843A7FE78FA0FFDBC" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,994]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
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- Dorsum of last abdominal segment: circular row of long setae composed usually of more than one row of setae, inner circular field with short ovate or scale-like setae (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E622766184159FD9AFD4AFDD1" box="[617,729,533,554]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[161,1436,249,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11a–m. Last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, lateral view (a–i) and last abdominal segment of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, posterior view (j–m). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. albopicta; k, O. cinctella; l, O. dulcis; m, O. funesta. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442192/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 11C, F</figureCitation>
). Chaetopariae of epipharynx with more than 54 and 36 setae on right and left side, respectively; stridulatory area of mandibles with 13–25 ridges (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6227661840A8FDBDFB96FDBC" box="[920,1029,562,583]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[203,1411,207,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[165,1429,193,1922]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7a–l. Left mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal, medial and ventral view (a–f) and maxillo-labial complex of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (g–l). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. abigail; h, O. albopicta; i, O. cinctella; j, O. dulcis; k, O. funesta; l, O. noemi. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442184/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figs. 7C, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13582A0E62276618473EFDBDFBBBFDBC" box="[1038,1064,562,583]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1908,1930]" captionTargetBox="[208,1371,223,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[178,1402,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8a–l. Left mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal, medial and ventral view (a–c), right mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae: ventral, medial and dorsal view (d–f), maxillo-labial complex of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (g–i) and metathoracic leg (j–l). a, O. pantherina; b, O. subcalva; c, O. tripolitana; d, O. abigail; e, O. albopicta; f, O. cinctella; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442186/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">8F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13582A0E622766184701FDBDFBDDFDBC" box="[1073,1102,562,583]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[202,1398,209,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[175,1419,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9a–l. Right mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral, medial and dorsal view (a–f) and metathoracic leg of third instar Oxythyrea larvae (g–l). a, O. dulcis; b, O. funesta; c, O. noemi; d, O. pantherina; e, O. subcalva; f, O. tripolitana; g, O. dulcis; h, O. funesta; i, O. noemi; j, O. pantherina; k, O. subcalva; l, O. tripolitana. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442188/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">9C</figureCitation>
)......................... 6
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</paragraph>
</keyStep>
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6 Body whitish, setose fields of each (sub)lobe yellowish-brown. Oval field on dorsum of last abdominal segment with short ovate setae. Chaetopariae of epipharynx with 63–77 and 36–53 setae on right and left side, respectively; stridulatory area of mandibles with 13–20 ridges (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E622766184133FD05FDC4FD64" box="[515,599,650,671]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[203,1411,207,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[165,1429,193,1922]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7a–l. Left mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal, medial and ventral view (a–f) and maxillo-labial complex of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (g–l). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. abigail; h, O. albopicta; i, O. cinctella; j, O. dulcis; k, O. funesta; l, O. noemi. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442184/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figs. 7C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13582A0E622766184151FD05FDEFFD64" box="[609,636,650,671]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1908,1930]" captionTargetBox="[208,1371,223,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[178,1402,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8a–l. Left mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal, medial and ventral view (a–c), right mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae: ventral, medial and dorsal view (d–f), maxillo-labial complex of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (g–i) and metathoracic leg (j–l). a, O. pantherina; b, O. subcalva; c, O. tripolitana; d, O. abigail; e, O. albopicta; f, O. cinctella; g, O. pantherina; h, O. subcalva; i, O. tripolitana; j, O. abigail; k, O. albopicta; l, O. cinctella. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442186/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">8F</figureCitation>
). Wide spectrum of habitats in different altitudes (Eastern Mediterranean to
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Asia)......................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C634D08622766184615FD28FA05FD46" ID-CoL="92YTN" baseAuthorityName="Schaum" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1317,1430,679,701]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinctella">
<emphasis id="B917EA99622766184615FD28FA05FD46" box="[1317,1430,679,701]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. cinctella</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDC368B6227661843A7FD4AFA05FCC9" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,994]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
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- Body more or less uniformly whitish. Oval field on dorsum of last abdominal segment with short scale-like setae. Chaetopariae of epipharynx with 54–70 and 43–53 setae on right and left side, respectively; stridulatory area of mandibles with 20–25 ridges (
<figureCitation id="13582A0E6227661843D8FD70FEABFCEF" box="[232,312,767,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[203,1411,207,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[165,1429,193,1922]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7a–l. Left mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, dorsal, medial and ventral view (a–f) and maxillo-labial complex of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral view (g–l). a, O. abigail; b, O. albopicta; c, O. cinctella; d, O. dulcis; e, O. funesta; f, O. noemi; g, O. abigail; h, O. albopicta; i, O. cinctella; j, O. dulcis; k, O. funesta; l, O. noemi. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442184/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figs. 7F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13582A0E622766184271FD70FEF3FCEF" box="[321,352,767,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[202,1398,209,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[175,1419,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9a–l. Right mandible of third instar Oxythyrea larvae, ventral, medial and dorsal view (a–f) and metathoracic leg of third instar Oxythyrea larvae (g–l). a, O. dulcis; b, O. funesta; c, O. noemi; d, O. pantherina; e, O. subcalva; f, O. tripolitana; g, O. dulcis; h, O. funesta; i, O. noemi; j, O. pantherina; k, O. subcalva; l, O. tripolitana. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442188/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">9C</figureCitation>
). Wide spectrum of habitats in different altitudes (
<collectingCountry id="F374761B622766184071FD70FC19FCEF" box="[833,906,767,788]" name="Cyprus" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B6227661840A4FD70FC5FFCEF" box="[916,972,767,788]" name="Israel" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Israel</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B6227661840E5FD70FB84FCEF" box="[981,1047,767,788]" name="Jordan" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Jordan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B622766184711FD70FBE4FCEF" box="[1057,1143,767,788]" name="Lebanon" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B6227661847B0FD70FB26FCEF" box="[1152,1205,767,788]" name="Syria" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Syria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B62276618478FFD70FB68FCEF" box="[1215,1275,767,788]" name="Egypt" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Egypt</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F374761B622766184634FD70FAD9FCEF" box="[1284,1354,767,788]" name="Turkey" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Turkey</collectingCountry>
)...................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C634D0862276618460DFC93FA05FCC9" ID-CoL="92YTT" authorityName="Reiche &amp; Saulcy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1341,1430,796,818]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noemi">
<emphasis id="B917EA9962276618460DFC93FA05FCC9" box="[1341,1430,796,818]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. noemi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="8BDC368B6227661843A7FCB5FD4DFC19" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,994]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<keyStep id="30972E2E6227661843A7FCB5FD4DFC19" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<keyLead id="309295BE6227661843A7FCB5FD4DFC19" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
7
<taxonomicName id="4C634D086227661843D1FCB6FED6FCB4" ID-CoL="92YTR" baseAuthorityName="Poda von Neuhaus" baseAuthorityYear="1761" box="[225,325,825,847]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funesta">
<emphasis id="B917EA996227661843D1FCB6FED6FCB4" box="[225,325,825,847]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. funesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex (
<taxonomicName id="4C634D0862276618429DFCB6FD83FCB4" ID-CoL="92YTR" baseAuthorityName="Poda von Neuhaus" baseAuthorityYear="1761" box="[429,528,825,847]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funesta">
<emphasis id="B917EA9962276618429DFCB6FD83FCB4" box="[429,528,825,847]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. funesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C634D0862276618412DFCB6FD36FCB4" ID-CoL="92YTV" baseAuthorityName="Gory &amp; Percheron" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[541,677,825,847]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pantherina">
<emphasis id="B917EA9962276618412DFCB6FD36FCB4" box="[541,677,825,847]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. pantherina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C634D08622766184182FCB6FCB5FCB4" ID-CoL="92YTY" authorityName="Marseul" authorityYear="1878" box="[690,806,825,847]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcalva">
<emphasis id="B917EA99622766184182FCB6FCB5FCB4" box="[690,806,825,847]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. subcalva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Note: The discrimination of larval forms of these three species remains merely impossible without knowledge of the origin of the material. Larvae from Europe and Asia belong to
<emphasis id="B917EA99622766184604FCD8FA0EFC96" box="[1332,1437,855,877]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C634D08622766184604FCD8FA0AFC96" ID-CoL="92YTR" baseAuthorityName="Poda von Neuhaus" baseAuthorityYear="1761" box="[1332,1433,855,877]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funesta">O. funesta</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
However, specimens from
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Africa remain impossible to determine according to their morphological characters. The only clue might be the size (
<taxonomicName id="4C634D086227661842C8FC1EFD13FC5C" ID-CoL="92YTV" baseAuthorityName="Gory &amp; Percheron" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[504,640,913,935]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pantherina">
<emphasis id="B917EA996227661842C8FC1EFD13FC5C" box="[504,640,913,935]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. pantherina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tends to be slightly larger with cranial width above
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), and the ecological characteristics of the locality (
<taxonomicName id="4C634D08622766184134FC20FDF5FC3E" ID-CoL="92YTR" baseAuthorityName="Poda von Neuhaus" baseAuthorityYear="1761" box="[516,614,943,965]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funesta">
<emphasis id="B917EA99622766184134FC20FDF5FC3E" box="[516,614,943,965]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. funesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually found in wetter coastal areas and mountain ranges, while
<taxonomicName id="4C634D086227661847C6FC20FAFBFC3E" ID-CoL="92YTY" authorityName="Marseul" authorityYear="1878" box="[1270,1384,943,965]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oxythyrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcalva">
<emphasis id="B917EA996227661847C6FC20FAFBFC3E" box="[1270,1384,943,965]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">O. subcalva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lives in more dry conditions on the edge of sandy deserts).
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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