432 lines
44 KiB
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432 lines
44 KiB
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<document id="17B0823DF097BA669BE415E346A930BC" ID-DOI="10.1590/1519-6984.234476" ID-ISSN="1678-4375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11552679" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1718042576190" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Marinho, T. A., Oliveira, M. G., Menezes-Filho, A. C. P., Castro, C. F. S., Oliveira, I. M. M., Borges, L. L., Melo-Reis, P. R. & Silva-Jr, N. J." docDate="2022" docId="038287ABDB178C48F89FFF6B3AB7FB56" docLanguage="en" docName="BrazJBiol.82.e234476.pdf" docOrigin="Brazilian Journal of Biology (e 234476) 82" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.234476" docStyle="DocumentStyle:1DDA4544BCC4C9B5C0D0325B81F0E249.1:BrazJBiol.2022-.journal_article" docStyleId="1DDA4544BCC4C9B5C0D0325B81F0E249" docStyleName="BrazJBiol.2022-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Anadenanthera peregrina subsp. extract Speg." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FFBBFFD3DB158C4BFA24FFF33E68FF8A" masterDocTitle="Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Anadenanthera peregrina stem bark" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1726751494250" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="05C0ED156A4029542739688F36E60A3E">Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Anadenanthera peregrina stem bark</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CBE244F83F525F3FC965C0F4A560DB38">Marinho, T. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="606FAF9A2D2979A62FE130B71B468447">Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Rede Pró Centro-Oeste, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotenologia e Biodiversidade - PGBB, Goiânia, GO, Brasil & Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - IFG, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Promoção da Saúde - NUPPS, Goiânia, GO, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3F17C0B6D949BA3998BFAB2E30E72D00">Oliveira, M. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D5C76B195B182CEFEB633136AE58CC08">Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêticas, Goiânia, GO, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1E8173036EC0AF518CB9C524F5966DA8">Menezes-Filho, A. C. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D06F1349F3F94DB656D17A00A8C610B5">Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano - IFGoiano, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroquímica - PPGAq, Rio Verde, GO, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1B22966FA4315119E3B08517F5A44D80">Castro, C. F. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="14A314FCCF6EDBF3FB68551FF2FF00F6">Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano - IFGoiano, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroquímica - PPGAq, Rio Verde, GO, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="99452633BE627F9F4C08B5FF6C8ADD95">Oliveira, I. M. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A5004BF1506DF31A941F226409B48E31">Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás - PUCGO, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Goiânia, GO, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="140B51FC821237CD53C0F51FE67DC35A">Borges, L. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="124DDC2477B6F77FD81BFB09F23179FF">Universidade Estadual de Goiás - UEG, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais do Cerrado - RENAC, Anápolis, GO, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="77CFD6F8E4B1750D5F474DDA545C69F6">Melo-Reis, P. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="643051724819DA5E360C93CECC7A09DB">Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás - PUCGO, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientas e Saúde, Goiânia, GO, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CA6715F95200B1AEACA62F460B1E5A69">Silva-Jr, N. J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="10223EA9287EE448C7FBCE401E6C615E">Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás - PUCGO, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientas e Saúde, Goiânia, GO, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="5F83B4D1A3AB92A9038011334AD627AB">Brazilian Journal of Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0319135C311ABDCF0A038C2C08458F7E">
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<mods:date id="D7C0AFF5BD6FD6983B5B8309D5B45976">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="6D6BF87039134A9ECF2A85D45BD59945">e 234476</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="99AC061E1A4F9EA7E9F7A26DB0564FAE">2022-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7B3647C36FDC2F61BFD2EE7BF88856C6">82</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="17D141F5877ED8E03D97B5E425BA4C42">1</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="3C7239B8E3ACC5DEA04087CFE6A80D47">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.234476</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="9DCC30658F434CFBA94001DFE368736B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="01BC28C5A9A002DAC1DFE8E894C4560C" type="DOI">10.1590/1519-6984.234476</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E7BCE41CAE084C0723BD8D62BF74F0A9" type="ISSN">1678-4375</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="05F615CBD45432441AB97A4B6EE4C824" type="Zenodo-Dep">11552679</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038287ABDB178C48F89FFF6B3AB7FB56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038287ABDB178C48F89FFF6B3AB7FB56" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038287ABDB178C48F89FFF6B3AB7FB56" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C3316536DB178C49F89FFF6B3AABFF27" box="[699,1219,152,173]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB178C49F89FFF6B3AABFF27" blockId="2.[698,1249,152,928]" box="[699,1219,152,173]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0DC81D1DB178C49F89FFF6B3AABFF27" box="[699,1219,152,173]" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB178C49F89FFF6B3AABFF27" box="[699,1219,152,173]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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2.7. In vitro antibacterial activity of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB178C49FE28FF6B3A15FF27" authority="(L.) Speg." authorityName="Speg." box="[1036,1149,152,173]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anadenanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="peregrina" subSpecies="extract">A. peregrina</taxonomicName>
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extract
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3316536DB178C48F8FDFF4E3AB7FB56" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB178C49F8FDFF4E3A12FE43" blockId="2.[698,1249,152,928]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Under a laminar flow hood,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB178C49FE25FF4F3C87FF61" authority="ATCC" authorityName="ATCC" class="Bacilli" family="Staphylococcaceae" genus="Staphylococcus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="aureus">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB178C49FE25FF4F3AB7FF5B" box="[1025,1247,188,209]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Staphylococcus aureus</emphasis>
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ATCC
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</taxonomicName>
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25923 and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB178C49F948FF243A57FF61" authority="ATCC" authorityName="ATCC" box="[876,1087,215,236]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Enterobacteriaceae" genus="Escherichia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Enterobacteriales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="coli">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB178C49F948FF243A6BFF66" box="[876,1027,215,236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Escherichia coli</emphasis>
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ATCC
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</taxonomicName>
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25922 samples were thawed to room temperature, and then transferred to trypticase soy broth (
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<collectionCode id="ED3AAE78DB178C49F98CFEE33DB8FEA9" box="[936,976,272,291]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14389" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14389" name="Università degli Studi di Trieste" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">TSB</collectionCode>
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) liquid culture medium for sample dilution and incubated at 37 °
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<collectionCode id="ED3AAE78DB178C49FE35FED83A77FEB4" box="[1041,1055,299,318]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
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for 4 h. The activated strains were inoculated on Cled Agar and incubated at 37 °
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<collectionCode id="ED3AAE78DB178C49F8FBFE903C86FEFC" box="[735,750,355,374]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
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for 24 h for the isolation of colonies. Using a sterile loop, the colonies were transferred to selective media, MacConkey for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB178C49F96BFE6A3DEDFE24" box="[847,901,409,430]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Enterobacteriaceae" genus="Escherichia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Enterobacteriales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="coli">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB178C49F96BFE6A3DEDFE24" box="[847,901,409,430]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">E. coli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and mannitol salt agar for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB178C49FEA0FE6A3ABEFE24" box="[1156,1238,409,430]" class="Bacilli" family="Staphylococcaceae" genus="Staphylococcus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="aureus">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB178C49FEA0FE6A3ABEFE24" box="[1156,1238,409,430]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. aureus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; after 24 h, the isolated colonies were verified.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB178C49F8FDFE223A5BFC2A" blockId="2.[698,1249,152,928]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Using sterile loops, the isolated colonies were collected from each selective medium, and then a bacterial suspension in saline solution (0.85% NaCl) was prepared for each strain until the turbidity reached 0.5 on the McFarland scale. For this procedure, a McFarland 0.5 calibrated tube was used as the reference.
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<collectionCode id="ED3AAE78DB178C49FE76FDAF3A08FDE5" box="[1106,1120,604,623]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
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swab soaked in bacterial suspension solution was inoculated (for each sample) on Mueller-Hinton agar, covering the entire plate. Immediately, wells of diameter
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<quantity id="4CD39B58DB178C49F9C7FD5C3A4DFD48" box="[995,1061,687,706]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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were created in the agar plate using autoclave and ultraviolet light-sterilized glass tubes. Each well was identified with letters
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<collectionCode id="ED3AAE78DB178C49FEA9FD153AF5FD73" box="[1165,1181,742,761]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode id="ED3AAE78DB178C49FE80FD153ADAFD73" box="[1188,1202,742,761]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">B</collectionCode>
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, and
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<collectionCode id="ED3AAE78DB178C49F89EFCF13CAFFC9F" box="[698,711,770,789]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
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and filled with 50, 100, and 200 ΜL
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB178C49FE04FCF23AB4FC9F" box="[1056,1244,769,790]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anadenanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="peregrina" subSpecies="extract">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB178C49FE04FCF23AF9FC9C" box="[1056,1169,769,790]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A. peregrina</emphasis>
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extract
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</taxonomicName>
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, respectively. Meropenem discs were used as the positive control and 200 ΜL of saline solution as the negative control. The plates were incubated in a bacteriological oven for 24 h. There were five replicates for each microorganism on different days (Silveira et al., 2009).
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</paragraph>
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|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB178C49F89FFC2D3D74FC7B" blockId="2.[699,796,990,1009]" box="[699,796,990,1009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="D0DC81D1DB178C49F89FFC2D3D74FC7B" box="[699,796,990,1009]" fontSize="8" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB178C49F89FFC2D3D74FC7B" bold="true" box="[699,796,990,1009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3. Results</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB178C49F89FFBE43A55FBA6" blockId="2.[698,1250,1047,1857]" box="[699,1085,1047,1068]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="D0DC81D1DB178C49F89FFBE43A55FBA6" box="[699,1085,1047,1068]" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB178C49F89FFBE43A55FBA6" box="[699,1085,1047,1068]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3.1. Preliminary phytochemical screening</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB178C49F8FDFBC93D05FA6A" blockId="2.[698,1250,1047,1857]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|||
|
|
The extract was clear, homogeneous, and dark brown.
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation id="C6A90306DB178C49F92CFBA63D38FBE3" box="[776,848,1109,1129]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[112,162,154,170]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Phytochemical prospecting of the main secondary metabolite groups of the hydroethanolic extract of A. peregrina stem bark." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
presents the results of the preliminary phytochemical screening. The hydroethanolic extract of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB178C49F898FB793D45FB15" box="[700,813,1162,1183]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anadenanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peregrina">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB178C49F898FB793D45FB15" box="[700,813,1162,1183]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A. peregrina</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
stem bark was positive for glycosides, based on the moderate-intensity reaction with Kedde and Keller-Kiliani reagents, and a highly positive reaction with Raymond-Marthoud reagent. However, the result of Baljet reagent test was negative. The reaction with Baljet and Kedde reagents was positive due to the presence of compounds with cardenolide unsaturated pentagonal lactone ring. The reaction with Keller-Kiliani reagent was positive due to the presence of deoxygenating compounds (deoxysugar) with a free end. The reaction was positive with Raymond-Marthoud reagent due to the presence of an aglycone (genin), a non-glycidyl group that forms a part of glycosides.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB178C49F8FDFA1B3A33F917" blockId="2.[698,1250,1047,1857]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The extract showed negative results in the tests for alkaloids, including the Libermann-Bouchardat, Wagner, and Mayer tests. The test for organic acids was positive with medium intensity according to the cross test. The test with Fehling’s reagent for reducing sugars was also positive. The test for coumarins was positive. Foamed saponins were not observed in the extract.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB178C49F8FDF9563A8AF882" blockId="2.[698,1250,1047,1857]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED3AAE78DB178C49F8FDF9563C8FF932" box="[729,743,1701,1720]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
strong hemolysis was observed in a short time, that is, 1-10 min after incubation of the hydroethanolic extract with red blood cell suspension (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13102A38DB178C49F9DEF9293A22F967" box="[1018,1098,1754,1773]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[113,170,1129,1146]" captionTargetBox="[115,1247,153,1102]" captionTargetId="figure-197@4.[113,1247,151,1104]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Erythrocyte hemolysis in a 5% red blood cell suspension by the hydroethanolic extract of A. peregrina stem bark. (A) 5% suspension of red blood cells; (B) hemolysis after 1 min of reaction;(C) advanced hemolysis after 5 min; and (D) completely hemolyzed red blood cells within 10 min of reaction. Bars: At (A) 1.000×; (B) 500×; (C) 650×; and (D) 1.800×." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11552681/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Furthermore, in the micrographs, erythrocyte hemolysis was apparent.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB178C48F8FDF8E23AB7FE97" blockId="2.[698,1250,1047,1857]" lastBlockId="3.[698,1248,153,286]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The extract showed a positive reaction for condensed tannin compounds and intense reaction in the tests for catechins and flavonoids. Benzoquinone and depside and depsidone derivatives were detected in the extract, based on the positive results with an intense reaction in the respective tests. The tests for purine compounds, steroids, triterpenoids, and sesquiterpene lactones were negative.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="DF546635DB168C48FA54FF693EA4FF57" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[112,162,154,170]" targetBox="[129,645,254,1599]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB168C48FA54FF693EA4FF57" blockId="3.[112,662,153,221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FA54FF693ED2FF20" bold="true" box="[112,186,153,170]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Phytochemical prospecting of the main secondary metabolite groups of the hydroethanolic extract of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB168C48F815FF413CFEFF4E" box="[561,662,178,196]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anadenanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peregrina">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48F815FF413CFEFF4E" box="[561,662,178,196]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. peregrina</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
stem bark.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB168C48FAEFFEE43C2BF9B5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<table id="F92BC41DDB1673B4FAA5FF0D3CEDF9B5" box="[129,645,254,1599]" gridcols="2" gridrows="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FF0D3CEDFECB" box="[129,645,254,321]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FF0D3FA3FECB" box="[129,459,254,321]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAEFFEE43FE7FEA2" bold="true" box="[203,399,279,296]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Secondary metabolite</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</th>
|
|||
|
|
<th id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFF0D3CEDFECB" box="[505,645,254,321]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FBDDFF0D3C1EFECB" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
Hydroethanolic extract of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB168C48F82CFEC33C1EFECB" authority="Cardiac" authorityName="Cardiac" box="[520,630,304,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anadenanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peregrina">A. peregrina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</th>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FEAB3CEDFEE3" box="[129,645,344,361]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FEAB3CEDFEE3" box="[129,645,344,361]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FEAB3F4CFEE3" bold="true" box="[129,292,344,361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cardiac glycosides</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FE8D3CEDFE05" box="[129,645,382,399]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FE8D3FA3FE05" box="[129,459,382,399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kedd reagent test</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFE8D3CEDFE05" box="[505,645,382,399]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FE503CEDFE3E" box="[129,645,419,436]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FE503FA3FE3E" box="[129,459,419,436]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Keller–Kiliani reagent test</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFE503CEDFE3E" box="[505,645,419,436]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FE3B3CEDFE53" box="[129,645,456,473]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FE3B3FA3FE53" box="[129,459,456,473]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Baljet reagent test</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFE3B3CEDFE53" box="[505,645,456,473]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FE1D3CEDFE75" box="[129,645,494,511]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FE1D3FA3FE75" box="[129,459,494,511]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Raymond–Marthoud reagent test</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFE1D3CEDFE75" box="[505,645,494,511]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">+++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FDE03CEDFDAE" box="[129,645,531,548]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FDE03CEDFDAE" box="[129,645,531,548]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FDE03EBDFDAE" bold="true" box="[129,213,531,548]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Alkaloids</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FDCA3CEDFDC0" box="[129,645,569,586]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FDCA3FA3FDC0" box="[129,459,569,586]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Libermann–Bouchardat reagent test</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFDCA3CEDFDC0" box="[505,645,569,586]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FDAC3CEDFDE5" box="[129,645,607,623]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FDAC3FA3FDE5" box="[129,459,607,623]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Wagner reagent test</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFDAC3CEDFDE5" box="[505,645,607,623]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FD773CEDFD1F" box="[129,645,644,661]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FD773FA3FD1F" box="[129,459,644,661]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mayer’s reagent test</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFD773CEDFD1F" box="[505,645,644,661]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FD5A3CEDFD30" box="[129,645,681,698]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FD5A3CEDFD30" box="[129,645,681,698]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FD5A3E91FD30" bold="true" box="[129,249,681,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Organic acids</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FD3C3CEDFD6A" box="[129,645,719,736]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FD3C3FA3FD6A" box="[129,459,719,736]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pascová reagent test</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFD3C3CEDFD6A" box="[505,645,719,736]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FD073CEDFC8F" box="[129,645,756,773]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FD073CEDFC8F" box="[129,645,756,773]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FD073F7BFC8F" bold="true" box="[129,275,756,773]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Reducing sugars</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FCE93CEDFCA1" box="[129,645,794,811]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FCE93FA3FCA1" box="[129,459,794,811]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fehling reagent test</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFCE93CEDFCA1" box="[505,645,794,811]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FCCC3CEDFCDA" box="[129,645,831,848]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FCCC3CEDFCDA" box="[129,645,831,848]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FCCC3F54FCDA" bold="true" box="[129,316,831,848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Non-reducing sugars</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FC963CEDFCFC" box="[129,645,869,886]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FC963FA3FCFC" box="[129,459,869,886]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fehling + HCl test</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFC963CEDFCFC" box="[505,645,869,886]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FC793CEDFC11" box="[129,645,906,923]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FC793CEDFC11" box="[129,645,906,923]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FC793E8BFC11" bold="true" box="[129,227,906,923]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Coumarins</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FC433CEDFC4B" box="[129,645,944,961]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FC433FA3FC4B" box="[129,459,944,961]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">UV light 254 and 365 nm</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFC433CEDFC4B" box="[505,645,944,961]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">+</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FC263CEDFC6C" box="[129,645,981,998]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FC263CEDFC6C" box="[129,645,981,998]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FC263EBBFC6C" bold="true" box="[129,211,981,998]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Saponins</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FC083CEDFB81" box="[129,645,1019,1035]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FC083FA3FB81" box="[129,459,1019,1035]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Foamy</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFC083CEDFB81" box="[505,645,1019,1035]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FBD33CEDFBBB" box="[129,645,1056,1073]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FBD33FA3FBBB" box="[129,459,1056,1073]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Haemolytic</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFBD33CEDFBBB" box="[505,645,1056,1073]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">+++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FBB53CEDFBDD" box="[129,645,1094,1111]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FBB53CEDFBDD" box="[129,645,1094,1111]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FBB53F78FBDD" bold="true" box="[129,272,1094,1111]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Polysaccharides</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FB983CEDFBF6" box="[129,645,1131,1148]" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FB983FA3FBF6" box="[129,459,1131,1148]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Reactive lugol</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFB983CEDFBF6" box="[505,645,1131,1148]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FB623CEDFB2B" box="[129,645,1169,1185]" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FB623CEDFB2B" box="[129,645,1169,1185]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FB623EA1FB2B" bold="true" box="[129,201,1169,1185]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Phenols</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FB453CEDFB67" box="[129,645,1206,1261]" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FB453FA3FB67" box="[129,459,1206,1261]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
FeCl 3
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FB2F3EA0FB67" bold="true" box="[129,200,1244,1261]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tannins</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFB453CEDFB67" box="[505,645,1206,1261]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">+++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FAF13CEDFAB2" box="[129,645,1282,1336]" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FAF13FA3FAB2" box="[129,459,1282,1336]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
FeCl3
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FAD43E8AFAB2" bold="true" box="[129,226,1319,1336]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Flavonoids</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFAF13CEDFAB2" box="[505,645,1282,1336]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Gr</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FABF3CEDFAE8" box="[129,645,1356,1378]" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FABF3FA3FAE8" box="[129,459,1356,1378]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pb(C2 H 3O2)2</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFABF3CEDFAE8" box="[505,645,1356,1378]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FA813CEDFA09" box="[129,645,1394,1411]" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FA813FA3FA09" box="[129,459,1394,1411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FA813EAEFA09" bold="true" box="[129,198,1394,1411]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Purines</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFA813CEDFA09" box="[505,645,1394,1411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48F81FFA813C2BFA08" bold="true" box="[571,579,1394,1410]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FA6B3CEDFA23" box="[129,645,1432,1449]" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FA6B3FA3FA23" box="[129,459,1432,1449]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FA6B3EB0FA23" bold="true" box="[129,216,1432,1449]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Catechins</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFA6B3CEDFA23" box="[505,645,1432,1449]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">+++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FA4E3CEDFA44" box="[129,645,1469,1486]" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FA4E3FA3FA44" box="[129,459,1469,1486]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FA4E3F01FA44" bold="true" box="[129,361,1469,1486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Benzoquinone derivatives</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFA4E3CEDFA44" box="[505,645,1469,1486]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">+++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5FA103CEDFA7E" box="[129,645,1507,1524]" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5FA103FA3FA7E" box="[129,459,1507,1524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5FA103F30FA7E" bold="true" box="[129,344,1507,1524]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Depsids and depsidones</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDFA103CEDFA7E" box="[505,645,1507,1524]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">+++</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5F9FA3CEDF990" box="[129,645,1545,1562]" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5F9FA3FA3F990" box="[129,459,1545,1562]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5F9FA3F04F990" bold="true" box="[129,364,1545,1562]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Steroids and triterpenoids</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDF9FA3CEDF990" box="[505,645,1545,1562]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48F81FF9FA3C2BF993" bold="true" box="[571,579,1545,1561]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="351B34FFDB1673B4FAA5F9DD3CEDF9B5" box="[129,645,1582,1599]" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FAA5F9DD3FA3F9B5" box="[129,459,1582,1599]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48FAA5F9DD3F25F9B5" bold="true" box="[129,333,1582,1599]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sesquiterpenolactones</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="76CA5D83DB1673B4FBDDF9DD3CEDF9B5" box="[505,645,1582,1599]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
</table>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB168C48F89FFEB03D84FED2" blockId="3.[699,1004,323,344]" box="[699,1004,323,344]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="D0DC81D1DB168C48F89FFEB03D84FED2" box="[699,1004,323,344]" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="3">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48F89FFEB03D84FED2" box="[699,1004,323,344]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.2. HPLC fingerprinting analysis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB168C48F8FDFE9B3A59FDF3" blockId="3.[698,1248,360,633]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
The data obtained from the HPLC fingerprinting analysis revealed that the following compounds were present in the extract:gallic acid (the R
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="17AF34F8DB168C48F9B8FE5E3DC9FE33" attach="none" box="[924,929,429,441]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">t</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
for extract and standard was 6.735 and 6.648 min, respectively), catechin (the R
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="17AF34F8DB168C48FE4BFE3A3A1CFE5F" attach="left" box="[1135,1140,457,469]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">t</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
for extract and standard was 16.375 and 16.479 min, respectively), and epicatechin (the R
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="17AF34F8DB168C48F9A8FDF13DF9FD84" attach="none" box="[908,913,514,526]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">t</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
for extract and standard was 21.335 and 21.387 min, respectively); the UV spectra of the extract and standard were identical.The chromatogram is shown at the wavelength of
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CD39B58DB168C48F9B6FDB93D89FDD7" box="[914,993,586,605]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="nm" value="254.0">254 nm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, at which all compounds identified can be visualized (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13102A38DB168C48F9F1FD953A4BFDF3" box="[981,1059,614,633]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[113,170,1459,1476]" captionTargetBox="[113,1247,151,1438]" captionTargetId="figure-186@5.[113,1247,151,1438]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. HPLC-PDA chromatographic profiles (λ = 254 nm) of: (A) sample extract; (B) gallic acid standard; (C) catechin standard; and (D) epicatechin standard, followed by UV spectra (190-400 nm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11552685/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB168C48F89FFD6C3AAEFD3E" blockId="3.[699,1222,671,692]" box="[699,1222,671,692]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="D0DC81D1DB168C48F89FFD6C3AAEFD3E" box="[699,1222,671,692]" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="3">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48F89FFD6C3AAEFD3E" box="[699,1222,671,692]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.3. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB168C48F8FDFD373A88FC7B" blockId="3.[698,1248,708,1009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation id="C6A90306DB168C48F8FDFD373D49FD5D" box="[729,801,708,727]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[113,159,1713,1729]" captionTargetBox="[129,1230,1761,1819]" captionText="Table 2. Physicochemical properties,antioxidant activity,and total phenolic content of the hydroethanolic extract ofA.peregrina stem bark." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
presents the results of the physicochemical analysis and antioxidant activity assays, reduction of DPPH free radical and total phenol content expressed in g of gallic acid 100
|
|||
|
|
<superScript id="7C5E9BF5DB168C48F928FCEA3D4DFCA9" attach="none" box="[780,805,791,812]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">g-1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
extract. The pH of the hydroalcoholic extract of the stem bark of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB168C48F973FCC73DAEFCC3" box="[855,966,820,841]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anadenanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peregrina">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48F973FCC73DAEFCC3" box="[855,966,820,841]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. peregrina</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was 5.21. The relative density was
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CD39B58DB168C48F8C7FCA23D4FFCEE" box="[739,807,849,868]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.559999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="g" value="0.956">0.956 g</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
/cm
|
|||
|
|
<superScript id="7C5E9BF5DB168C48F96AFCBC3D3DFCD1" attach="right" box="[846,853,847,859]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
. The antioxidant activity expressed as IC
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="17AF34F8DB168C48FEF5FCAE3AB7FCE3" attach="left" box="[1233,1247,861,873]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
was
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CD39B58DB168C48F8C7FC9E3D5EFC0B" box="[739,822,877,897]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.413" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mg" value="44.13">44.13 mg</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
<superScript id="7C5E9BF5DB168C48F91EFC9D3D0AFCFD" attach="left" box="[826,866,875,897]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">mL-1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
for extract and
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CD39B58DB168C48F9CBFC9E3A50FC0B" box="[1007,1080,877,897]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mg" value="0.25">0.25 mg</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
<superScript id="7C5E9BF5DB168C48FE18FC9D3A0CFCFD" attach="left" box="[1084,1124,875,897]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">mL-1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
for butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). Although the IC
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="17AF34F8DB168C48FE09FC653A53FC28" attach="left" box="[1069,1083,918,930]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
value of BHT was lower than that of the extract, the results showed that the plant material possess antioxidant activity. The total phenolic compound content was
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CD39B58DB168C48F9D4FC2D3A40FC7B" box="[1008,1064,990,1009]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="g" value="6.4">6.40 g</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
GAE 100
|
|||
|
|
<superScript id="7C5E9BF5DB168C48FE59FC2D3AFCFC62" attach="left" box="[1149,1172,988,1009]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">g-1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
extract.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB168C48F89FFBE43DCEFBA6" blockId="3.[699,934,1047,1068]" box="[699,934,1047,1068]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="D0DC81D1DB168C48F89FFBE43DCEFBA6" box="[699,934,1047,1068]" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="3">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48F89FFBE43DCEFBA6" box="[699,934,1047,1068]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.4. Antibacterial activity</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9436BDDB168C48F8FDFBCF3AB7FB56" blockId="3.[698,1247,1084,1244]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|||
|
|
The antibacterial activity of the extract is presented in
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation id="C6A90306DB168C48F89EFBAB3C95FBE1" box="[698,765,1112,1131]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="4.[113,160,1240,1256]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 3. Diameter of the inhibitory zone of the hydroethanolic extract of Anadenanthera peregrina stem bark against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
. After 24 h of incubation, the extract did not inhibit
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB168C48F89EFB803C99FB02" box="[698,753,1139,1160]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Enterobacteriaceae" genus="Escherichia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Enterobacteriales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="coli">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48F89EFB803C99FB02" box="[698,753,1139,1160]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">E. coli</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
colonies at any extract volume tested. There were halo regions around
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D3EDB168C48F95FFB7C3DA4FB2E" box="[891,972,1167,1188]" class="Bacilli" family="Staphylococcaceae" genus="Staphylococcus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B95FEAAFDB168C48F95FFB7C3DA4FB2E" box="[891,972,1167,1188]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S.aureus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
colonies at all three volumes tested. Using a millimeter ruler, the diameter of inhibitory zones was measured, excluding the diameter of the wells.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|