treatments-xml/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFACF6428CB23688F834F598.xml

<document id="56FBB21DC21806B31B04212A03631A7C" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFACF6428CB23688F834F598" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus caniceps J. E. Gray 1870" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="162" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="162" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:namePart id="C557E87D8E3D54D12375B6B663A54AEB">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9D878F377DE490FB937166233D6AB905">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8C4A1ACBCCB6B7B4E11E683B800D5E1A">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFACF6428CB23688FA5EFD59" box="[1452,1531,660,706]" captionStart="Plate 11: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="97.[117,147,3321,3346]" captionTargetBox="[11,2741,16,3661]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="174. Livingstone’s Flying Fox (Pteropus livingstonii), 175. Pemba Flying Fox (Pleropus voeltzkowi), 176. Ryukyu Flying Fox (Pleropus dasymallus), 177. Bonin Flying Fox (Pteropus pselaphon), 178. Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox (Pleropus pumilus), 179. Lyle’s Flying Fox (Pteropus lylei), 180. Indian Flying Fox (Pleropus medius), 181. Rodrigues Flying Fox (Pteropus rodricensus), 182. Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus), 183. Aldabra Flying Fox (Pleropus aldabrensis), 184. Malagasy Flying Fox (Pteropus rufus), 185. Seychelles Flying Fox (Pleropus seychellensis), 186. Greater Mascarene Flying Fox (Pteropus niger), 187. Aru Flying Fox (Pteropus aruensis), 188. Kai Flying Fox (Pleropus keyensis), 189. Black-bearded Flying Fox (Pleropus melanopogon), 190. South Moluccan Flying Fox (Pteropus chrysoproctus), 191. North Moluccan Flying Fox (Pteropus caniceps)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448911/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">191.</figureCitation>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF6428F123688F7EBFD59" blockId="104.[1447,2546,660,789]" box="[1548,2126,660,706]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<heading id="D0F38180FFACF6428F123688F7EBFD59" box="[1548,2126,660,706]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFACF6428F123688F7EBFD59" ID-CoL="4Q2YV" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[1548,2126,660,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">North Moluccan Flying Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF642818C3688F662FD59" blockId="104.[1447,2546,660,789]" box="[2194,2503,660,706]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<heading id="D0F38180FFACF642818C3688F662FD59" box="[2194,2503,660,706]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFACF642818C3688F662FD59" ID-CoL="4Q2YV" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[2194,2503,660,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF642818C3688F662FD59" box="[2194,2503,660,706]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Pteropus caniceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFACF6428CB736C8F830FC8A" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF6428CB736C8F654FD72" blockId="104.[1447,2546,660,789]" box="[1449,2545,724,745]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<heading id="D0F38180FFACF6428CB736C8F654FD72" box="[1449,2545,724,745]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428CB736C8FA51FD72" bold="true" box="[1449,1524,724,745]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFACF6428CE036C8F8AFFD72" ID-CoL="4Q2YV" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[1534,1802,724,745]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">North Moluccan Flying Fox</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428E0036C8F8DCFD72" bold="true" box="[1822,1913,724,745]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFACF6428E9D36C8F7DDFD72" ID-CoL="4Q2YV" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[1923,2168,724,745]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">Nordmolukken-Flughund</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF642819336C8F74DFD72" bold="true" box="[2189,2280,724,745]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFACF64281EC36C8F654FD72" ID-CoL="4Q2YV" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[2290,2545,724,745]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
Zorro volador de 
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFACF642808036C8F654FD72" box="[2462,2545,724,745]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Molucas</collectingRegion>
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF6428CB636E0F830FC8A" blockId="104.[1447,2546,660,789]" box="[1448,1941,764,785]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<heading id="D0F38180FFACF6428CB636E0F830FC8A" box="[1448,1941,764,785]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428CB636E0F905FC8A" bold="true" box="[1448,1696,764,785]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFACF6428FB636E0F830FC8A" ID-CoL="4Q2YV" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[1704,1941,764,785]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">Ashy-headed Flying Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFACF6428113375EF7F2FC1D" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF6428113375EF7F2FC1D" blockId="104.[2061,2656,834,1258]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428113375EF70CFCC4" bold="true" box="[2061,2217,834,863]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFACF64281DF375EF7F6FC1D" ID-CoL="4Q2YV" authority="J. E. Gray, 1870" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">Pteropus caniceps J. E. Gray, 1870</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF64281963775F622FC35" blockId="104.[2061,2656,834,1258]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFACF64281963775F622FC35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391459" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
“Batchian [= DBacan Islands],” 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFACF64281103789F740FC35" box="[2062,2277,917,942]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Maluku Islands</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFACF64281E83789F626FC35" box="[2294,2435,917,942]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFACF642811037A8F5A1FBBF" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF642811037A8F5A1FBBF" blockId="104.[2061,2656,834,1258]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFACF642811037A8F74FFC4E" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[2062,2282,948,981]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">Pteropus caniceps</taxonomicName>
is in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFACF642806337A8F5B8FC4E" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[2429,2589,948,981]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">melanopogon</taxonomicName>
species group. Subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFACF642805437C7F602FC67" box="[2378,2471,987,1020]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobsoni">dobsoni</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFACF64280E737C7F785FBBF" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
apparently is not valid. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFACF64281103033F720FB71" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6885389" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6885389" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6885389/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" startId="104.[2062,2234,1071,1100]" targetBox="[1447,2038,844,1258]" targetPageId="104">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF64281103033F720FB71" blockId="104.[2061,2656,834,1258]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF64281103033F71BFBD7" bold="true" box="[2062,2238,1071,1100]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Distribution.</emphasis>
N 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFACF64281E73033F6DEFBD7" box="[2297,2427,1071,1100]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
Is (Halmahera and its satellite islands). Sula, Peleng, and Sangihe Is records are erroneous, and a single record from a trader in 
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFACF64280D530BDF59AFB59" box="[2507,2623,1185,1218]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
is dubious.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFACF6428CB730E9F880F8F8" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF6428CB730E9F880F8F8" blockId="104.[1449,2662,1269,2563]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428CB730E9F902FA89" bold="true" box="[1449,1703,1269,1298]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 
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(tailless), ear 
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, hindfoot 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFACF64280EE30E9F5FDFA89" box="[2544,2648,1269,1298]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="47.0">47 mm</quantity>
, forearm 
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; weight 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFACF6428E4F3104F844FAA2" box="[1873,2017,1304,1337]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.8" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.6" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" unit="g" value="880.0" valueMax="900.0" valueMin="860.0">860-900 g</quantity>
. Greatest lengths of skulls are 
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and tibias 
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. Head of the North Moluccan Flying Fox is brown on sides, with orange-chestnut to golden orange buffy crown extending between ears onto forehead. Bases of most hairs are golden. Ears are of moderate length, with rounded tips. Fur is generally short. Forearm and tibia are naked. Back is dark seal-brown down through rump, with distinct separation from chestnut-orange mantle and sprinkles of golden hairs mixed in. Chest is golden, and belly is buffy with flecks of light brown hairs. Calcar is reduced. Wing membranes arise close (c. 
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apart) along sides of spine. Index claw is present. Skull is typical pteropine but heavy and robust, with large orbits, crests, and postorbital processes and broad rostrum. Palate ridges: 5 + 5 + 3. Dentition is typical pteropine but heavy built and broad; cheekteeth have posterior ledges. 
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428CB432D6F9BCF970" bold="true" box="[1450,1561,1738,1771]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Habitat.</emphasis>
Old growth forest from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFACF642802132D6F615F970" box="[2367,2480,1738,1771]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
. Habitat on Halmahera and its satellite islands is evergreen rainforest, with some swathes of semievergreen rainforest in the southern peninsula. 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFACF64281403305F769F8A1" box="[2142,2252,1817,1850]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Ternate</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFACF64281C03305F6E5F8A1" box="[2270,2368,1817,1850]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Tidore</collectingCountry>
, and parts of Bacan are moist deciduous forest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFACF6428CB43375F713F82A" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF6428CB43375F713F82A" blockId="104.[1449,2662,1269,2563]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428CB43375F91CF811" bold="true" box="[1450,1721,1897,1930]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Anecdotal evidence from 
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suggests that North Moluccan Flying Foxes feed on breadfruit (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFACF6428E64338CF7ACF82A" box="[1914,2057,1936,1969]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artocarpus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFACF6428106338CF70DF82A" box="[2072,2216,1936,1969]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFACF6428CB533A4F7B9F704" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF6428CB533A4F7B9F704" blockId="104.[1449,2662,1269,2563]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428CB533A4F994F842" bold="true" box="[1451,1585,1976,2009]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Breeding.</emphasis>
Some births of North Moluccan Flying Foxes have been recorded in November, and females examined in late November to early December were lactating. 
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428CB73C1AF93CF7BC" bold="true" box="[1449,1689,2054,2087]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The North Moluccan Flying Fox is nocturnal. One individual was captured in the hollow of a durian (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFACF6428EB83C32F857F7D4" box="[1958,2034,2094,2127]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Durio" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Durio</taxonomicName>
zibethinus, 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFACF64281973C32F6BEF7D4" box="[2185,2331,2094,2127]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
) tree during the day. 
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428CB53C49F7D7F7ED" bold="true" box="[1451,2162,2133,2166]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
A mating pair of North Moluccan Flying Foxesis usually found in tree hollows.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFACF6428CB23CB8F7A9F628" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF6428CB23CB8F7A9F628" blockId="104.[1449,2662,1269,2563]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428CB23CB8F8B5F75E" bold="true" box="[1452,1808,2212,2245]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population decline of the Northern Moluccan Flying Fox is suspected to have been more than 30% over three generations due to hunting and habitat loss. Distribution is fragmented over several islands. Its reliance on tree crevices as roosting sites means logging and mining have great impact on populations. Logging and cultivation severely depleted forests in Northern 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFACF6428EA13D76F7E7F610" box="[1983,2114,2410,2443]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
during World War II, and commercial logging intensified even more in the 1970s.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFACF6428CB33DDEF834F598" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF6428CB33DDEF834F598" blockId="104.[1449,2662,1269,2563]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF6428CB33DDEF9E3F640" bold="true" box="[1453,1606,2498,2523]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Andersen (1912b), Bergmans &amp; Rozendaal (1988), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Monk et al. (1997), Simmons (2005), Tsang (2016i).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>