898 lines
107 KiB
XML
898 lines
107 KiB
XML
|
<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.1436534" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ae518b88-ae03-4875-9174-619da4dc29dc" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148402930" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1436534" checkinTime="1538051664747" checkinUser="yanell" docAuthor="Bernor, R. L., & Tobien, H." docDate="1989" docId="03C0879DA061CD1FFB09CB33FA3DF88B" docLanguage="en" docName="Bernor, R. L., & Tobien, H. (1989). Two small species of Cremohipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) from Samos, Greece (ABBYY2).imf" docOrigin="Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie 29" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Cremohipparion matthewi Abel 1926" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="215" masterDocId="FFF9FFE5A062CD16FFEACF68FF88FFA5" masterDocTitle="Two small species of Cremohipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) from Samos, Greece" masterLastPageNumber="226" masterPageNumber="206" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" updateTime="1643595525020" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:title>Two small species of Cremohipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) from Samos, Greece</mods:title>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:name type="personal">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:namePart>Bernor, R. L.,</mods:namePart>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:name type="personal">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:namePart>Tobien, H.</mods:namePart>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:title>Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie</mods:title>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:part>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:date>1989</mods:date>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:number>29</mods:number>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:start>206</mods:start>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:end>226</mods:end>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.1436534</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">ae518b88-ae03-4875-9174-619da4dc29dc</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1436534</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|||
|
|
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="148402930" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C0879DA061CD1FFB09CB33FA3DF88B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0879DA061CD1FFB09CB33FA3DF88B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection box="[1251,1878,1115,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" type="nomenclature">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[1251,1878,1111,1199]" box="[1251,1878,1115,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<heading box="[1251,1878,1115,1149]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" reason="4">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Abel, 1926" authorityName="Abel" authorityYear="1926" baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1251,1868,1115,1149]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1251,1675,1115,1149]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Cremohipparion matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(A
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1725,1774,1120,1147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">bel</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Abel, O." bookContentInfo="273 Abb." box="[1795,1868,1115,1149]" journalOrPublisher="Jena" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" refId="ref8140" refString="Abel, O., (1926): Amerikafahrt - Eindrucke, Beobachtungen und Studien eines Naturforschers auf einer Reise nach Nordamerika und Westindien. - VII + 462 S., 273 Abb.; Jena (Verlag G. Fischer)." title="Amerikafahrt — Eindrücke, Beobachtungen und Studien eines Naturforschers auf einer Reise nach Nordamerika und Westindien." type="book" year="1926">1926</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection box="[1520,1604,1165,1199]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[1251,1878,1111,1199]" box="[1520,1604,1165,1199]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1520,1604,1165,1199]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[977,1068,2300,2330]" captionTargetBox="[1088,2361,228,2255]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1: Cremohipparion matthewi, UGR OK/557. A. Skull and lower jaw, left lateral view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436536/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="209" type="synonymic_list">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" box="[820,1276,1236,1270]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority=" Kormos, 1911" authorityName="Kormos" authorityYear="1911" box="[820,1276,1236,1270]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[820,1065,1239,1269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Hipparion minus,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
K ormos,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kormos, T." bookContentInfo="11 Abb., 2 Taf." box="[1217,1276,1239,1269]" journalOrPublisher="Jb. ung. geol. Reichsanstalt" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" pagination="248 — 266" part="1911" refId="ref9144" refString="Kormos, T., (1911): Berichte uber meine auslandische Studienreise im Jahre 1911. - Jb. ung. geol. Reichsanstalt, 1911: 248 - 266; 11 Abb., 2 Taf.; Budapest" title="Berichte über meine ausländische Studienreise im Jahre 1911." type="book chapter" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" box="[820,1652,1277,1311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Abel, 1926" authorityName="Abel" authorityYear="1926" box="[820,1286,1277,1311]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[820,1115,1280,1310]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Hipparion matthewi,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
A
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1152,1200,1282,1309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">bel</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kormos, T." bookContentInfo="11 Abb., 2 Taf." box="[1220,1286,1280,1310]" journalOrPublisher="Jb. ung. geol. Reichsanstalt" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" pagination="248 — 266" part="1911" refId="ref9144" refString="Kormos, T., (1911): Berichte uber meine auslandische Studienreise im Jahre 1911. - Jb. ung. geol. Reichsanstalt, 1911: 248 - 266; 11 Abb., 2 Taf.; Budapest" title="Berichte über meine ausländische Studienreise im Jahre 1911." type="book chapter" year="1911">1926</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, Fig. 273, pg. 430; pg. 432
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" box="[821,1531,1320,1354]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Abel, 1927" authorityName="Abel" authorityYear="1926" box="[821,1291,1320,1354]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[821,1114,1323,1353]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Hipparion matthewi,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
A
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1152,1200,1325,1352]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">bel</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Abel, O." bookContentInfo="551 Abb." box="[1220,1286,1323,1353]" journalOrPublisher="Jena" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" refId="ref8185" refString="Abel, O., (1927): Lebensbilder aus der Tierwelt der Vorzeit. - VII + 714 S., 551 Abb.; Jena (Verlag G. Fischer)." title="Lebensbilder aus der Tierwelt der Vorzeit" type="book" year="1927">1927</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Fig. 110, pg. 120
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" box="[820,1539,1365,1395]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Sondaar, 1971" authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[820,1347,1365,1395]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[820,1115,1365,1395]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Hipparion matthewi,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sondaar, P. Y." bookContentInfo="5 Abb., 5 Tab." box="[1125,1347,1365,1395]" journalOrPublisher="Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" pagination="417 — 441" part="74" refId="ref9921" refString="Sondaar, P. Y., (1971): The Samos Hipparion. - Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen, 74 (4): 417 - 441, 5 Abb., 5 Tab.; Amsterdam u. London." title="The Samos Hipparion." type="book chapter" year="1971">SoNDAAR, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, Pl. IV, Fig. a
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" box="[824,1651,1403,1437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[824,981,1406,1436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Bernor, 1985" authorityName="Bernor" authorityYear="1985" box="[837,1426,1403,1437]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="aff. matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
Hipparion ” aff.?
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1076,1217,1406,1436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">matthewi,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
B ernor
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Bernor,. L. & S. T. Hussain" bookContentInfo="22 Abb., 6 Taf." box="[1355,1421,1406,1436]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vert. Paleont." pageId="3" pageNumber="209" pagination="32 — 87" part="5" refId="ref8452" refString="Bernor,. L. and S. T. Hussain, (1985): An assessment of the systematic, phylogenetic, and biogeographic relationships of Siwalik hipparionine horses. - J. Vert. Paleont., 5 (1): 32 - 87; 22 Abb., 6 Taf.; Norman" title="An assessment of the systematic, phylogenetic, and biogeographic relationships of Siwalik hipparionine horses" type="book chapter" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Fig. 18, pg. 220
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913759645" bfaMax="MN 13" bfaMin="MN 11" collectionCode="UGR" country="Greece" earliestAgeOrLowestStage="5.7 Ma" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latestAgeOrHighestStage="8.5 Ma" location="Samos" municipality="Samos" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" preperations="skull with associated lower jaw" specimenCode="OK/557" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" taxonDistribution="Subparatethyan Province: Greece, Iran, Western U.S.S.R" typeStatus="holotype">
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="209" type="materials_examined">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus box="[859,1040,1466,1500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Ho1otype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount box="[1061,1139,1466,1500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" type="male">Male</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1147,1223,1466,1500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">skull</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
with associated
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1479,1572,1466,1500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">lower</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
jaw,
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode box="[1652,1742,1466,1500]" collectionName="UGR" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">UGR</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCode box="[1749,1883,1466,1500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">OK/557</specimenCode>
|
|||
|
|
originally figured
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2173,2213,1466,1500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">by</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
K or mos (1911, Fig. I and II), later by A bel (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Abel, O." bookContentInfo="273 Abb." box="[1455,1536,1514,1548]" journalOrPublisher="Jena" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" refId="ref8140" refString="Abel, O., (1926): Amerikafahrt - Eindrucke, Beobachtungen und Studien eines Naturforschers auf einer Reise nach Nordamerika und Westindien. - VII + 462 S., 273 Abb.; Jena (Verlag G. Fischer)." title="Amerikafahrt — Eindrücke, Beobachtungen und Studien eines Naturforschers auf einer Reise nach Nordamerika und Westindien." type="book" year="1926">1926</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 430, Fig. 273,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Abel, O." bookContentInfo="551 Abb." box="[1783,1861,1514,1548]" journalOrPublisher="Jena" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" refId="ref8185" refString="Abel, O., (1927): Lebensbilder aus der Tierwelt der Vorzeit. - VII + 714 S., 551 Abb.; Jena (Verlag G. Fischer)." title="Lebensbilder aus der Tierwelt der Vorzeit" type="book" year="1927">1927</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 120, Fig. 110) and S ondaar (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sondaar, P. Y." bookContentInfo="5 Abb., 5 Tab." box="[832,910,1563,1597]" journalOrPublisher="Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" pagination="417 — 441" part="74" refId="ref9921" refString="Sondaar, P. Y., (1971): The Samos Hipparion. - Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen, 74 (4): 417 - 441, 5 Abb., 5 Tab.; Amsterdam u. London." title="The Samos Hipparion." type="book chapter" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, Pl. IV, fig. a). However, none of these published figures clearly detail the facial and cheek tooth morphology of the type specimen.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" box="[857,2149,1656,1690]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
Type Locality: Island of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingMunicipality box="[1309,1410,1656,1690]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Samos</collectingMunicipality>
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1421,1533,1656,1690]" name="Greece" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(no specific locality or horizon given).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
Age: Turolian, ca. 8.5—5.7 Ma (W
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1415,1544,1709,1736]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">eidmann</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
et al.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Weidemann & M. N. Solounias & R. E. Drake & G. H. Curtis" bookContentInfo="8 Abb., 1 Tab." box="[1637,1719,1704,1738]" journalOrPublisher="Gèobios" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" pagination="477 — 490" part="17" refId="ref10177" refString="Weidemann, M. N. Solounias,. E. Drake and G. H. Curtis, (1984): Neogene stratigraphie of the Eastern Basin, Samos Island, Greece. - Geobios, 17 (4): 477 - 490, 8 Abb., 1 Tab.; Lyon" title="Neogène stratigraphie of the Eastern Basin, Samos Island, Greece" type="book chapter" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
:487), S
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1834,1869,1709,1736]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">en</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sen, S." bookContentInfo="59 Abb., 7 Tab" box="[1890,1975,1704,1738]" journalOrPublisher="Univ. Paris 6" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" pagination="1 — 209" part="86.19" refId="ref9767" refString="Sen, S., (1986): Contribution a la magnetostratigraphie et a la paleontologie des formations continentales neogenes du pourtour mediterraneen. These d'etat, Univ. Paris 6, No. 86.19, 1 - 209, 59 Abb., 7 Tab; Paris" title="Contribution à la magnetostratigraphie et à la paléontologie des formations continentales nèogènes du pourtour méditerranéen. Thèse d’état" type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
:159) and S
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2146,2182,1709,1736]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">en</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
and V a let (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sen, S. & J. - P. Valet" bookContentInfo="8 Abb." box="[889,971,1749,1783]" journalOrPublisher="Earth and Planet. Sei. Let." pageId="3" pageNumber="209" pagination="167 - 174" part="80" refId="ref9817" refString="Sen, S. and J. - P. Valet, (1986): Magnetostratigraphy of late Miocene continental deposits in Samos, Greece. - Earth and Planet. Sei. Let., 80: 167 - 174, 8 Abb.; Amsterdam" title="Magnetostratigraphy of late Miocene continental deposits in Samos, Greece." type="book chapter" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 173).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="209" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
Geographic Distribution: Subparatethyan Province (sensu B ernor, 1983, 1984; Greece, Iran, Western
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1182,1218,1845,1879]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">U</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.S.S.R.).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
Subgeneric characterization (as given by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Bernor,. L. & Qiu, Z. & Tobien, H." bookContentInfo="4 Abb" box="[1528,1787,1891,1925]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Inst. Geol. Hung. Proc. VUIth Internat. Cong.. C. M. N. S., Budapest" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" pagination="43 — 53" refId="ref8590" refString="Bernor,. L., Qiu, Z. and Tobien, H., (1987): Phylogenetic and biogeographic bases for an Old World hipparionine horse geochronology. - Ann. Inst. Geol. Hung. Proc. VUIth Internat. Cong.. C. M. N. S., Budapest: 43 - 53; 4 Abb" title="Phylogenetic and biogeographic bases for an Old World hipparionine horse geochronology." type="journal volume" year="1987">Qiu et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 238 for their nomen
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[2146,2308,1891,1925]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hipparion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
[
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Qui, Weilong and Zhihui" authorityYear="1987" box="[833,1095,1939,1973]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cremohipparion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
]): “This subgenus is very distinctive
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
in
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1705,1915,1939,1973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">the snout and</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
nasal
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2010,2230,1939,1973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">structure. The</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[821,1667,1987,2021]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">lateral rims ofthe nasals turn down first, and then incurve</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
into
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">the nasal cavity. The preorbitalfossa is very deep, close</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
to
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">the orbit. The subnasal fossa is also present. The nasal notch is retracted though less than in the subgenus Proboscidipparion.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The Samos
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1849,2123,2081,2115]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proboscideum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1849,2123,2081,2115]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">H. proboscideum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
seems very close to this subgenus in its facial structure. Unfortunately, no adequate description
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2142,2166,2129,2163]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
available to show whether the nasal bones have incurved lateral rims or not. Under
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1996,2224,2174,2208]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1996,2218,2174,2208]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garezicum">H. garezicum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
M el - daze (1967) described some well preserved skulls from Arkneti,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="O. I. Anisimova" authorityYear="1973" box="[1851,1996,2222,2256]" class="Pteridophyta/Pteridospermophyta (unclassified foliage)" family="Pteridophytes/Pteridosperms (awaiting allocation)" genus="Caucasia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pteridophyta/Pteridospermophyta (awaiting allocation)" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Caucasia</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. The Arkneti skulls are markedly different from the type of the species described
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1804,1844,2270,2304]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">by</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
G abunia in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gabunja, L. K." bookContentInfo="69 Abb., 151 Tab., 23 Taf." box="[2043,2119,2270,2304]" journalOrPublisher="Acad. Sei. USSR, Moscou, traduction en français B.. G. M." pageId="3" pageNumber="209" refId="ref8963" refString="Gabunja, L. K., (1959): Histoire du genre Hipparion Ed. - Acad. Sei. USSR, Moscou, traduction en francais B.. G. M., 69 Abb., 151 Tab., 23 Taf.; Paris." title="Histoire du genre Hipparion Ed" type="book" year="1959">1959</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
. In our opinion the Arkneti sample may represent a member of the subgenus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Qiu, Weilong and Zhihui, 1987" authorityName="Qui, Weilong and Zhihui" authorityYear="1987" box="[1886,2146,2316,2350]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1886,2146,2316,2350]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Cremohipparion</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[821,870,2364,2398]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">Caucasia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.”,
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[818,2315,1236,2493]" lastBlockId="6.[972,2464,223,2479]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="3" pageNumber="209">
|
|||
|
|
Generic Diagnosis (modified from B ernor et al., in press; characters in bold, underlined print are uniquely shared-derived characters of the group) — Hipparionine horses ranging from small to large size with length of tooth row 105—170 mm; lacrimal foramen lacking, although it may be represented by a large depression: preorbital
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1739,1794,1938,1972]" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">bar</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
short, with
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2018,2289,1938,1972]" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">lacrimal usually</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
touching or
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1008,1318,1984,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">invading posterior</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
limit of POF; when present, POF subtriangular shaped and mostly anteroventrally oriented; posterior pocketing slight to absent, medial depth great to slight, medial
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1025,1158,2080,2114]" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">internal</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
pits occur only
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1424,1456,2080,2114]" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">in</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
the
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1531,1869,2080,2114]" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">most derived species</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1886,2030,2080,2114]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="licenti">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1932,2040,2080,2114]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">licenti;</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
peripheral outline strong to weakly defined, anterior rim distinct to absent; infraorbital foramen placed inferior to and encroaching upon the anteroventral border of POF; buccinator fossa distinct and unpocketed
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[993,1100,2222,2256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">except</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1151,1294,2222,2256]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="licenti">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1195,1304,2222,2256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">licenti;</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1313,1799,2222,2256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">caninus fossa present in some</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, but not all species; malar fossa lacking except in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1081,1227,2267,2301]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="licenti">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1130,1237,2267,2301]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">licenti;</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
nasal notch tends to become retracted in this lineage and
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2171,2243,2267,2301]" pageId="5" pageNumber="211">may</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
or may-not curve inward in species included within the group; no persistent and functional P1; in adult, middle stage-of-wear individuals maxillary cheek teeth moderately curved to straight, with maximum crown height of 40—60 mm, fossette ornamentation complex to simple, posterior wall of postfossette always distinct; pli caballins may be double or single; hypoglyphs dee ply to shallowly incised; protocones may show some lingual flattening, but tend to become rounded, are clearly always isolated from protoloph, usually having no noticeable protoconal spur, and are lingually placed relative to the hypocone; P2 anterostyle/paraconid usually elongate, but become shortened in some species; in adult middle stage-of-wear individuals mandibular incisors not grooved, are curved, and I3’s not atrophied; cheek tooth metaconids/metastylids are generally rounded, not angled; ectoflexids do not separate metaconids and metastylids on the premolars, but do so on the molars; pli caballinids generally absent; protostylids may be present and frequent; ectostylids absent; linguaflexids V-shaped to shallow U-shaped; metapodials, when known are elongate and slender.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[977,2454,2296,2373]" pageId="4" pageNumber="210">
|
|||
|
|
<caption box="[977,2298,2300,2330]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436536/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="210" startId="4.[977,1068,2300,2330]" targetBox="[1088,2361,228,2255]" targetPageId="4">
|
|||
|
|
Figure 1:
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1141,1520,2300,2330]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="210">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1141,1515,2300,2330]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="210" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Cremohipparion matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
UGR OK/557. A. Skull and lower jaw, left lateral view
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436538/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="210" startId="4.[977,1068,2300,2330]" targetBox="[970,2114,208,1805]" targetPageId="5">
|
|||
|
|
; B. Left ma xillary cheek tooth
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1250,1333,2342,2372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="210">series</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
; C. Left mandibular cheek tooth series.
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="6" pageNumber="212" type="diagnosis">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[972,2464,223,2479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">
|
|||
|
|
Emended Species Diagnosis: A small species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Qiu et al." box="[1885,2144,652,686]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1885,2144,652,686]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">Cremohipparion</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(P2—M3 dimension about 110—120 mm) with preorbital bar and lacrimal as for genus; POF
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2141,2164,698,732]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
reduced in medial depth and peripheral outline, no anterior rim, but retains an approximately anteroventral orientation; lacks a caninus fossa; nasal notch retracted only to anterostyle of P2; fossette ornamentation has moderate complexity; pli caballins variably double or single; hypoglyphs moderately deeply incised; P2 anterostyle/paraconid shortened; mandibular incisor and cheek teeth are as for genus. Metapodials are elongate and slender.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[972,2464,223,2479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">
|
|||
|
|
Description: the type specimen of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1612,2036,980,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1612,2036,980,1014]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">Cremohipparion matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is an old adult male individual, including a nearly complete skull and mandible (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1838,1932,1028,1062]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[977,1068,2300,2330]" captionTargetBox="[1088,2361,228,2255]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1: Cremohipparion matthewi, UGR OK/557. A. Skull and lower jaw, left lateral view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436536/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Since its original collection, the skull has deteriorated badly, having lost both posterior orbits, zygomatic arches, incisors and canine teeth. The snout has been broken and remodelled. Likewise, the mandible has been partially destroyed since collection, having lost both rami, left I3 and C.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[972,2464,223,2479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">
|
|||
|
|
The skull is small for this genus. It preserves a roughly subtriangular, anteroventrally oriented POF, and its anteriormost limit is abruptly interrupted
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1904,1944,1263,1297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">by</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
a large infraorbital foramen. The POF is moderately deep, it is not pocketed posteriorly, but has a large, triangular-shaped lacrimal bone which distinctly invades the posterior 17,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1767,1785,1359,1393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">5</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
mm of the POF. The POF lacks any posterior pocketing, but the preorbital bar remains distinct, and
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1887,1911,1405,1439]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
short (= 21.2 mm). The peripheral border of the POF
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1292,1315,1453,1487]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
moderately well delineated, its strongest border being the ventral one. There is a strong, dorsoventrally oriented ridge at the posterior extent of the POF which
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2439,2461,1501,1535]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
touched posteriorly by the anteriormost lacrimal. There is no caninus fossa (= intermediate fossa of W oodburne and B ernor,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Woodburne, M. O. & R. E. Bernor" bookContentInfo="7 Abb., 4 Tab." box="[1522,1599,1594,1628]" journalOrPublisher="J. Paleont." pageId="6" pageNumber="212" pagination="1319 — 1348" part="54" refId="ref10275" refString="Woodburne, M. O. and. L. Bernor, (1980): On superspecific groups of some Old World hipparionine horses. - J. Paleont., 54 (6): 1319 - 1348, 7 Abb., 4 Tab.; Tulsa" title="On superspecific groups of some Old World hipparionine horses" type="book chapter" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 1329 and subsequent publications) between the POF and the buccinator fossae. The nasal notch is retracted only to the anterior border of P2. There are a pair of dorsal premaxillary tubercles that are large and very prominent. The I2,s and I3’s have large, mediolaterally elongate infundibula. The canine roots are large and suggest that this individual was a male. The cheek teeth are in an advanced stage-of-wear, but still preserve some important occlusal features. P2 anterostyle is shortened (synapomorphy with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moldavicum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2202,2276,1829,1863]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">“H”.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
aff.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">moldavicum;</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Middle Maragheh, Iran, ca. 8 Ma). Protocones are rounded on the premolars, and slightly more elongate on M1-3; P2 and M1 protocones are connected with the protoloph due to very late wear-stage. When preserved, the pli caballins are short, but distinctly double. The pre- and postfossettes are heavily worn, but still consistently show complex, very finely banded plication on both anterior and posterior surfaces. The hypoglyphs are obliterated on P2“3 and M1-2; on P4 only a shallow hypoglyph is preserved, while M3’s hypoglyphs have moderate depth.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[972,2464,223,2479]" lastBlockId="7.[807,2301,196,2451]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">
|
|||
|
|
The mandible
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1239,1262,2208,2242]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
likewise small and has a highly worn incisor and cheek tooth dentition. I]_2 have highly worn, rounded infundibula; I3’s infundibulum
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1944,1968,2254,2288]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="212">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
more mediolaterally elongate. The right canine is preserved and maintains a stout morphology with a strong central lingual pillar, indicative of a male individual. All cheek teeth are heavily worn. The metaconids and metastylids are generally rounded with slightly angular facing borders. Fully encircled protostylids are absent, except for a small one on the left M3. The pre- and postflexids are heavily worn, but generally preserve a short and buccolingually narrow morphology. The linguaflexid
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2208,2231,200,234]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
obliterated on P2, distinctly V-shaped on P3_4, and becomes progressively more U-shaped serially from M(_3. The ectoflexid does not separate metaconid/metastylid on the premolars, while it does separate them on the molars.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[807,2301,196,2451]" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
Remarks:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1041,1463,387,421]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1041,1463,387,421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Cremobipparion matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
constitutes perhaps one of the most complex taxonomic muddles of Old World hipparionines. This can be attributed to many past workers using principally size and presumed limb slenderness to distinguish this
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1840,1954,483,517]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">species</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. As we discuss below, there are a range of skull, mandibular and postcranial characters which support our assertion that there
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[968,991,576,610]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
certainly more than one species of small horse from the eastern Mediterranean and southwest Asia, necessitating their future complete revision.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[807,2301,196,2451]" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
P avlow (1890) identified a small
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1361,1517,670,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">hipparion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
MC III fragment from Sebastopol and referred it to a new
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[945,1337,718,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
species
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kormos" authorityYear="1911" box="[1063,1332,718,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">Hipparion minus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
In his catalogue of Samos fossils, F orsyth M ajor (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Forsyth Major, C. J." box="[2120,2207,718,752]" journalOrPublisher="Lausanne" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" refId="ref8925" refString="Forsyth Major, C. J., (1894): Le gisement ossifere de Mitylini et catalogue d'Ossements fossiles recueillis a Mytilini, ile de Samos et deposes au college Gaillard a Lausanne; Lausanne" title="Le gisement ossifère de Mitylini et catalogue d’Ossements fossiles recueillis à Mytilini, île de Samos et déposes au collège Gaillard à Lausanne" type="book" year="1894">1894</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2211,2230,718,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">5</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
and 32) referred small, very worn upper right molar from Andriano to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kormos" authorityYear="1911" box="[1884,2154,766,800]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1884,2154,766,800]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Hipparion minus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
P avlow. S tuder (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="STUDER, T." bookContentInfo="5 Abb." box="[936,1017,811,845]" journalOrPublisher="Verhandl. Deutsch. Zool. Ges." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="192 - 200" part="1911" refId="ref9967" refString="STUDER, T., (1911): Eine neue Equidenform aus dem Obermiocan von Samos. - Verhandl. Deutsch. Zool. Ges., 1911: 192 - 200, 5 Abb.; Leipzig." title="Eine neue Equidenform aus dem Obermiocän von Samos." type="book chapter" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: Fig. 4, pg. 196) figured a fragmentary MT III from Samos, and followed previous authors in applying the nomen
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1321,1601,859,893]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kormos" authorityYear="1911" box="[1321,1596,859,893]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">Hipparion minus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
K ormos (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kormos, T." bookContentInfo="11 Abb., 2 Taf." box="[1765,1847,859,893]" journalOrPublisher="Jb. ung. geol. Reichsanstalt" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="248 — 266" part="1911" refId="ref9144" refString="Kormos, T., (1911): Berichte uber meine auslandische Studienreise im Jahre 1911. - Jb. ung. geol. Reichsanstalt, 1911: 248 - 266; 11 Abb., 2 Taf.; Budapest" title="Berichte über meine ausländische Studienreise im Jahre 1911." type="book chapter" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1865,1957,859,893]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[977,1068,2300,2330]" captionTargetBox="[1088,2361,228,2255]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1: Cremohipparion matthewi, UGR OK/557. A. Skull and lower jaw, left lateral view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436536/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, plate at end of text; UGR OK 557,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1048,1134,907,941]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[977,1068,2300,2330]" captionTargetBox="[1088,2361,228,2255]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1: Cremohipparion matthewi, UGR OK/557. A. Skull and lower jaw, left lateral view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436536/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
here) figured a complete skull and lower jaw from Samos retaining the nomen
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[884,1159,953,987]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kormos" authorityYear="1911" box="[884,1154,953,987]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">Hipparion minus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
A ntonius (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Antonius, O." bookContentInfo="5 Taf." box="[1342,1423,953,987]" journalOrPublisher="Beitr. Paläont. u. Geol. Österr. - Ung." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="241 — 301" part="20" refId="ref8220" refString="Antonius, O., (1913): Equus abeli n. sp. - Ein Beitrag zur genauen Kenntnis unserer Quartarpferde. - Beitr. Palaont. u. Geol. Osterr. - Ung., 20: 241 - 301, 5 Taf.; Wien u. Leipzig" title="Equus abeli n. sp. — Ein Beitrag zur genauen Kenntnis unserer Quartärpferde." type="journal article" year="1913">1913</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 244;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Antonius, O." box="[1518,1601,953,987]" journalOrPublisher="Vererbgsl." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="273 — 295" part="20" refId="ref8274" refString="Antonius, O., (1919): Untersuchungen uber den phylogenetischen Zusammenhang zwischen Hipparion und Equus. - Z. f. indukt. Abstamm, u. Vererbgsl., 20: 273 - 295; Berlin" title="Untersuchungen über den phylogenetischen Zusammenhang zwischen Hipparion und Equus. — Z. f. indukt. Abstamm" type="journal article" year="1919">1919</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
:285—287) perpetuated the referral of Samos small hipparions further to the southwest Russian species of Pavlow, and in the
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Antonius, O." box="[2085,2156,1000,1034]" journalOrPublisher="Vererbgsl." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="273 — 295" part="20" refId="ref8274" refString="Antonius, O., (1919): Untersuchungen uber den phylogenetischen Zusammenhang zwischen Hipparion und Equus. - Z. f. indukt. Abstamm, u. Vererbgsl., 20: 273 - 295; Berlin" title="Untersuchungen über den phylogenetischen Zusammenhang zwischen Hipparion und Equus. — Z. f. indukt. Abstamm" type="journal article" year="1919">1919</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
publication remarked that
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1116,1417,1048,1082]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kormos" authorityYear="1911" box="[1130,1404,1048,1082]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">Hipparion minus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
was morphologically quite similar to the North American horse
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[969,1337,1094,1128]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Neohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="withneyi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[969,1337,1094,1128]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Neohipparion withneyi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
G idley, except for the North American form’s more poorly developed “Wangengrube” (POF).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[807,2301,196,2451]" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Abel, O." bookContentInfo="273 Abb." box="[845,1050,1190,1224]" journalOrPublisher="Jena" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" refId="ref8140" refString="Abel, O., (1926): Amerikafahrt - Eindrucke, Beobachtungen und Studien eines Naturforschers auf einer Reise nach Nordamerika und Westindien. - VII + 462 S., 273 Abb.; Jena (Verlag G. Fischer)." title="Amerikafahrt — Eindrücke, Beobachtungen und Studien eines Naturforschers auf einer Reise nach Nordamerika und Westindien." type="book" year="1926">Abel (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
cited the inappropriateness of using P avlow ’s type for
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1949,2253,1190,1224]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1964,2253,1190,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">Hipparion” minus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
to characterize any
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1074,1230,1235,1269]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">hipparion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species, and proposed that the name be considered a nomen nudum. A
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[837,884,1288,1315]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">bel</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Abel, O." bookContentInfo="273 Abb." box="[909,991,1283,1317]" journalOrPublisher="Jena" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" refId="ref8140" refString="Abel, O., (1926): Amerikafahrt - Eindrucke, Beobachtungen und Studien eines Naturforschers auf einer Reise nach Nordamerika und Westindien. - VII + 462 S., 273 Abb.; Jena (Verlag G. Fischer)." title="Amerikafahrt — Eindrücke, Beobachtungen und Studien eines Naturforschers auf einer Reise nach Nordamerika und Westindien." type="book" year="1926">1926</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 430 Fig. 273; 432) then citing the skull and mandible figured
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2008,2048,1283,1317]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">by</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
K ormos (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kormos, T." bookContentInfo="11 Abb., 2 Taf." box="[2210,2291,1283,1317]" journalOrPublisher="Jb. ung. geol. Reichsanstalt" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="248 — 266" part="1911" refId="ref9144" refString="Kormos, T., (1911): Berichte uber meine auslandische Studienreise im Jahre 1911. - Jb. ung. geol. Reichsanstalt, 1911: 248 - 266; 11 Abb., 2 Taf.; Budapest" title="Berichte über meine ausländische Studienreise im Jahre 1911." type="book chapter" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation box="[808,899,1331,1365]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[977,1068,2300,2330]" captionTargetBox="[1088,2361,228,2255]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1: Cremohipparion matthewi, UGR OK/557. A. Skull and lower jaw, left lateral view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436536/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), elected it as the type of a new species,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[1550,1880,1331,1365]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1550,1880,1331,1365]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Hipparion matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
named in honor of W. D. M
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[843,958,1382,1409]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">atthew</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. A
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1006,1053,1382,1409]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">bel</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Abel, O." bookContentInfo="551 Abb." box="[1074,1155,1377,1411]" journalOrPublisher="Jena" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" refId="ref8185" refString="Abel, O., (1927): Lebensbilder aus der Tierwelt der Vorzeit. - VII + 714 S., 551 Abb.; Jena (Verlag G. Fischer)." title="Lebensbilder aus der Tierwelt der Vorzeit" type="book" year="1927">1927</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: Fig. 110, pg. 120) figured this same specimen once again.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[807,2301,196,2451]" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
W ehrli (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wehrli, H." bookContentInfo="13 Abb., 12 Tab., 8 Taf." box="[987,1063,1425,1459]" journalOrPublisher="— Paleont. Z." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="321 — 386" part="22" refId="ref10127" refString="Wehrli, H., (1941): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der " Hipparionen " von Samos. - Paleont. Z., 22 (3 / 4): 321 - 386, 13 Abb., 12 Tab., 8 Taf.; Berlin" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der “ Hipparionen ” von Samos" type="book chapter" year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) made an extensive review of Samos
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1668,1823,1425,1459]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">hipparion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
systematics. He nominated a new genus for all the Samos hipparions he recognized,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1688,1794,1473,1507]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">raising</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
them to a distinct generic rank,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[807,1059,1518,1552]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wehrli" authorityYear="1941" box="[807,1054,1518,1552]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hemihipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemihipparion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
W ehrli ’s (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wehrli, H." bookContentInfo="13 Abb., 12 Tab., 8 Taf." box="[1240,1317,1518,1552]" journalOrPublisher="— Paleont. Z." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="321 — 386" part="22" refId="ref10127" refString="Wehrli, H., (1941): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der " Hipparionen " von Samos. - Paleont. Z., 22 (3 / 4): 321 - 386, 13 Abb., 12 Tab., 8 Taf.; Berlin" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der “ Hipparionen ” von Samos" type="book chapter" year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) Samos species included:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1736,2208,1518,1552]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hemihipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proboscideum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1736,2208,1518,1552]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Hemihipparion proboscideum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(S tu der),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Bernor & Tobien, 1989" authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[894,1283,1566,1600]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hemihipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dietrichi" status="n. sp.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[894,1283,1566,1600]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Hemihipparion dietrichi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1293,1377,1566,1600]" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1459,1868,1566,1600]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hemihipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1459,1868,1566,1600]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Hemihipparion matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(A bel). The nomen
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wehrli" authorityYear="1941" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hemihipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Hemihipparion</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
would be a synonym senior to
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1445,1704,1614,1648]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Cremobipparion</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
except W ehrli (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wehrli, H." bookContentInfo="13 Abb., 12 Tab., 8 Taf." box="[1959,2039,1614,1648]" journalOrPublisher="— Paleont. Z." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="321 — 386" part="22" refId="ref10127" refString="Wehrli, H., (1941): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der " Hipparionen " von Samos. - Paleont. Z., 22 (3 / 4): 321 - 386, 13 Abb., 12 Tab., 8 Taf.; Berlin" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der “ Hipparionen ” von Samos" type="book chapter" year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
:374) nominated
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Qiu et al." baseAuthorityName="Wehrli" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[808,1120,1660,1694]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dietrichi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[808,1120,1660,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Hipparion dietrichi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as the genotype
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1406,1520,1660,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">species</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. W oodburne and B f.rnor (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Woodburne, M. O. & R. E. Bernor" bookContentInfo="7 Abb., 4 Tab." box="[1965,2046,1660,1694]" journalOrPublisher="J. Paleont." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="1319 — 1348" part="54" refId="ref10275" refString="Woodburne, M. O. and. L. Bernor, (1980): On superspecific groups of some Old World hipparionine horses. - J. Paleont., 54 (6): 1319 - 1348, 7 Abb., 4 Tab.; Tulsa" title="On superspecific groups of some Old World hipparionine horses" type="book chapter" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 1329), B ernor (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="BERNOR,. L." bookContentInfo="19 Abb." box="[819,901,1708,1742]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeovertebrata" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="173 — 269" part="15" refId="ref8315" refString="BERNOR,. L., (1985): Systematic and Evolutionary Relationships of the Hipparionine Horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian Age). - Palaeovertebrata, 15 (4): 173 - 269, 19 Abb., 20 Tab., Montpellier" title="Systematic and Evolutionary Relationships of the Hipparionine Horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian Age)" type="book chapter" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 205) and B ernor et al. (in press) have cited the specific reasons why
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Qiu et al." baseAuthorityName="Wehrli" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1996,2183,1708,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dietrichi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1996,2183,1708,1742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">H. dietrichi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
should be considered as belonging to a clade (= a member of the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Bernor & Tobien, 1989" authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1735,1898,1756,1790]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto" status="s. s.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1735,1898,1756,1790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1910,1967,1756,1790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" sensu="stricto">s. s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
clade; B ernor et al., in press) quite distinct from
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1260,1520,1801,1835]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Cremobipparion</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(= Group 2 hipparions of earlier work).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[807,2301,196,2451]" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
G romova (1955: 231) recognized A
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1411,1460,1854,1881]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">bel</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
’s nomen
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[1613,1943,1849,1883]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1613,1943,1849,1883]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Hipparion matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Samos, and gave it an extensive diagnosis. Some of the more important points in her diagnosis were: range of maxillary cheek tooth length = 102.4 —113.5 mm (far less of a range than given by most subsequent authors); short muzzle; single preorbital fossa, short and deep; nasal notch shallowly incised; extremities slender. G romova (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gromova, V." bookContentInfo="54 Abb., 18 Tab., 13 Taf." box="[1396,1477,2039,2073]" journalOrPublisher="Inst. Paleontol. Acad. Sei. l’USSR 36." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="1 — 473" part="12" refId="ref9014" refString="Gromova, V., (1952): Le genre Hipparion. - Inst. Paleontol. Acad. Sei. l'USSR 36., 12: 1 - 473, 54 Abb., 18 Tab., 13 Taf.; Paris (Translated from Russian by St. Aubin. Bur. Rech. Min. Geol., Ann. C. E. D. P.)." title="Le genre Hipparion." type="book chapter" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 232) cited only K ormos ’s (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kormos, T." bookContentInfo="11 Abb., 2 Taf." box="[1904,1981,2039,2073]" journalOrPublisher="Jb. ung. geol. Reichsanstalt" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="248 — 266" part="1911" refId="ref9144" refString="Kormos, T., (1911): Berichte uber meine auslandische Studienreise im Jahre 1911. - Jb. ung. geol. Reichsanstalt, 1911: 248 - 266; 11 Abb., 2 Taf.; Budapest" title="Berichte über meine ausländische Studienreise im Jahre 1911." type="book chapter" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) skull and mandible specimen in her characterization of facial morphology, and apparently did not have the München specimen of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1112,1483,2132,2166]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1112,1483,2132,2166]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Cremobipparion nikosi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
available to her for study. She included T obien ’s (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Tobien, H" bookContentInfo="1 Tab., 1 Taf." box="[820,901,2180,2214]" journalOrPublisher="N. Jb. Min., Beil. - Bd. (B)" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="279 — 306" part="80" refId="ref10007" refString="Tobien, H " (1938): Uber das Gebiss des Hipparion mattbewi Abel. - N. Jb. Min., Beil. - Bd. (B), 80: 279 - 306, 1 Tab., 1 Taf.; Stuttgart" title="Über das Gebiss des Hipparion mattbewi Abel." type="journal article" year="1938">1938</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: Taf. 1) and W ehrli ’s (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wehrli, H." bookContentInfo="13 Abb., 12 Tab., 8 Taf." box="[1268,1344,2180,2214]" journalOrPublisher="— Paleont. Z." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="321 — 386" part="22" refId="ref10127" refString="Wehrli, H., (1941): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der " Hipparionen " von Samos. - Paleont. Z., 22 (3 / 4): 321 - 386, 13 Abb., 12 Tab., 8 Taf.; Berlin" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der “ Hipparionen ” von Samos" type="book chapter" year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) measurements in her diagnosis of cheek tooth dimensions, and in so doing mixed the hypodigms of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[1477,1903,2226,2260]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1477,1903,2226,2260]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">Cremobipparion matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">Cremobipparion nikosi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
She cited the rarity of well known
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[1461,1663,2274,2308]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1509,1663,2274,2308]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
postcranials, but utilized the collection described by W ehrli (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wehrli, H." bookContentInfo="13 Abb., 12 Tab., 8 Taf." box="[1154,1230,2322,2356]" journalOrPublisher="— Paleont. Z." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="321 — 386" part="22" refId="ref10127" refString="Wehrli, H., (1941): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der " Hipparionen " von Samos. - Paleont. Z., 22 (3 / 4): 321 - 386, 13 Abb., 12 Tab., 8 Taf.; Berlin" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der “ Hipparionen ” von Samos" type="book chapter" year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) in her diagnosis of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1543,1908,2322,2356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1557,1903,2322,2356]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Hipparion” matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
G abunja (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gabunja, L. K." bookContentInfo="69 Abb., 151 Tab., 23 Taf." box="[2072,2154,2322,2356]" journalOrPublisher="Acad. Sei. USSR, Moscou, traduction en français B.. G. M." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" refId="ref8963" refString="Gabunja, L. K., (1959): Histoire du genre Hipparion Ed. - Acad. Sei. USSR, Moscou, traduction en francais B.. G. M., 69 Abb., 151 Tab., 23 Taf.; Paris." title="Histoire du genre Hipparion Ed" type="book" year="1959">1959</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
:222) and F orsten (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Forsten, A. M." bookContentInfo="42 Abb., 27 Tab., 4 Taf." box="[959,1040,2367,2401]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zool. Fenn." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="1 — 134" part="119" refId="ref8882" refString="Forsten, A. M., (1968): Revision of Palearctic Hipparion - Acta Zool. Fenn., 119: 1 - 134, 42 Abb., 27 Tab., 4 Taf.; Helsinki" title="Revision of Palearctic Hipparion" type="book" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 53) essentially followed G romova ’s (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gromova, V." bookContentInfo="54 Abb., 18 Tab., 13 Taf." box="[1646,1723,2367,2401]" journalOrPublisher="Inst. Paleontol. Acad. Sei. l’USSR 36." pageId="7" pageNumber="213" pagination="1 — 473" part="12" refId="ref9014" refString="Gromova, V., (1952): Le genre Hipparion. - Inst. Paleontol. Acad. Sei. l'USSR 36., 12: 1 - 473, 54 Abb., 18 Tab., 13 Taf.; Paris (Translated from Russian by St. Aubin. Bur. Rech. Min. Geol., Ann. C. E. D. P.)." title="Le genre Hipparion." type="book chapter" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) concept of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1928,2298,2367,2401]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="213">
|
|||
|
|
“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1943,2292,2367,2401]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Hipparion” matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
applying it to small horses from the eastern Mediterranean and southwest Asia.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[984,2478,226,2484]" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
S ondaar (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sondaar, P. Y." bookContentInfo="5 Abb., 5 Tab." box="[1183,1264,230,264]" journalOrPublisher="Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" pagination="417 — 441" part="74" refId="ref9921" refString="Sondaar, P. Y., (1971): The Samos Hipparion. - Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen, 74 (4): 417 - 441, 5 Abb., 5 Tab.; Amsterdam u. London." title="The Samos Hipparion." type="book chapter" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 423) reviewed the American Museum collection of Samos hipparionines. He recognized and refigured the type skull and lower jaw of “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1929,2277,276,310]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1929,2277,276,310]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">Hipparion” matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(UGR OK/ 557; S ondaar, 1974: Plate IV, Fig. a) and subsequently referred all AMNH Samos hipparions of small size (P2—M3 = 100—130 mm; P2—M3 = 110—135 mm), with slender limbs (MT III length = 211—242 mm, proximal width = 27—34 mm), with simple enamel plication, oval to nearly rounded protocone and slightly developed POF, to
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1924,2293,466,500]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
„
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1940,2289,466,500]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="matthewi">Hipparion“ matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Of this
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2425,2474,466,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">Samos</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
hypodigm, he figured two Quarry
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1628,1644,514,548]" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">5</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
specimens: a skull, AMNH 22936 (Plate 1 a, b) and palate AMNH 22888 (Plate 1 c).
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sondaar, P. Y." bookContentInfo="5 Abb., 5 Tab." box="[1496,1730,560,594]" journalOrPublisher="Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" pagination="417 — 441" part="74" refId="ref9921" refString="Sondaar, P. Y., (1971): The Samos Hipparion. - Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen, 74 (4): 417 - 441, 5 Abb., 5 Tab.; Amsterdam u. London." title="The Samos Hipparion." type="book chapter" year="1971">Sondaar (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
noted that the type specimen of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[2239,2475,560,594]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2239,2475,560,594]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">“H”. matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
had a shorter muzzle than the AMNH material in his hypodigm.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[984,2478,226,2484]" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
Although AMNH 22936
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1431,1454,656,690]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
a virtually complete adult male specimen, the nasal notch area is destroyed, disallowing any certain referral to either
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[1873,2074,701,735]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1873,1902,701,735]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1921,2074,701,735]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
or
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[2145,2290,701,735]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2145,2174,701,735]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2193,2295,701,735]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">nikosi.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
However, AMNH 22936’s preorbital fossa morphology, short POB length and P2—M3 length do conform well with either of these two
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Qiu et al." box="[1540,1799,797,831]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1540,1799,797,831]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">Cremohipparion</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
small species, and may reasonably be considered as being a
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1267,1377,843,877]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">species</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
of that genus. Of the remaining AMNH Samos skull material referred by S ondaar (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sondaar, P. Y." bookContentInfo="5 Abb., 5 Tab." box="[1198,1279,891,925]" journalOrPublisher="Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" pagination="417 — 441" part="74" refId="ref9921" refString="Sondaar, P. Y., (1971): The Samos Hipparion. - Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen, 74 (4): 417 - 441, 5 Abb., 5 Tab.; Amsterdam u. London." title="The Samos Hipparion." type="book chapter" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation box="[1294,1395,891,925]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="17.[835,915,216,246]" captionText="Table 1: Skull Measurements C. matthewi. nikosi. aff. matthewi C. aff. moldavicum „H“. sp. II OK 557 BSP 1899 VII 31b GIUP100/1958 BMNHM3924 PMMS 9s)" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) to
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1466,1828,891,925]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1482,1828,891,925]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="matthewi">Hipparion” matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(AMNH 22888, 22936, 20788 (here two distinct specimens), 20787,22907), AMNH 22888 may have a somewhat longer P2—M3 dimension (i. e. 129.4 mm) than would be expected for either
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[1853,2055,985,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1902,2055,985,1019]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
or
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[2105,2250,985,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2153,2255,985,1019]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">nikosi.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Likewise, the extensive mandibular series referred
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1572,1612,1033,1067]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">by</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
S ondaar (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sondaar, P. Y." bookContentInfo="5 Abb., 5 Tab." box="[1782,1861,1033,1067]" journalOrPublisher="Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" pagination="417 — 441" part="74" refId="ref9921" refString="Sondaar, P. Y., (1971): The Samos Hipparion. - Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen, 74 (4): 417 - 441, 5 Abb., 5 Tab.; Amsterdam u. London." title="The Samos Hipparion." type="book chapter" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, Tab. II) to
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2059,2421,1033,1067]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[2075,2421,1033,1067]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="matthewi">Hipparion” matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
includes at least two
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1286,1452,1081,1115]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">specimens</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, AMNH 20791 (P2—M3 = 131 mm) and AMNH 22928 (P2—M3 = 134 mm) that may be larger than expected for either
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[1856,2058,1126,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1856,1885,1126,1160]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1905,2058,1126,1160]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
or
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[2109,2253,1126,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2109,2138,1126,1160]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2157,2258,1126,1160]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">nikosi.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
As a result of our evaluation, it is not presently clear which, if any, of the AMNH material
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2243,2265,1174,1208]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
referrable to either
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1089,1512,1223,1257]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1089,1512,1223,1257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">Cremohipparion matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
or
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1567,1937,1223,1257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1567,1932,1223,1257]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">Cremohipparion nikosi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[984,2478,226,2484]" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
B ernor (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="BERNOR,. L." bookContentInfo="19 Abb." box="[1164,1246,1268,1302]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeovertebrata" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" pagination="173 — 269" part="15" refId="ref8315" refString="BERNOR,. L., (1985): Systematic and Evolutionary Relationships of the Hipparionine Horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian Age). - Palaeovertebrata, 15 (4): 173 - 269, 19 Abb., 20 Tab., Montpellier" title="Systematic and Evolutionary Relationships of the Hipparionine Horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian Age)" type="book chapter" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 220, Fig. 18) referred a skull fragment, some isolated maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth and postcranial fragments to
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1701,2087,1316,1350]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1716,1885,1316,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hipparion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
” imatthewi.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The skull fragment
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2416,2474,1316,1350]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">was</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
the most definitive specimen, being small sized (P2—M3 = 121.9 mm) with POF and POB morphologies agreeing well with the type of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1619,2047,1409,1443]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1619,2042,1409,1443]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Cremohipparion matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Although there
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2307,2330,1409,1443]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
no snout or nasal notch preserved, the skull specimen, GIU P100—1958, is broken at the level of P2 mesostyle, and therefore would not have nasals as retracted as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1902,2047,1506,1540]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1950,2052,1506,1540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">nikosi.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
A referral of this
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2328,2475,1506,1540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">specimen</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1030,1302,1551,1585]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1030,1058,1551,1585]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. aff.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1148,1302,1551,1585]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
would presently be acceptable.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[984,2478,226,2484]" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
L
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1048,1171,1604,1631]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">ehmann</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(1984:152 and Taf. VII) briefly described a virtually complete skull (Nr. 3002), an unassociated lower jaw (Nr. 3005) and MT II—IV elements (no numbers given) of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Hipparion” matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The skull is quite interesting in that L
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1738,1861,1697,1724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">ehmann</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
’s Taf. 8,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation box="[2003,2089,1692,1726]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[977,1068,2300,2330]" captionTargetBox="[1088,2361,228,2255]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1: Cremohipparion matthewi, UGR OK/557. A. Skull and lower jaw, left lateral view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436536/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
shows the POB as being short, with lacrimal invading posterior rim of the POF, and POF essentially has a morphology consistent with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1238,1439,1788,1822]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1286,1439,1788,1822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1514,1659,1788,1822]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1514,1543,1788,1822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1562,1664,1788,1822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">nikosi.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
However, the nasals would appear to be somewhat retracted compared to the holotype of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1610,1812,1834,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1610,1639,1834,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1658,1812,1834,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(posterior aspect of P2), but certainly not as far as seen in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1242,1386,1882,1916]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1291,1386,1882,1916]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">nikosi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(mesostyle of P4). Maxillary cheek tooth morphology would appear to be consistent with that found in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1543,1744,1930,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1591,1744,1930,1964]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1821,1965,1930,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1821,1849,1930,1964]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1868,1971,1930,1964]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">nikosi,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and MT III length (= 223 mm) and diaphysial width (22.2 mm.; L
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1538,1661,1981,2008]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">ehmann</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, 1984: 152) is consistent with the range of variation reported for Samos small horses here. It would appear that this specimen exhibits somewhat intermediate characters between
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1474,1675,2072,2106]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1522,1675,2072,2106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1750,1894,2072,2106]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1798,1894,2072,2106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">nikosi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in the degree of its nasal incisure. We believe that despite this intermediate nature, the difference between
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[2058,2259,2117,2151]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2058,2087,2117,2151]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2106,2259,2117,2151]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[2334,2477,2117,2151]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2382,2477,2117,2151]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">nikosi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is too great (see description for the latter below) to be explained as variability in a single
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2341,2455,2165,2199]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">species</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[984,2478,226,2484]" lastBlockId="9.[830,2323,197,1840]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
K oufos (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D." bookContentInfo="5 Abb., 1 Tab." box="[1164,1243,2213,2247]" journalOrPublisher="Paläont. Z." pageId="8" pageNumber="214" pagination="307 — 317" part="58" refId="ref9187" refString="Koufos, G. D., (1984): A new Hipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Vallesian (Late Miocene) of Greece. - Palaont. Z., 58 (3 / 4): 307 - 317, 5 Abb., 1 Tab.; Stuttgart" title="A new Hipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Vallesian (Late Miocene) of Greece" type="book chapter" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D." bookContentInfo="8 Abb., 8 Tab., 3 Taf." box="[1264,1339,2213,2247]" journalOrPublisher="— Géobios" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" pagination="61 — 79" part="19" refId="ref9243" refString="Koufos, G. D., (1986): Study of the Vallesian Hipparion of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece). - Geobios 19 (1): 61 - 79, 8 Abb., 8 Tab., 3 Taf.; Lyon" title="Study of the Vallesian Hipparion of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece)" type="book chapter" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="KOUFOS, G. D." bookContentInfo="28 Abb., 3 Tab." box="[1360,1456,2213,2247]" journalOrPublisher="— Géobios" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" pagination="293 — 312" part="20" refId="ref9295" refString="KOUFOS, G. D., (1987 a): Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece). - Geobios, 20 (3): 293 - 312, 28 Abb., 3 Tab.; Lyon" title="Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece)" type="book chapter" year="1987">1987a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D." bookContentInfo="17 Abb., 2 Tab." box="[1475,1495,2213,2247]" journalOrPublisher="Paläont. Z." pageId="8" pageNumber="214" pagination="339 — 358" part="61" refId="ref9345" refString="Koufos, G. D., (1987 b): Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece) 2. Locality Prochoma 1 (PXM). - Palaont. Z., 61 (3 / 4): 339 - 358, 17 Abb., 2 Tab.; Stuttgart" title="Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece) 2. Locality Prochoma 1 (PXM)." type="book chapter" year="1987">b</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) has recently cited the occurrence of some small horses from Macedonia. K oufos (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D." bookContentInfo="5 Abb., 1 Tab." box="[1323,1400,2259,2293]" journalOrPublisher="Paläont. Z." pageId="8" pageNumber="214" pagination="307 — 317" part="58" refId="ref9187" refString="Koufos, G. D., (1984): A new Hipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Vallesian (Late Miocene) of Greece. - Palaont. Z., 58 (3 / 4): 307 - 317, 5 Abb., 1 Tab.; Stuttgart" title="A new Hipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Vallesian (Late Miocene) of Greece" type="book chapter" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) named a new
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1644,1754,2259,2293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">species</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
of small horse,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koufos" authorityYear="1984" box="[2010,2282,2259,2293]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2010,2282,2259,2293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">H. macedonicum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Ravin de Pluie 1 (RPL 1). He stated that
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1542,1905,2307,2341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">
|
|||
|
|
“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1557,1905,2307,2341]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Hipparion” matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
differs from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koufos" authorityYear="1984" box="[2114,2387,2307,2341]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2114,2387,2307,2341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="214">H. macedonicum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in its shorter snout, longer mandibular symphysis, simpler enamel plications, rounded protocone connecting to protoloph (sic., only in later wear), small-rudimentary pli caballin, less developed protostylid, simple enamel in the flexids, as well as having single column ectostylids in the lower milk teeth. The differences in the adult dentition reveal a generally more primitive morphology typical of older European species. It is uncertain however what the juvenile dental morphology would be for
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1059,1492,295,329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1059,1486,295,329]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Cremohipparion matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
since the type specimens of both
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[2051,2253,295,329]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2051,2080,295,329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2099,2253,295,329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[834,977,343,377]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[881,977,343,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">nikosi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are adult individuals.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[830,2323,197,1840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
K oufos (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D." bookContentInfo="5 Abb., 1 Tab." box="[1009,1091,389,423]" journalOrPublisher="Paläont. Z." pageId="9" pageNumber="215" pagination="307 — 317" part="58" refId="ref9187" refString="Koufos, G. D., (1984): A new Hipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Vallesian (Late Miocene) of Greece. - Palaont. Z., 58 (3 / 4): 307 - 317, 5 Abb., 1 Tab.; Stuttgart" title="A new Hipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Vallesian (Late Miocene) of Greece" type="book chapter" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 313) cited that the character which most distinguished
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koufos" authorityYear="1984" box="[1960,2234,389,423]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1960,2234,389,423]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">H. macedonicum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from other small Turolian horses
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1291,2158,437,471]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1307,1550,437,471]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">“H”. matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1574,1824,437,471]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gromovae">“H”. gromovae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1847,2158,437,471]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="periafricanum">“H”. periafricanum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">“H”. elegans</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) was
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
its greater molar row length/premolar length ratio (greater than 100 in
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koufos" authorityYear="1984" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicum">H. macedonicum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
less than 100 in all others; 84.0 in the type maxilla and 92.9 in the type mandible of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Cremohipparion matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
84.8 in the type maxilla of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1630,2013,578,612]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1630,1996,578,612]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">Cremohipparion nikosi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
He included in this distinction the younger Ravin de Zouaves samples of small
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1756,1912,627,661]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">hipparion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
which showed lower (less than 100) length molar series/length premolar series ratios. However, since citing lower molar length/premolar length ratios in the younger Macedonian Ravin des Zouaves (RZO) series, K oufos (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="KOUFOS, G. D." bookContentInfo="28 Abb., 3 Tab." box="[973,1074,768,802]" journalOrPublisher="— Géobios" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" pagination="293 — 312" part="20" refId="ref9295" refString="KOUFOS, G. D., (1987 a): Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece). - Geobios, 20 (3): 293 - 312, 28 Abb., 3 Tab.; Lyon" title="Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece)" type="book chapter" year="1987">1987a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 304) referred two of three RZO specimens (RZO 38 and RZO 44, with ratios of 90 and 94.5 respectively) to
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1354,1637,813,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koufos" authorityYear="1984" box="[1354,1632,813,847]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicum">H. macedonicum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
It is presently not clear whether K oufos (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="KOUFOS, G. D." bookContentInfo="28 Abb., 3 Tab." box="[843,941,861,895]" journalOrPublisher="— Géobios" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" pagination="293 — 312" part="20" refId="ref9295" refString="KOUFOS, G. D., (1987 a): Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece). - Geobios, 20 (3): 293 - 312, 28 Abb., 3 Tab.; Lyon" title="Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece)" type="book chapter" year="1987">1987a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) believes that the ratio change within the “late Vallesian — Turolian” aged Macedonian series
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[928,952,909,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
insignificant, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koufos" authorityYear="1984" box="[1331,1548,909,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1331,1548,909,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">macedonicum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has members with length molar/length premolar series both above and below 100, or whether it
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1590,1613,955,989]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
possible that more than one species of small
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[832,987,1003,1037]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">hipparion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is included in the hypodigm of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1483,1796,1003,1037]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koufos" authorityYear="1984" box="[1483,1790,1003,1037]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicum">“H”. macedonicum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
or if these differences are ontogenetically (= wear) related. If the differences in length molar/length premolar ratio prove to be significant at the
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1099,1209,1096,1130]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">species</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
level as K oufos (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D." bookContentInfo="5 Abb., 1 Tab." box="[1476,1557,1096,1130]" journalOrPublisher="Paläont. Z." pageId="9" pageNumber="215" pagination="307 — 317" part="58" refId="ref9187" refString="Koufos, G. D., (1984): A new Hipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Vallesian (Late Miocene) of Greece. - Palaont. Z., 58 (3 / 4): 307 - 317, 5 Abb., 1 Tab.; Stuttgart" title="A new Hipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Vallesian (Late Miocene) of Greece" type="book chapter" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 313) claimed, then his (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="KOUFOS, G. D." bookContentInfo="28 Abb., 3 Tab." box="[1932,2030,1096,1130]" journalOrPublisher="— Géobios" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" pagination="293 — 312" part="20" refId="ref9295" refString="KOUFOS, G. D., (1987 a): Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece). - Geobios, 20 (3): 293 - 312, 28 Abb., 3 Tab.; Lyon" title="Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece)" type="book chapter" year="1987">1987a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) hypodigm would necessarily include more than one species of small horse.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[830,2323,197,1840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
K oufos ’ (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D." bookContentInfo="8 Abb., 8 Tab., 3 Taf." box="[1021,1102,1192,1226]" journalOrPublisher="— Géobios" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" pagination="61 — 79" part="19" refId="ref9243" refString="Koufos, G. D., (1986): Study of the Vallesian Hipparion of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece). - Geobios 19 (1): 61 - 79, 8 Abb., 8 Tab., 3 Taf.; Lyon" title="Study of the Vallesian Hipparion of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece)" type="book chapter" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 71,
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation box="[1178,1281,1192,1226]" captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="20.[965,1045,1174,1204]" captionText="Table 9: Measurements on astragalus" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">Tab. 9</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) report on new material of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koufos" authorityYear="1984" box="[1726,1999,1192,1226]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1726,1999,1192,1226]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">H. macedonicum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
included discussion of MT III material which he cited as differing from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1700,1946,1238,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1700,1946,1238,1272]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">“H”. matthewi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in its longer (var. 1 = 239.0 mm), more slender diaphysis (var. 11= 26.6). Of course there are no articulated skeletons of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[875,1306,1334,1368]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[875,1300,1334,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Cremohipparion matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
making referrals of postcrania to the type uncertain. Indeed, the measurements of AMNH Samos small horse MT Ill’s that we record here in
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation box="[2076,2193,1379,1413]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="19.[807,888,1345,1375]" captionText="Table 5: Measurements on metapodial III" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
include one Quarry
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1027,1043,1427,1461]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">5</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1053,1200,1427,1461]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">specimen</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
that
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1280,1303,1427,1461]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">is</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
quite close to K oufos ’ (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D." bookContentInfo="8 Abb., 8 Tab., 3 Taf." box="[1678,1760,1427,1461]" journalOrPublisher="— Géobios" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" pagination="61 — 79" part="19" refId="ref9243" refString="Koufos, G. D., (1986): Study of the Vallesian Hipparion of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece). - Geobios 19 (1): 61 - 79, 8 Abb., 8 Tab., 3 Taf.; Lyon" title="Study of the Vallesian Hipparion of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece)" type="book chapter" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation box="[1774,1877,1427,1461]" captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="20.[965,1045,1174,1204]" captionText="Table 9: Measurements on astragalus" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">Tab. 9</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) dimensions (i. e. F:
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[2192,2263,1427,1461]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">AM</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Q
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2302,2321,1427,1461]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">5</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
22893, var. 1 = 239.4 mm, var. 11 = 25.9 mm). The other Samos individual (F:AM Q
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2227,2246,1475,1509]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">5</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) has quite a shorter length MT III (var. 1 = 213.7 mm), and slightly shorter DAW dimension (var. 11 = 24.2 mm). These individuals are included here in
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="12.[978,1070,2141,2171]" captionTargetBox="[1155,2279,230,2087]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 3: Comparison of Samos “Cremohipparion matthewi” species with selected later Miocene Holarctic and Ethiopian smaller horses. A. MC III maximum length (ML) versus distal articular width (DAW). B. MT III ML versus DAW. 1 = “Cremohipparion matthewi” (Samos; AMNH: 23054b—e, 22933,23054, Q5 no numbers, 22893; Bernor, personal observation); 2 = “Hipparion macedonicum” (Ravin de Pluie, Greece; RPL 38; Koufos, Table 9 — insert); 3 = sitifense (Sahabi, Libya; 27P25B, MC III; 1P25B, MT III; Bernor et al., 1987); 4 = gromovae (La Fontana, Spain; Tobien, personal observation); 5 = “S*. platyodus (China; Qiu et al., 1987:95);6 = Calippus (XMAS Quarry, Nebraska AMNH 98 (Bernor, personal observation); 7 = Pseudhipparion sp., XMAS Quarry AMNH 202 (Bernor, personal observation)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436542/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
Fig. 3.
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[830,2323,197,1840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
K oufos (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D." bookContentInfo="17 Abb., 2 Tab." box="[1010,1116,1616,1650]" journalOrPublisher="Paläont. Z." pageId="9" pageNumber="215" pagination="339 — 358" part="61" refId="ref9345" refString="Koufos, G. D., (1987 b): Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece) 2. Locality Prochoma 1 (PXM). - Palaont. Z., 61 (3 / 4): 339 - 358, 17 Abb., 2 Tab.; Stuttgart" title="Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece) 2. Locality Prochoma 1 (PXM)." type="book chapter" year="1987">1987b</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 347, Fig. 8) figured for the first time a skull of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1883,2164,1616,1650]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koufos" authorityYear="1984" box="[1883,2158,1616,1650]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicum">H. macedonicum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
PXM 20. No raw measurements were given for POF and POB, but the shape of the former is consistent with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[916,1119,1710,1744]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
C.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[964,1125,1710,1744]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">matthewi,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and the length of the POB has been reported by the author as being short. The nasal notch can clearly be seen in this figure to be retracted no further than the anteriormost portion of P2, as is seen in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1254,1456,1804,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1254,1283,1804,1838]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[1302,1461,1804,1838]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">matthewi.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|