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<document id="7DB21E1C43FA83C29C26BCEDB88F6271" ID-CLB-Dataset="7557" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4948.2.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4d6a45cb-09a5-4113-8eb2-69810cefda23" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4620918" ID-ZooBank="8C2AAFB8-3E87-42F8-8DBA-A8EA3AC4395E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1616144889660" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Barros, Rodolfo Corrêa De &amp; Rocha, Rosana Moreira Da" docDate="2021" docId="D416879A3A5C02368DF5A097FB34FA77" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4928.2.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4948 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Styela multicarpa Barros &amp; Rocha 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="A511A413-9166-4539-92E8-FDDF59069EB5" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="281" masterDocId="282FFFE23A5802308D62A000FFF5FFCE" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Styela (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from the tropical West Atlantic Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="286" masterPageNumber="275" pageNumber="279" updateTime="1698934371287" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="5666DAADF4C398DF4377CC3853917B44" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="56C435EE328EA1D796AE1B5D17101ED4">
<mods:title id="E60DA0D402FE35CBB6E896BE8D9F7C17">Two new species of Styela (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from the tropical West Atlantic Ocean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="DAEB75466EF34B1D4ABA999419CCE05A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="218126E2E79FE2C2633148A2298B99F5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="36158DC36E3D87D796BEAEA55900FC9B">Barros, Rodolfo Corrêa De</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="300001214AC37D70DF430C9042E449D6">Graduate Program in Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná.</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="BA64C1A830F482AA99DD7A1581DB8CA4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="71354097B766BA50EC2A8E67E87699CA">
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<mods:namePart id="94A1D8CC33DA18CBF661029C5BBE8491">Rocha, Rosana Moreira Da</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CA6C5C5119939CDE73CD7C157E4C8571">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Zoology Department. C. P. 19020, 81.531 - 980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="07EA1D2FCFBFC7562DF51DDB80B8CA87">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9A6900CFF54B0DFF64DEAB6ABAB410A2">
<mods:date id="EF9BD1A8D4BDB1FBF4E235445368BBA3">2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="397FDFE2621F2A5BB24C4519557F2DB9" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="26E34EE105878823990F713DDC7AFB34">2021-03-19</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="CD7727273868EE404A9DF5262B177256" type="volume">
<mods:number id="7DDBEBBDFBC52884A6BEF72294549908">4948</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="79137213A88596BDE5D7471315208A09">2</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="4531E40193393B52E6FF7BD60B5F7F4C">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="AB658F833A66CAD1D0169F181CF603D2" type="CLB-Dataset">7557</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0C93924B417086377A42215C952FF417" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4948.2.7</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="62CA4A068B556F396A8A7868F5607162" type="GBIF-Dataset">4d6a45cb-09a5-4113-8eb2-69810cefda23</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D416879A3A5C02368DF5A097FB34FA77" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652975" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180782265" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652975" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A511A413-9166-4539-92E8-FDDF59069EB5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D416879A3A5C02368DF5A097FB34FA77" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="281" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<subSubSection id="14A565073A5C02348DF5A097FE24FF7F" box="[151,465,151,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DF5A097FE24FF7F" blockId="4.[151,954,151,250]" box="[151,465,151,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<heading id="074881E03A5C02348DF5A097FE24FF7F" bold="true" box="[151,465,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5C02348DF5A097FE24FF7F" bold="true" box="[151,465,151,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<taxonomicName id="9BBF4D0F3A5C02348DF5A097FE99FF7C" authority="Barros &amp; Rocha, 2021" authorityName="Barros &amp; Rocha" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,364,151,178]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multicarpa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5C02348DF5A097FE99FF7C" bold="true" box="[151,364,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Styela multicarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75F857E53A5C02348C11A097FE24FF7F" box="[371,465,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14A565073A5C02348DF5A0BBFC4FFF34" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="description">
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DF5A0BBFE73FF1B" blockId="4.[151,954,151,250]" box="[151,390,187,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
(
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348DFDA0BBFEEBFF1B" box="[159,286,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,994,1018]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,596,970]" captionTargetId="figure-248@2.[151,1436,596,970]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A. Styela panamensis sp. nov. in situ. B. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. in the laboratory right after collection. Legend: os. oral siphon; as. atrial siphon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620920/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figures 1B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348C48A0BBFECDFF1B" box="[298,312,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">3</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348C0DA0BBFE8BFF1B" box="[367,382,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1224,1248]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,453,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-137@6.[151,1436,453,1201]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Venezuela).A. external appearance of preserved individual; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. detail of pharynx and anterior region; E. specimen with nine gonads on the right side; F. digitiform testicular follicles around the ovary. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620926/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DF5A0DFFC4FFF34" blockId="4.[151,954,151,250]" box="[151,954,223,250]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<uri id="282E3A8E3A5C02348DF5A0DFFC4FFF34" box="[151,954,223,250]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="28190C593A5C02348CC5A0DFFC4FFF34" box="[423,954,223,250]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">A511A413-9166-4539-92E8-FDDF59069EB5</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14A565073A5C02348DF5A127FC66FE63" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DF5A127FB3CFEAB" blockId="4.[151,1437,295,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5C02348DF5A127FE7CFE8F" bold="true" box="[151,393,295,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Materials examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="ECD73CD13A5C02348CECA127FDF6FEAB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3064434301" collectingDate="2017-03-31" country="Brazil" latitude="-20.29889" location="Sty" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.289722" municipality="Yacht Club of Vitoria" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="8304882E3A5C02348CECA127FE0EFE8F" box="[398,507,295,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<location id="596060573A5C02348F60A127FDDDFE8C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D416879A3A5C02368DF5A097FB34FA77:596060573A5C02348F60A127FDDDFE8C" box="[514,552,295,322]" country="Brazil" latitude="-20.29889" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.289722" municipality="Yacht Club of Vitoria" name="Sty" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Sty</location>
–252, artificial substrate,
<collectingMunicipality id="BC64ACF63A5C02348E5FA127FBDCFE8F" box="[829,1065,295,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Yacht Club of Vitória</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="9E7BF86E3A5C02348953A127FB24FE8F" box="[1073,1233,295,321]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="24A8761C3A5C023489B8A127FAD4FE8F" box="[1242,1313,295,321]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="398B504B3A5C02348848A127FF52FEAB" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" precision="15" seconds="56" value="-20.29889">20º17’56” S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="398B504B3A5C02348DCCA14BFEB7FEA8" box="[174,322,331,358]" degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="17" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" precision="15" seconds="23" value="-40.289722">40º17’23” W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="2801104C3A5C02348C2FA14BFDF6FEAB" box="[333,515,331,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" value="2017-03-31">
<collectingDate id="3845E9A43A5C02348C2FA14BFDF6FEAB" box="[333,515,331,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" value="2017-03-31">March 31, 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="8304882E3A5C02348F6FA14CFD8BFEA8" box="[525,638,332,358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: Sty–253 e Sty–254, metadata the same of
<typeStatus id="8304882E3A5C02348902A14BFB33FEAB" box="[1120,1222,331,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DA5A16FFC66FE63" blockId="4.[151,1437,295,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5C02348DA5A16FFE77FE47" bold="true" box="[199,386,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Extra material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="ECD73CD13A5C02348CEEA16FFC79FE63" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3064434302" collectingDate="1961-01-11" collectionCode="ZMA, V, TU" collectorName="Puente de la Restinga" country="Venezuela" location="Margarita Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="3AAEAE493A5C02348CEEA16FFE3AFE44" box="[396,463,367,394]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">ZMA</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="3AAEAE493A5C02348CB0A16FFE12FE44" box="[466,487,367,394]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="3AAEAE493A5C02348C89A16FFDE7FE44" box="[491,530,367,394]" country="USA" name="Tulane University, Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">TU</collectionCode>
.5486, 10 individuals,
<collectorName id="F14A535A3A5C02348E71A170FBE7FE47" box="[787,1042,367,394]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Puente de la Restinga</collectorName>
,
<location id="596060573A5C02348942A16FFB15FE47" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D416879A3A5C02368DF5A097FB34FA77:596060573A5C02348942A16FFB15FE47" box="[1056,1248,367,393]" country="Venezuela" name="Margarita Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Margarita Island</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="24A8761C3A5C0234898CA16FFA91FE47" box="[1262,1380,367,393]" name="Venezuela" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, leg: Ruu, all individuals on boulders near
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5C02348F5EA193FD30FE63" box="[572,709,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<taxonomicName id="9BBF4D0F3A5C02348F5EA193FD37FE63" box="[572,706,403,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhizophora</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<date id="2801104C3A5C02348FAFA194FC79FE63" box="[717,908,403,430]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" value="1961-01-11">
<collectingDate id="3845E9A43A5C02348FAFA194FC79FE63" box="[717,908,403,430]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" value="1961-01-11">January 11, 1961</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14A565073A5C02368DA5A1B7FB34FA77" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="281" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DA5A1B7FB93FE1F" blockId="4.[151,1437,295,1222]" box="[199,1126,439,466]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5C02348DA5A1B7FEBBFE1F" bold="true" box="[199,334,439,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name refers to the high number of gonads of this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DA5A1DBFEB7FDAF" blockId="4.[151,1437,295,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5C02348DA5A1DBFE01FE3B" bold="true" box="[199,500,475,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Habitat and distribution.</emphasis>
Brazilian specimens were collected from a rope where they attached as a clump of about 8 individuals. The Yacht Club of Vitoria is an urban marine environment. In
<collectingCountry id="24A8761C3A5C02348944A1FFFB69FDD7" box="[1062,1180,511,537]" name="Venezuela" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, animals were found in the entrance of a large bay, where many fishing boats are moored. This bay is bordered by mangrove and the water is fully marine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DA5A26BFB09FD03" blockId="4.[151,1437,295,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5C02348DA5A26BFE3CFD4B" bold="true" box="[199,457,619,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">External appearance.</emphasis>
Individuals are oval, with a leathery tunic with rough appearance and greenish brown color, mainly in the dorsal region, close to the siphons (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348F9EA28FFCAEFD67" box="[764,859,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,994,1018]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,596,970]" captionTargetId="figure-248@2.[151,1436,596,970]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A. Styela panamensis sp. nov. in situ. B. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. in the laboratory right after collection. Legend: os. oral siphon; as. atrial siphon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620920/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figs. 1B</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348EEDA28FFC40FD67" box="[911,949,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">3A</figureCitation>
). Specimens are
<quantity id="9B479B693A5C02348912A28FFB1DFD64" box="[1136,1256,655,682]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" unit="mm" value="36.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="32.0">32–40 mm</quantity>
in length. Some epibionts were observed, such as colonial ascidians, tubular polychaetes, anthozoans and bryozoans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DA5A2D7FB3AFC68" blockId="4.[151,1437,295,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5C02348DA5A2D7FE32FD3F" bold="true" box="[199,455,727,753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Internal morphology.</emphasis>
Length without the tunic is
<quantity id="9B479B693A5C02348E61A2D7FC8BFD3C" box="[771,894,727,754]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" unit="mm" value="28.5" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="28.0">28–29 mm</quantity>
, width is
<quantity id="9B479B693A5C02348E89A2D7FB92FD3C" box="[1003,1127,727,754]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">15–18 mm</quantity>
. The body wall is thick and opaque (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348D9AA2FBFE40FCDB" box="[248,437,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figs. 3B and 3C</figureCitation>
). The longitudinal muscles are visible in the three Brazilian specimens studied. The oral siphon is apical while the atrial be a little way back on the dorsal side, both of similar lengths, reaching almost
<quantity id="9B479B693A5C023488ECA31FFF33FC90" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
. In each siphon, four triangular lobes and eight whitish bands are observed. Numerous
<quantity id="9B479B693A5C023489E0A343FB01FC90" box="[1154,1268,835,862]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="10.0">10–30 µm</quantity>
long scale-like siphonal spines are present on the internal side of both siphons. They are flattened and triangular shaped in surface view. The free margin is usually irregular with numerous small teeth or smooth (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C0234897FA38BFB34FC68" box="[1053,1217,907,934]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figs. 3I and 3i</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DA5A3AFFD4BFB0B" blockId="4.[151,1437,295,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
Oral tentacles are simple and filiform, 32–62 distributed in four orders of size, and observed at the base of the oral siphon (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348C47A3D3FE88FC23" box="[293,381,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
). The prepharyngeal groove is formed by a simple blade, with the peritubercular area in a ‘V’ shape. The dorsal tubercle is globular, with a diameter of
<quantity id="9B479B693A5C02348E71A3F7FC5DFBDC" box="[787,936,1015,1042]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.035" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.77" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" unit="mm" value="1.035" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.77">0.77–1.3 mm</quantity>
and with a variable-shape opening (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C0234885BA3F7FA7BFBDF" box="[1337,1422,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
), usually as a ‘U’. The dorsal lamina is simple and continuous until the perioesophageal region, where it moves to the left side of the oesophageal opening, with the lower portion being wider. The pharynx has four well-developed folds on both sides, with 94–103 longitudinal vessels on the right side and 94–101 on the left side (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348992A463FAB2FBB3" box="[1264,1351,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
). There are 7–12 longitudinal stigmata per mesh. Parastigmatic vessels are present. The formula for the longitudinal vessels of the
<typeStatus id="8304882E3A5C02348DBDA4ABFEB4FB0B" box="[223,321,1195,1221]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and of the two
<typeStatus id="8304882E3A5C02348C92A4ACFDAEFB08" box="[496,603,1196,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DF5A4F3FCA4FAC0" blockId="4.[151,849,1267,1366]" box="[151,849,1267,1294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
E6(14)9(17)8(19)7(17)6DL4(18)7(17)7(19)8(15)6 (
<typeStatus id="8304882E3A5C02348FBFA4F3FCBCFAC0" box="[733,841,1267,1294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DF5A517FD3AFAFC" blockId="4.[151,849,1267,1366]" box="[151,719,1303,1330]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">E6(12)7(15)8(14)8(17)7DL5(15)9(14)9(15)8(13)6</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DF5A53BFD3AFA98" blockId="4.[151,849,1267,1366]" box="[151,719,1339,1366]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">E6(14)8(19)6(16)7(16)8DL4(15)8(15)8(18)7(15)5</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02348DA5A583FDC0F8CB" blockId="4.[151,1437,1411,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
The oesophagus is relatively short, slightly curved. The stomach is elongated,
<quantity id="9B479B693A5C02348959A583FB28FA50" box="[1083,1245,1411,1438]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.31" metricValueMax="1.43" metricValueMin="1.19" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" unit="mm" value="13.1" valueMax="14.3" valueMin="11.9">11.9–14.3 mm</quantity>
long, cream colored, with 22–23 internal longitudinal folds, running from the final portion of oesophagus to the beginning of intestine, sometimes visible on the exterior surface. The stomach has a longitudinal flat region along the side touching the body wall, with internal transverse grooves. A ligament is observed between the posterior portion of the stomach and the first loop, but there is no gastric caecum. The intestine is isodiametric and forms primary and secondary loops, secondary loop being wider than the primary (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348FBFA637FCC3F99F" box="[733,822,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
). The anus opens near the base of the atrial siphon, with a multilobed margin. Short and numerous filiform tentacles are present at the base of the atrial siphon, forming a ring from which at each side of the dorsal mid-line two elongated regions also covered by tentacles project towards the dorsal tubercle. The digestive tube attaches to the body wall through thin ligaments and detaches easily during dissection. Endocarps of varying sizes and normally not abundant protrude from the body wall and, usually, from the first intestinal loop too (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348CACA6EBFDDDF8CB" box="[462,552,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5C02358DA5A70FFE16FE8F" blockId="4.[151,1437,1411,2014]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,321]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
Hermaphroditic gonads are present on both sides, from five to eight on the right side (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348915A70FFADFF8E7" box="[1143,1322,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figs. 3D and 3F</figureCitation>
) and from four to five on the left side. The ovary is elongated, cream colored, straight to sinuous in shape with round cross section, usually filled by oocytes of
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<geoCoordinate id="398B504B3A5C02348F48A757FD9CF8BF" box="[554,617,1879,1905]" degrees="0.218" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" precision="55" value="0.218">0.218</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="398B504B3A5C02348F0AA757FD43F8BF" box="[616,694,1879,1905]" degrees="0.228" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" precision="55" value="-0.228">–0.228</geoCoordinate>
mm
</quantity>
in diameter (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5C02348E19A757FC25F8BF" box="[891,976,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
). The length of the ovary is
<quantity id="9B479B693A5C0234886AA757FA68F8BC" box="[1288,1437,1879,1906]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.355" metricValueMax="1.76" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" unit="mm" value="13.55" valueMax="17.6" valueMin="9.5">9.5–17.6 mm</quantity>
on the right side and
<quantity id="9B479B693A5C02348CE2A77BFDE1F858" box="[384,532,1915,1942]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.095" metricValueMax="1.43" metricValueMin="0.76" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" unit="mm" value="10.95" valueMax="14.3" valueMin="7.6">7.6–14.3 mm</quantity>
on the left side. The ovaries end with the orifice directed toward the atrial siphon into a free and usually short oviduct. Bifurcations in the ovarian tubes may be present in the middle length of some ovaries. One to three most dorsal ovaries on the left side, usually smaller than the others, are located entirely within the second intestinal loop. Testicular follicles are numerous, whitish and equally distributed beside and close to the ovaries. They are digitiform and very long, sometimes branching at the proximal end to form up to four lobes per follicle (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5D02358D9AA0DFFEA1FF37" box="[248,340,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-104@5.[151,1436,345,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
). The follicles are attached to the body wall by the proximal end only, where a thin sperm duct connects them all to the main tube that runs along the surface of each ovary to open at the beginning of the oviduct in a papilla of varying length.
</paragraph>
<caption id="08C066043A5D02358DF5A744FC30F806" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620924" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4620924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620924/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" startId="5.[151,250,1860,1884]" targetBox="[151,1436,345,1837]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5D02358DF5A744FC30F806" blockId="5.[151,1436,1860,1993]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5D02358DF5A744FEE7F892" bold="true" box="[151,274,1860,1884]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="9BBF4D0F3A5D02358C7AA744FE3EF892" authority="Barros &amp; Rocha, 2021" authorityName="Barros &amp; Rocha" authorityYear="2021" box="[280,459,1860,1884]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multicarpa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5D02358C7AA744FE3EF892" box="[280,459,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Styela multicarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5D02358CB3A745FDD4F893" bold="true" box="[465,545,1861,1885]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75F857E53A5D02358CB3A745FDD4F893" box="[465,545,1861,1885]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(from Brazil). A. external appearance; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. overview of specimen dissected without the pharynx; E. detail of pharynx and anterior region; F. specimen with seven gonads on the right side and four gonads on the left side; G. very long digitiform testicular follicles; H. endocarps on the first intestinal loop; I. siphonal spines; i. two views of the siphonal spines shape. Scales bars = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5E02368DA5A0BBFE70FE63" blockId="6.[151,1437,187,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
The specimens collected in
<collectingCountry id="24A8761C3A5E02368C99A0BBFD9BFF1B" box="[507,622,187,213]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
have been preserved in ethanol, so they have completely lost their colors (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5E02368DFDA0DFFE7FFF37" box="[159,394,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1224,1248]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,453,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-137@6.[151,1436,453,1201]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Venezuela).A. external appearance of preserved individual; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. detail of pharynx and anterior region; E. specimen with nine gonads on the right side; F. digitiform testicular follicles around the ovary. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620926/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C</figureCitation>
). They are slightly smaller than the Brazilian specimens and accordingly, two small individuals have 12 and 24 oral tentacles, but most have 40–50 (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5E02368E6CA103FC9CFED3" box="[782,873,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1224,1248]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,453,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-137@6.[151,1436,453,1201]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Venezuela).A. external appearance of preserved individual; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. detail of pharynx and anterior region; E. specimen with nine gonads on the right side; F. digitiform testicular follicles around the ovary. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620926/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). The pharynx has fewer stigmata per mesh (5–8), and one large individual had the following vessel formula: E4(13)6(20)6(18)6(23)6DL4(22)6(18)7(15)7(15)6. The number of folds in the stomach wall (23–24) and gonads is like Brazilian specimens (
<quantity id="9B479B693A5E0236892DA14BFB62FEAB" box="[1103,1175,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" unit="in" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 in</quantity>
the left side and
<quantity id="9B479B693A5E02368834A14BFA69FEAB" box="[1366,1436,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.905" metricValueMax="2.286" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" unit="in" value="7.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="6.0">6–9 in</quantity>
the right side,
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5E02368C56A16FFE7DFE47" box="[308,392,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1224,1248]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,453,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-137@6.[151,1436,453,1201]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Venezuela).A. external appearance of preserved individual; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. detail of pharynx and anterior region; E. specimen with nine gonads on the right side; F. digitiform testicular follicles around the ovary. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620926/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
), but all individuals had at least one bifurcated ovary. Shape and arrangement of testis follicles is the same (
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5E02368C41A193FE8CFE63" box="[291,377,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1224,1248]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,453,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-137@6.[151,1436,453,1201]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Styela multicarpa sp. nov. (from Venezuela).A. external appearance of preserved individual; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. detail of pharynx and anterior region; E. specimen with nine gonads on the right side; F. digitiform testicular follicles around the ovary. Scales bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620926/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="08C066043A5E02368DF5A4C8FD75FAE6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620926" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4620926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620926/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" startId="6.[151,250,1224,1248]" targetBox="[151,1436,453,1200]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5E02368DF5A4C8FD75FAE6" blockId="6.[151,1437,1224,1321]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368DF5A4C8FEE7FB2E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1224,1248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="9BBF4D0F3A5E02368C7AA4C8FE3EFB2E" authority="Barros &amp; Rocha, 2021" authorityName="Barros &amp; Rocha" authorityYear="2021" box="[280,459,1224,1248]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multicarpa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368C7AA4C8FE3EFB2E" box="[280,459,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Styela multicarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368CB3A4C8FDD4FB2E" bold="true" box="[465,545,1224,1248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75F857E53A5E02368CB3A4C8FDD4FB2E" box="[465,545,1224,1248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(from Venezuela). A. external appearance of preserved individual; B. right side body; C. left side body; D. detail of pharynx and anterior region; E. specimen with nine gonads on the right side; F. digitiform testicular follicles around the ovary. Scales bars = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5C00368C3A5E02368DA5A556FB34FA77" blockId="6.[151,1436,1366,1465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
The phylogenetic reconstruction of available COI sequences of
<taxonomicName id="9BBF4D0F3A5E02368EEEA556FC25FABE" box="[908,976,1366,1392]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368EEEA556FC25FABE" box="[908,976,1366,1392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Styela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C4842A093A5E02368EBDA556FBD4FABF" box="[991,1057,1366,1393]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1063,1087]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[151,1436,181,1039]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. BI tree inferred from 514-pb COI sequences of Styela available in data banks. Sequences of S. multicarpa sp. nov. and S. panamensis sp. nov. were obtained from Barros &amp; Rocha (in press). The support values (posterior probabilities&gt; 0.95 / bootstrap&gt; 70%) are shown in the branches." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4620928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4620928/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) was unable to clearly resolve the relationships among the species included in the analyses. However, the phylogenetic tree shows that
<taxonomicName id="9BBF4D0F3A5E02368867A57BFA69FA5A" authority="Barros &amp; Rocha, 2021" authorityName="Barros &amp; Rocha" authorityYear="2021" box="[1285,1436,1402,1429]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multicarpa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368867A57BFA69FA5A" box="[1285,1436,1402,1429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">S. multicarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368DF5A59EFF04FA76" bold="true" box="[151,241,1438,1464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75F857E53A5E02368DF5A59EFF04FA76" box="[151,241,1438,1464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="9BBF4D0F3A5E02368C45A59FFE32FA76" authority="Barros &amp; Rocha, 2021" authorityName="Barros &amp; Rocha" authorityYear="2021" box="[295,455,1439,1465]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368C45A59FFE32FA76" box="[295,455,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">S. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368CACA59EFDDDFA76" bold="true" box="[462,552,1438,1464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75F857E53A5E02368CACA59EFDDDFA76" box="[462,552,1438,1464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
are closely related with
<taxonomicName id="9BBF4D0F3A5E02368E58A59FFC51FA76" authorityName="FJ" baseAuthorityName="Lesueur" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[826,932,1438,1465]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plicata">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368E58A59FFC51FA76" box="[826,932,1438,1465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">S. plicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9BBF4D0F3A5E02368ED0A59FFBDEFA76" authorityName="KF" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[946,1067,1439,1465]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canopus">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368ED0A59FFBDEFA76" box="[946,1067,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">S. canopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9BBF4D0F3A5E02368900A59FFB4EFA76" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1881" box="[1122,1211,1438,1465]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clava">
<emphasis id="6ECBEA9E3A5E02368900A59FFB4EFA76" box="[1122,1211,1438,1465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">S. clava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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