treatments-xml/data/03/CA/95/03CA9569FFB6FF9665ECFF1B17F09276.xml

<document id="44AF72E61CBD69741336164A472CFA05" ID-CLB-Dataset="24039" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4732.3.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ea9ffdde-e6b1-4e98-a8aa-93c6a67591fe" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3667262" ID-ZooBank="76254E06-3555-4C8D-9B25-1DF8BD9C55ED" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1581671327497" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Taher, Md Abu, Kabir, Ahmed Salahuddin, Shazib, Shahed Uddin Ahmed, Kim, Min Seok &amp; Shin, Mann Kyoon" docDate="2020" docId="03CA9569FFB6FF9665ECFF1B17F09276" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4732.3.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4732 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Stentor muelleri Ehrenberg 1831" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="440" masterDocId="FFF3ED11FFB2FF90657BFF8212609332" masterDocTitle="Morphological Redescriptions and Molecular Phylogeny of Three Stentor Species (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea: Stentoridae) from Korea" masterLastPageNumber="452" masterPageNumber="435" pageNumber="439" updateTime="1720384016290" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="7574BCD8A272A680B1C59F7EFD88E1DB">Morphological Redescriptions and Molecular Phylogeny of Three Stentor Species (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea: Stentoridae) from Korea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3581BEC48C8323D5924D373D75678B67">Taher, Md Abu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3F800F6879C30FBA22BA9EED587F0117">Kabir, Ahmed Salahuddin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="57FE285BD9B6533E69AF6EC5ECA640D6">Shazib, Shahed Uddin Ahmed</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0E08AF18859489B51A2C9C5070F3DCC7">Kim, Min Seok</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CC3B9B064EB675DF54FB98C0383710EA">Shin, Mann Kyoon</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03CA9569FFB6FF9665ECFF1B17F09276" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3671748" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162142688" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3671748" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA9569FFB6FF9665ECFF1B17F09276" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA9569FFB6FF9665ECFF1B17F09276" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="440" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">
<subSubSection id="C37977F4FFB6FF9465ECFF1B10539381" box="[151,563,153,180]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDC247FFFB6FF9465ECFF1B10539381" blockId="4.[151,563,153,216]" box="[151,563,153,180]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">
<heading id="D0949313FFB6FF9465ECFF1B10539381" bold="true" box="[151,563,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C635FFCFFB6FF9465ECFF1B10539381" ID-CoL="526HZ" authority="Ehrenberg, 1831" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1831" box="[151,563,153,180]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Stentoridae" genus="Stentor" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="muelleri">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF9465ECFF1B10539381" bold="true" box="[151,563,153,180]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF9465ECFF1B133C9386" bold="true" box="[151,348,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">Stentor muelleri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2598EFFB6FF946418FF1810539381" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[355,563,153,180]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" pagination="154" refId="ref9283" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1831) Uber die Entwickelung und Lebensdauer der Infusionsthiere; nebst ferneren Beitragen zu einer Vergleichung ihrer organischen Systeme. Physikalische Abhandlungen der Ko ¨ niglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1831, l- 154." type="journal article" year="1831">Ehrenberg, 1831</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37977F4FFB6FF9465ECFF3F13FA93E5" box="[151,410,189,216]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDC247FFFB6FF9465ECFF3F13FA93E5" blockId="4.[151,563,153,216]" box="[151,410,189,216]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">
(
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB6FF9465E4FF3F136B93EA" box="[159,267,189,216]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,1264,1289]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1433,496,1819]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,387,1244]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[151,1436,482,1819]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1244]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Line diagrams of S. muelleri from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; Arrowhead in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri after protargol impregnation (A–D). A, B. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; C. Showing paroral membrane; D. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; Arrowheads in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PK, peristomial kineties; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=50 μm, B=10 μm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667268" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667272" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3667268/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3667272/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C6E111C4FFB6FF94646DFF3F131493E5" box="[278,372,189,215]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[151,239,154,178]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric date for Korean samples of Stentor coeruleus, S. muelleri, and S. tartari." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1C74F7FFB9FF9B65ECFF1816D79383" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" tableUuid="DF1C74F7FFB9FF9B65ECFF1816D79383">Tables 1</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C6E111C4FFB6FF9464F9FF3F13F193E5" box="[386,401,189,215]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="12.[144,232,500,526]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparisons of Stentor congeners." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1C74F7FFBEFF9C65EBFE7610E2913C" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" tableUuid="DF1C74F7FFBEFF9C65EBFE7610E2913C">2</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37977F4FFB6FF9565ECFE8410AE93E5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="440" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDC247FFFB6FF9465ECFE84105D92E6" blockId="4.[151,1436,261,468]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF9465ECFE8413E99212" bold="true" box="[151,393,261,288]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">Improved diagnosis.</emphasis>
Body size 205–570 × 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB6FF9467FBFE8711609212" box="[640,768,261,288]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="120.0" valueMax="180.0" valueMin="60.0">60–180 µm</quantity>
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF94667DFE841131922D" box="[774,849,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">in vivo</emphasis>
(on average 365 × 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB6FF94615FFE87161D9212" box="[1060,1149,261,288]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 µm</quantity>
), 500–1200 × 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB6FF946067FE8717FC9212" box="[1308,1436,261,288]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="105.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="60.0">60–150 µm</quantity>
when extended, about 70–190 × 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB6FF94677CFEAB10E99276" box="[519,649,297,324]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="87.5" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="35.0">35–140 µm</quantity>
after protargol impregnation. Body slender trumpet-shaped to conical when extended, colorless cortical granules scattered throughout whole body, contractile vacuole with connecting canal located in anterior left margin adjacent to peristome, 9–15 peristomial kineties, 30–80 somatic ciliary rows, 5–14 moniliform spherical macronuclear nodules located at mid-body, 7–20 micronuclei located around macronuclear nodules. Mucilaginous lorica present.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1C74F7FFB6FF9465ECF8AC175194E5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667268" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3667268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667268/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" startId="4.[151,250,1838,1863]" targetBox="[157,1433,496,1819]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BDC247FFFB6FF9465ECF8AC175194E5" blockId="4.[151,1437,1838,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF9465ECF8AC13749475" bold="true" box="[151,276,1838,1863]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Line diagrams of 
<taxonomicName id="4C635FFCFFB6FF9464A9F8AD10209475" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1831" box="[466,576,1839,1863]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Stentoridae" genus="Stentor" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="439" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="muelleri">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF9464A9F8AD13BF9474" box="[466,479,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF946497F8AD10209475" box="[492,576,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">muelleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF9461EFF8AC16CC9475" bold="true" box="[1172,1196,1838,1863]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">A.</emphasis>
A representative specimen; 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF9465ABF8D112889459" bold="true" box="[208,232,1875,1899]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">B.</emphasis>
Showing cortical granulation; 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF946759F8D0105B9459" bold="true" box="[546,571,1874,1899]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">C.</emphasis>
Somatic cilia; 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB6FF9467AFF8D1116A9459" bold="true" box="[724,778,1875,1899]" pageId="4" pageNumber="439">D, E.</emphasis>
Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; Arrowhead in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDC247FFFB7FF9565BCFF1A10AE93E5" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF9565BCFF1A13A19381" bold="true" box="[199,449,152,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Locality and habitat.</emphasis>
Freshwater pond, Gonggeomji in Yangjeong-ri, Gonggeom-myeon, Sangju-si, Gyeongsanbuk-do, 
<collectingCountry id="F37464EFFFB7FF956461FF3F133E93E5" box="[282,350,189,215]" name="South Korea" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE5742B8FFB7FF956416FF3E106C93E5" box="[365,524,188,215]" degrees="36" direction="north" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" precision="1" seconds="45.0" value="36.5125">36°30′45.0′′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5742B8FFB7FF95676CFF3E10A293E5" box="[535,706,188,215]" degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="09" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" precision="1" seconds="42.5" value="128.1618">128°09′42.5′′E</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37977F4FFB7FF9565BCFF6316709271" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDC247FFFB7FF9565BCFF6316709271" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF9565BCFF6313FD93C9" bold="true" box="[199,413,224,251]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Voucher material.</emphasis>
A slide with protargol-stained specimens was deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources (
<collectionCode id="ED72BCBAFFB7FF95643EFE8713ED922D" box="[325,397,261,287]" country="South Korea" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4iq-k5jx" name="National Institute of Biological Resources" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">NIBR</collectionCode>
), 
<collectingRegion id="49A7EA9DFFB7FF9564D8FE871060922D" box="[419,512,261,287]" country="South Korea" name="Incheon" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Incheon</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37464EFFFB7FF956775FE871035922D" box="[526,597,261,287]" name="South Korea" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Korea</collectingCountry>
, with registration number NIBRPR0000110185. The slide contains many specimens, but relevant specimens are marked by black ink circles on the slide.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF1C74F7FFB7FF9565ECFBE412A09649" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" startId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" targetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BDC247FFFB7FF9565ECFBE412A09649" blockId="5.[151,1437,1126,1403]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF9565ECFBE4136D974D" bold="true" box="[151,269,1126,1151]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. Photomicrographs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C635FFCFFB7FF956488FBE51000974C" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1831" box="[499,608,1126,1150]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Stentoridae" genus="Stentor" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="muelleri">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF956488FBE51060974C" box="[499,512,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF956777FBE41000974C" box="[524,608,1126,1150]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">muelleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from life (A–F). 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF956674FBE41148974D" bold="true" box="[783,808,1126,1151]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">A.</emphasis>
Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF9567EBFB0810C89790" bold="true" box="[656,680,1162,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">B.</emphasis>
Indicating buccal ciliature; 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF9566BFFB0811BD9791" bold="true" box="[964,989,1162,1187]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">C.</emphasis>
Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF956466FB2C133497F4" bold="true" box="[285,340,1198,1222]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">D, E.</emphasis>
Showing specimens in extended form; 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF95679FFB2C109797F4" bold="true" box="[740,759,1198,1222]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">F.</emphasis>
Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF9561F3FB2C16C297F5" bold="true" box="[1160,1186,1198,1223]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">G.</emphasis>
Indicating mitochondria (?); 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF9565BAFB5012BB97D8" bold="true" box="[193,219,1234,1258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">H.</emphasis>
Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37977F4FFB7FF9665BCFA2A17F09276" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="441" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDC247FFFB7FF9665BCFA2A17F09276" blockId="5.[151,1437,1448,2015]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,152,324]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="441" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF9565BCFA2A133996F1" bold="true" box="[199,345,1448,1475]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Description.</emphasis>
Cell size 205–570 × 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB7FF956733FA2A10A996F1" box="[584,713,1448,1475]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="120.0" valueMax="180.0" valueMin="60.0">60–180 µm</quantity>
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF9567ABFA2B117C96F0" box="[720,796,1449,1474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">in vivo</emphasis>
(on average 365 × 135 μm 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF956129FA2B16FD96F0" box="[1106,1181,1449,1474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">in vivo</emphasis>
) (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF9561CDFA2B177096F1" box="[1206,1296,1449,1475]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
), when fully extended they are 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB7FF95641EFA4E106396D5" box="[357,515,1484,1511]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="850.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="500.0">500–1200 µm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB7FF9567DEFA4E114796D5" box="[677,807,1484,1511]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="105.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="60.0">60–150 µm</quantity>
in width in the peristomial area (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF9561E5FA4F169696D5" box="[1182,1270,1485,1511]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
) usually about 70–190 × 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB7FF956471FA7213EC9539" box="[266,396,1520,1547]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="87.5" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="35.0">35–140 µm</quantity>
in protargol impregnated specimens (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF95664DFA7311F19539" box="[822,913,1520,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1264,1289]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,387,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1244]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri after protargol impregnation (A–D). A, B. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; C. Showing paroral membrane; D. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; Arrowheads in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PK, peristomial kineties; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=50 μm, B=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667272/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
). Body slender trumpet-shaped when fully extended, and inverted pear-shaped in contracted specimens (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF956654F99711CB951D" box="[815,939,1557,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 4A, D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF9566CCF99611BD951D" box="[951,989,1556,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1264,1289]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,387,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1244]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri after protargol impregnation (A–D). A, B. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; C. Showing paroral membrane; D. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; Arrowheads in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PK, peristomial kineties; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=50 μm, B=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667272/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">5A</figureCitation>
). The specimens appear dark and colorless under lower magnification (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF95677EF9BB10E09561" box="[517,640,1593,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 4D, E</figureCitation>
). A small individual of 
<taxonomicName id="4C635FFCFFB7FF9566F7F9BB16669561" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1831" box="[908,1030,1593,1619]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Stentoridae" genus="Stentor" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="muelleri">
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF9566F7F9BB16669561" box="[908,1030,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">S. muelleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has some brown or yellowish color spots scattered throughout the body, most likely caused by crystals or foods (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF95617BF9DF163C9545" box="[1024,1116,1629,1655]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). Colorless cortical granules scattered between somatic kinety rows, round or oval-shaped 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB7FF956626F902118095A9" box="[861,992,1664,1691]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 µm</quantity>
in diameter (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF956107F90316B495A9" box="[1148,1236,1665,1691]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
). Cortex thin and translucent, which makes cytoplasmic organelles identifiable (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF956637F92711C6958D" box="[844,934,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). 30–82 longitudinal rows of somatic cilia on surface of body parallel to the antero-posterior axis (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF956793F94B110195D1" box="[744,865,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,496,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,482,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Line diagrams of S. muelleri from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; Arrowhead in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667268/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 3D, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF956615F94B11EC95D1" box="[878,908,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">4F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF9566E3F94A11DE95D1" box="[920,958,1736,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1264,1289]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,387,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1244]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri after protargol impregnation (A–D). A, B. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; C. Showing paroral membrane; D. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; Arrowheads in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PK, peristomial kineties; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=50 μm, B=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667272/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">5A</figureCitation>
). Somatic cilia arise from dikinetids, 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB7FF95601FF94B12DD9435" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="7.0">7–13 µm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF95647DF96F13E19435" box="[262,385,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,496,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,482,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Line diagrams of S. muelleri from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; Arrowhead in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667268/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
, arrowhead, 4F). Mitochondria (?)- 
<typeStatus id="54D89ADDFFB7FF956670F96F11209435" box="[779,832,1773,1799]" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">type</typeStatus>
organelles were also spread on the pellicle (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF95604EF96F17F09435" box="[1333,1424,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
). One contractile vacuole with a long collecting canal, located left of the peristome, 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB7FF95615EF893160D9419" box="[1061,1133,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 µm</quantity>
in diameter during diastole (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF9565DBF8B71297947D" box="[160,247,1845,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,496,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,482,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Line diagrams of S. muelleri from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; Arrowhead in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667268/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF956479F8B71348947D" box="[258,296,1845,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">4H</figureCitation>
). Peristomial area contains 9 to 15 peristomial kineties, size of peristomial cilia alike somatic cilia (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF956014F8B712DC9441" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,496,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,482,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Line diagrams of S. muelleri from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; Arrowhead in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667268/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF9565BCF8DB128A9441" box="[199,234,1881,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">4B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF95658EF8DA135A9441" box="[245,314,1880,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1264,1289]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,387,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1244]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri after protargol impregnation (A–D). A, B. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; C. Showing paroral membrane; D. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; Arrowheads in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PK, peristomial kineties; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=50 μm, B=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667272/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">5A, B</figureCitation>
). Buccal pouch absent. Adoral zone of membranelles composed of 120–225 membranelles (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF956044F8DB17F79441" box="[1343,1431,1881,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,496,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,482,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Line diagrams of S. muelleri from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; Arrowhead in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667268/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF9565ECF8FF12DA94A5" box="[151,186,1917,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">4B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF9565BDF8FE128A94A5" box="[198,234,1916,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1264,1289]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,387,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1244]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri after protargol impregnation (A–D). A, B. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; C. Showing paroral membrane; D. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; Arrowheads in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PK, peristomial kineties; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=50 μm, B=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667272/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">5B</figureCitation>
). The longest adoral membranelles are 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB7FF9567DFF8FF117794A5" box="[676,791,1917,1943]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">10–20 µm</quantity>
long. The paroral membrane is typical of the genus, consisted of a single and continuous row of thin cilia, 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB7FF9567B2F822115C9489" box="[713,828,1952,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="37.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="25.0">25–50 µm</quantity>
long surrounding peristome (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF9561FDF82316BF9489" box="[1158,1247,1953,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,496,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,482,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Line diagrams of S. muelleri from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; Arrowhead in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667268/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB7FF956191F82217509489" box="[1258,1328,1952,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1264,1289]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,387,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1244]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri after protargol impregnation (A–D). A, B. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; C. Showing paroral membrane; D. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; Arrowheads in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PK, peristomial kineties; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=50 μm, B=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667272/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">5A, C</figureCitation>
). Nuclear apparatus consists of a moniliform macronucleus with 5–14 spherical nodules almost 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB7FF956126F84616A294ED" box="[1117,1218,1988,2015]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="5.0">5–25 µm</quantity>
in diameter 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB7FF95602BF84717FD94EC" box="[1360,1437,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="440">in vivo</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB4FF9665DBFF1B13759381" box="[160,277,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,496,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,482,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Line diagrams of S. muelleri from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; Arrowhead in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667268/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="441">Fig. 3A, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB4FF96645BFF1B13259381" box="[288,325,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="441">4A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB4FF96642BFF1A13139381" box="[336,371,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1264,1289]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,387,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1244]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri after protargol impregnation (A–D). A, B. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; C. Showing paroral membrane; D. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; Arrowheads in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PK, peristomial kineties; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=50 μm, B=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667272/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="441">5B</figureCitation>
). Seven to 20 spherical micronuclei, 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB4FF966676FF1B11039381" box="[781,867,153,179]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 µm</quantity>
in diameter 
<emphasis id="B917F86DFFB4FF966696FF1816589381" box="[1005,1080,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="441">in vivo</emphasis>
located near macronuclear nodules (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB4FF9665AFFF3F134D93E5" box="[212,301,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="441">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB4FF966442FF3E133D93E5" box="[313,349,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1264,1289]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,387,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1244]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri after protargol impregnation (A–D). A, B. Ventral views of representative specimens, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus; C. Showing paroral membrane; D. Basal bodies of somatic cilia; Arrowheads in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PK, peristomial kineties; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=50 μm, B=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667272/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="441">5B</figureCitation>
). Cells usually live inside of mucilaginous lorica (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB4FF9666EDFF3F119193E5" box="[918,1009,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="441">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
, arrowhead) composed of sand grains and other sticky particles, with length 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB4FF966747FF6210AD93C9" box="[572,717,224,251]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="425.0" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="150.0">150–700 µm</quantity>
. Food vacuoles are 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB4FF9666DEFF62166993C9" box="[933,1033,224,251]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="4.0">4–35 µm</quantity>
in diameter; containing bacteria and diatoms as food (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB4FF966421FE8713D4922D" box="[346,436,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,496,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,482,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Line diagrams of S. muelleri from life (A–C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A. A representative specimen; B. Showing cortical granulation; C. Somatic cilia; D, E. Ventral and dorsal views of the voucher specimens, showing the somatic ciliature and the nuclear apparatus; Arrowhead in (D) point to basal bodies of somatic cilia; AM, adoral membranelles; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kinety; PM, paroral membrane; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: A=100 µm, C=10 µm, D, E=50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667268/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="441">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Lipid droplets, 
<quantity id="4C9B899AFFB4FF96670DFE8710BC922D" box="[630,732,261,287]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="2.0">2–10 µm</quantity>
in diameter, scattered throughout body. Cell has a holdfast organelle that assists with attachment to the substrate of benthic bottom or basement of lorica (
<figureCitation id="135838FAFFB4FF9661DFFEAB169D9271" box="[1188,1277,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1126,1151]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,381,1048]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of S. muelleri from life (A–F). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, showing macronuclear nodules and position of contractile vacuole; B. Indicating buccal ciliature; C. Section showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei; D, E. Showing specimens in extended form; F. Cortical granulation and somatic cilia; G. Indicating mitochondria (?); H. Anterior part of live specimen, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canal; Arrowhead in (A) indicating holdfast organelles; Arrowhead in (D) indicating lorica; Arrowheads in (G) point to mitochondria (?); Arrowheads in (H) indicating collecting canal; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; CG, cortical granules; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PK, peristomial kineties, SC, somatic cilia, SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: A=100 μm, D=200 μm, C=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3667270/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="441">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
, arrowhead).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>