treatments-xml/data/F3/41/D0/F341D060B682516393A60010D36EF304.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zitteliana.96.87253" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2747-8106-96-153" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AFA9059B36235BFF9BA3E9B7BE816DC1" ID-ZooBank="191199E07F3E4E09A3774ADFBF93A248" ModsDocID="2747-8106-96-153" checkinTime="1660292272395" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fuersich, Franz T., Alberti, Matthias, Pandey, Dhirendra K. &amp; Ayoub-Hannaa, Wagih S." docDate="2022" docId="F341D060B682516393A60010D36EF304" docLanguage="en" docName="Zitteliana 96: 153-178" docOrigin="Zitteliana 96" docPubDate="2022-08-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zitteliana.96.87253" docTitle="Pruvostiella Agrawal 1956" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="AFA9059B36235BFF9BA3E9B7BE816DC1" lastPageNumber="153" masterDocId="AFA9059B36235BFF9BA3E9B7BE816DC1" masterDocTitle="Jurassic bivalves from the Spiti area of the Himalayas, northern India" masterLastPageNumber="178" masterPageNumber="153" pageNumber="153" updateTime="1660292272395" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>Jurassic bivalves from the Spiti area of the Himalayas, northern India</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fuersich, Franz T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, FG Palaeoumwelt, Lowenichstrasse 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">franz.fuersich@fau.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Alberti, Matthias</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Research and Education on Biological Evolution and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Pandey, Dhirendra K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7721-9604</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Science, KSKV Kachchh University, Bhuj, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ayoub-Hannaa, Wagih S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Minufiya University, El-Minufiya, Shibin El Kom, Egypt</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F341D060B682516393A60010D36EF304" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F341D060B682516393A60010D36EF304" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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Genus 
<taxonomicName LSID="F341D060-B682-5163-93A6-0010D36EF304" authority="Agrawal, 1956 a" authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pruvostiella Agrawal, 1956a</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="153" type="emended diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Emended diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Equivalve, inequilateral shell, generally longer than high, thick-shelled. Inner shell margin crenulated; umbonal area depressed and ornamented with spaced, well-developed, commarginal ribs asymmetric in cross-section; remaining shell smooth except for growth lines. Hinge with serrated teeth. Right valve with 2-3 cardinals and 1 anterior and 1 posterior lateral. Left valve with 2-3 cardinals and 1 anterior and 1 posterior lateral. Distinct pedal retractor muscle scar developed below the hinge line and close to the anterior adductor muscle scar. Inner shell margin crenulated.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="153" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was erected by 
<bibRefCitation author="Agrawal, SK" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Paleontologiques" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 188" refId="B1" refString="Agrawal, SK, 1956a. Contribution a l'etude stratigraphique et paleontologique du Jurassique du Kutch (Inde). Annales du Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Paleontologiques 19: 1 - 188" title="Contribution a l'etude stratigraphique et paleontologique du Jurassique du Kutch (Inde)." volume="19" year="1956 a">Agrawal (1956a</bibRefCitation>
: 435) as a subgenus of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="P. Fischer" authorityYear="1887" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Neocrassina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neocrassina" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Neocrassina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for specimens from the Oxfordian Dhosa Oolite of Kachchh, western India. The main diagnostic feature of his new subgenus is the umbonal region, which is distinctly depressed, with small beaks and ornamented with spaced, well-developed commarginal ribs, which are asymmetric in cross-section with a steeper slope dorsally. The ribs fade after 10-15 mm to be replaced by irregular growth lines. 
<bibRefCitation author="Agrawal, SK" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Paleontologiques" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 188" refId="B1" refString="Agrawal, SK, 1956a. Contribution a l'etude stratigraphique et paleontologique du Jurassique du Kutch (Inde). Annales du Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Paleontologiques 19: 1 - 188" title="Contribution a l'etude stratigraphique et paleontologique du Jurassique du Kutch (Inde)." volume="19" year="1956 a">Agrawal (1956a)</bibRefCitation>
included a number of astartids in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Species included in the genus Pruvostiella (* previously included by Agrawal 1956 a)." pageId="0" pageNumber="153">3</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here elevated to generic rank.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="153" start="Table 3" startId="T3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Table 3.</emphasis>
Species included in the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(* previously included by 
<bibRefCitation author="Agrawal, SK" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Paleontologiques" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 188" refId="B1" refString="Agrawal, SK, 1956a. Contribution a l'etude stratigraphique et paleontologique du Jurassique du Kutch (Inde). Annales du Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Paleontologiques 19: 1 - 188" title="Contribution a l'etude stratigraphique et paleontologique du Jurassique du Kutch (Inde)." volume="19" year="1956 a">Agrawal 1956a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
Species included in the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">occurrence</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">age</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
* 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte unilateralis" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unilateralis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte unilateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
J. de C. Sowerby, 1840a: 327, pl. 21, fig. 14
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Kachchh</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Callovian-Oxfordian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
* 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte major" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
J. de C. Sowerby, 1840b: 718 pl. 61, fig. 1
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Kachchh</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Kimmeridgian-Tithonian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
* 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte hermanni" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hermanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte hermanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Oppel, 1863: 273, 297
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Himalayas</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Oxfordian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
* 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Holdhaus" authorityYear="1913" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte scytalis" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scytalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte scytalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Holdhaus, 1913: 444, pl. 100, figs 2-3
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Himalayas</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Oxfordian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
* 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1866" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte spitiensis" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spitiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte spitiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Stoliczka, 1866: 91, pl. 9, fig. 1.
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Himalayas</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Oxfordian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte hiemalis" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hiemalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte hiemalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Stoliczka: 91, pl. 9, figs 2-3.
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Himalayas</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Oxfordian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
* 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte muelleri" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="muelleri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte muelleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Daqué">Daque</normalizedToken>
, 1910: 31, pl. 4, fig. 5
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">East Africa</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">?Callovian-?Kimmeridgian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
* 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Basse" authorityYear="1930" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte stefanini" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stefanini">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte stefanini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Basse, 1930: 110, pl. 5, fig. 9
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Ethiopia</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Kimmeridgian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dietrich" authorityYear="1933" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte krenkeli" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="krenkeli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte krenkeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dietrich, 1933: 40, pl. 4, figs 62, 64, 66
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">East Africa</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Tithonian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
* 
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Sowerby" authorityYear="1816" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. A Nicolai, 1950-1951: 45, pl. 4, fig. 11
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Madagascar</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Late Oxfordian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Sowerby" authorityYear="1816" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. B Nicolai, 1950-1951: 45, pl. 5, fig. 1
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Madagascar</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Late Oxfordian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
* 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte freneixae" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="freneixae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte freneixae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Agrawal, 1956a: 436, pl. 21, figs 5-6
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Kachchh</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Oxfordian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Seebachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seebachia (Eoseebachia) elongata" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elongata" subGenus="Eoseebachia">Seebachia (Eoseebachia) elongata</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fürsich">Fuersich</normalizedToken>
, Heinze &amp; Jaitly, 2000: 96, pl. 6, fig. 25, pl. 8, figs 2-7, pl. 9, fig. 2, pl. 10, fig. 1, text-figs 16-18
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Kachchh</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Kimmeridgian-Tithonian</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Holdhaus" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Seebachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seebachia (Eoseebachia) sowerbyana" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sowerbyana" subGenus="Eoseebachia">Seebachia (Eoseebachia) sowerbyana</taxonomicName>
(J. de C. Sowerby, 1840) - 
<bibRefCitation author="Fuersich, FT" journalOrPublisher="Beringeria" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="63 - 146" refId="B30" refString="Fuersich, FT, Heinze, M, Jaitly, AK, 2000. Contributions to the Jurassic of Kachchh, western India. VIII. The bivalve fauna. Part IV. Subclass Heterodonta. Beringeria 27: 63 - 146" title="Contributions to the Jurassic of Kachchh, western India. VIII. The bivalve fauna. Part IV. Subclass Heterodonta." volume="27" year="2000">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fürsich">Fuersich</normalizedToken>
et al. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
: 92, pl. 6, fig. 24, pl. 7, figs 1-5, pl. 8, fig. 1, pl. 10, fig. 5, text-figs14-16
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Kachchh</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rowspan="1">Kimmeridgian-Tithonian</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<bibRefCitation author="Fuersich, FT" journalOrPublisher="Beringeria" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="63 - 146" refId="B30" refString="Fuersich, FT, Heinze, M, Jaitly, AK, 2000. Contributions to the Jurassic of Kachchh, western India. VIII. The bivalve fauna. Part IV. Subclass Heterodonta. Beringeria 27: 63 - 146" title="Contributions to the Jurassic of Kachchh, western India. VIII. The bivalve fauna. Part IV. Subclass Heterodonta." volume="27" year="2000">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fürsich">Fuersich</normalizedToken>
et al. (2000
</bibRefCitation>
: 92; 2019, p. 174) created 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Eoseebachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eoseebachia" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Eoseebachia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subgenus of 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Seebachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seebachia" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Seebachia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Holub &amp; Neumayr, 1881 and accommodated 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte major" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
J. de C. Sowerby, 1840 and their new species 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Seebachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seebachia elongata" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Seebachia elongata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this subgenus. Although these species are related to 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Seebachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seebachia" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Seebachia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, they are clearly more closely related to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the former genus is strongly elongated, wedge-shaped and has a distinct posterior umbonal ridge. 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Eoseebachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eoseebachia" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Eoseebachia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is, therefore, moved from 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Seebachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seebachia" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Seebachia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
Gardner and Campbell (2002, p. 328) regarded 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="P. Fischer" authorityYear="1887" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Neocrassina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neocrassina" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Neocrassina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fischer, 1886, a view not followed here. The depressed, flattened umbo, the corresponding distinct break in the growth spiral of the shell, and the distinctly serrated cardinal teeth are consistent features of many large astartids from the Ethiopian faunal province (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Species included in the genus Pruvostiella (* previously included by Agrawal 1956 a)." pageId="0" pageNumber="153">3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
<taxonomicName authority="(Pruvostiella)" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella (Pruvostiella)" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pruvostiella">Pruvostiella (Pruvostiella)</taxonomicName>
appears to be restricted to the Callovian-Oxfordian time interval of the Ethiopian Faunal Province (Madagascar, East Africa, India) and possibly occurs also in the Kimmeridgian of New Zealand (Trechman 1923; 
<bibRefCitation author="Marwick, J" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 141" refId="B58" refString="Marwick, J, 1953. Divisions and faunas of theHokonui system (Triassic and Jurassic). New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 21: 1 - 141" title="Divisions and faunas of theHokonui system (Triassic and Jurassic)." volume="21" year="1953">Marwick 1953</bibRefCitation>
), whereas 
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella (Eoseebachia)" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eoseebachia">Pruvostiella (Eoseebachia)</taxonomicName>
occurs from the Late Oxfordian to the Late Tithonian (and probably earliest Cretaceous) in the same area (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation author="Dietrich, WO" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der kayserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" refId="B27" refString="Dietrich, WO, 1933. Zur Stratigraphie und Palaeontologie der Tendaguru-Schichten. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7, Reihe 2: 1-86." title="Zur Stratigraphie und Palaeontologie der Tendaguru-Schichten. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7, Reihe 2: 1 - 86." year="1933">Dietrich 1933</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/p.310409" author="Cox, LR" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 213" refId="B18" refString="Cox, LR, 1965. Jurassic Bivalvia and Gastropoda from Tanganjika and Kenya. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, Supplement 1: 1 - 213, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.310409" title="Jurassic Bivalvia and Gastropoda from Tanganjika and Kenya." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/p.310409" volume="1" year="1965">Cox 1965</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Eoseebachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eoseebachia" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Eoseebachia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.s. by being up to three times larger, generally more elongated and by having a lunule with a lower length-width ratio.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
J. de C. Sowerby (J. de C. Sowerby, 1840, pl. 61, fig. 1) erected 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte major" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the large astartids from the Upper Jurassic of Kachchh. 
<bibRefCitation author="Blanford, HP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="124 - 138" refId="B8" refString="Blanford, HP, 1864. On Dr. Gerard's collection of fossils from the Spiti Valley, in the Asiatic Society's Museum. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 32: 124 - 138" title="On Dr. Gerard's collection of fossils from the Spiti Valley, in the Asiatic Society's Museum." volume="32" year="1864">Blanford (1864)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Stoliczka, F" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 154" refId="B85" refString="Stoliczka, F, 1866. Geological sections across the Himalayan Mountains from Wangtu Bridge on the River Sutlej to Sungdo on the Indus, with an account of the formations in Spiti, accompanied by a revision of all known fossils from that district. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 5: 1 - 154" title="Geological sections across the Himalayan Mountains from Wangtu Bridge on the River Sutlej to Sungdo on the Indus, with an account of the formations in Spiti, accompanied by a revision of all known fossils from that district." volume="5" year="1866">Stoliczka (1866)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation author="Holdhaus, K" journalOrPublisher="Alcheringia" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" refId="B42" refString="Holdhaus, K, 1913. Fauna of the Spiti Shales (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica Series 15, 5, Part 2, Fasc. No.4: 397-456." title="Fauna of the Spiti Shales (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica Series 15, 5, Part 2, Fasc. No. 4: 397 - 456." year="1913">Holdhaus (1913)</bibRefCitation>
regarded moderately-sized astartids from the Himalayas also as 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte major" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
J. de C. Sowerby, 1840. Whereas 
<bibRefCitation author="Blanford, HP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="124 - 138" refId="B8" refString="Blanford, HP, 1864. On Dr. Gerard's collection of fossils from the Spiti Valley, in the Asiatic Society's Museum. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 32: 124 - 138" title="On Dr. Gerard's collection of fossils from the Spiti Valley, in the Asiatic Society's Museum." volume="32" year="1864">Blanford (1864</bibRefCitation>
, p. 135, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…”">...&quot;</normalizedToken>
undoubtedly identical&quot;) was quite confident, Holdhaus only tentatively regarded the large astartids from Spiti to belong to 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sowerby’s">Sowerby's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte major" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Kachchh. 
<bibRefCitation author="Holdhaus, K" journalOrPublisher="Alcheringia" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" refId="B42" refString="Holdhaus, K, 1913. Fauna of the Spiti Shales (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica Series 15, 5, Part 2, Fasc. No.4: 397-456." title="Fauna of the Spiti Shales (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica Series 15, 5, Part 2, Fasc. No. 4: 397 - 456." year="1913">Holdhaus (1913)</bibRefCitation>
erroneously regarded that 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sowerby’s">Sowerby's</normalizedToken>
name was preoccupied by 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zieten" authorityYear="1833" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte elegans subsp. major" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="elegans" subSpecies="major">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte elegans major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Zieten (1833: 82, pl. 62, fig. 1). Therefore, 
<bibRefCitation author="Holdhaus, K" journalOrPublisher="Alcheringia" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" refId="B42" refString="Holdhaus, K, 1913. Fauna of the Spiti Shales (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica Series 15, 5, Part 2, Fasc. No.4: 397-456." title="Fauna of the Spiti Shales (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica Series 15, 5, Part 2, Fasc. No. 4: 397 - 456." year="1913">Holdhaus (1913</bibRefCitation>
, p. 443) erected the replacement name 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Holdhaus" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Astarte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astarte sowerbyana" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sowerbyana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Astarte sowerbyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the forms from the Himalayas and Kachchh. It is clear that the Kachchh species differs from the Spiti material. The specimens from the Spiti Shale are placed herein in 
<taxonomicName family="Astartidae" genus="P." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. (Pruvostiella) hermanni" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="hermanni" subGenus="Pruvostiella">P. (Pruvostiella) hermanni</taxonomicName>
(Oppel, 1863). The large astartid from Kachchh represents 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sowerby’s">Sowerby's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName genus="A." lsidName="A. major" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">A. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the species is assigned to 
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella (Eoseebachia)" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eoseebachia">Pruvostiella (Eoseebachia)</taxonomicName>
, because it is much closer to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Seebachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seebachia" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Seebachia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above). Thus, in the Kachchh Basin four species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agrawal" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Astartidae" genus="Pruvostiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pruvostiella" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Pruvostiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur: 
<taxonomicName family="Astartidae" genus="P." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. (Eoseebachia) major" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="major" subGenus="Eoseebachia">P. (Eoseebachia) major</taxonomicName>
(J. de C. Sowerby, 1840), 
<taxonomicName family="Astartidae" genus="P." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. (Eoseebachia) elongata" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="elongata" subGenus="Eoseebachia">P. (Eoseebachia) elongata</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fürsich">Fuersich</normalizedToken>
, Heinze &amp; Jaitly, 2000, 
<taxonomicName family="Astartidae" genus="P." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. (Pruvostiella) unilateralis" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="unilateralis" subGenus="Pruvostiella">P. (Pruvostiella) unilateralis</taxonomicName>
(J. de C. Sowerby, 1840), and 
<taxonomicName family="Astartidae" genus="P." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. (Pruvostiella) freneixae" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="freneixae" subGenus="Pruvostiella">P. (Pruvostiella) freneixae</taxonomicName>
Agrawal, 1956a. In the Himalayas, in contrast, the species group is represented by 
<taxonomicName family="Astartidae" genus="P." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. (Pruvostiella) hermanni" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="hermanni" subGenus="Pruvostiella">P. (Pruvostiella) hermanni</taxonomicName>
(Oppel, 1863).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>