treatments-xml/data/03/EB/85/03EB857DFFEBAD190592FE4942DB15DF.xml

<document id="ED6BA902AB20B8FC7E9ECF76B63C3926" ID-CLB-Dataset="39126" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="015bce14-fc37-4afb-b997-4b1e974770f9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="265725" ID-ZooBank="B802F2B1-944E-4B84-A856-8091E60D88FC" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1462434707773" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rafał Gosik, Peter Sprick, Jiří Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deruś &amp; Martin Hommes" docDate="2016" docId="03EB857DFFEBAD190592FE4942DB15DF" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4108.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4108 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Otiorhynchus (Metopiorrhynchus) singularis Linnaeus 1767" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFD2FD05FFF9AD0A0505FFB5463B1620" masterDocTitle="Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1698662309302" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="0F0E6D8EEE8FC8A236B81B6A76DA3A9E">Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="19E382C0190630B19DD2A75CED1A8595">Rafał Gosik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CDE2FC73D1ED46527EE26A37D5AE02F0">Peter Sprick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="827DB43E65D3E1A5D91B2CF1B041A59E">Jiří Skuhrovec</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="766D327826489DD046838EC03FC444DE">Magdalena Deruś</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E9D68E1DC91680B34EBDC11B6341CD14">Martin Hommes</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03EB857DFFEBAD190592FE4942DB15DF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6062730" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120624364" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6062730" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB857DFFEBAD190592FE4942DB15DF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB857DFFEBAD190592FE4942DB15DF" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<subSubSection id="C35867E0FFEBAD180592FE4945B41436" box="[151,911,508,534]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEBAD180592FE4945B41436" blockId="18.[151,911,508,534]" box="[151,911,508,534]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD180592FE4945B41436" ID-CoL="4B3WK" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[151,911,508,534]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="singularis" subGenus="Metopiorrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180592FE4945B41436" bold="true" box="[151,911,508,534]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180592FE4947061436" bold="true" box="[151,317,508,534]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Otiorhynchus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD18044BFE4944151436" bold="true" box="[334,558,508,534]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Metopiorrhynchus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180745FE4944831436" bold="true" box="[576,696,508,534]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">singularis</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1767)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEBAD1805C2FDF5436514DF" blockId="18.[151,1437,576,1837]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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Material examined: 
<specimenCount id="9D44FFE2FFEBAD1804BBFDF544141479" box="[446,559,576,601]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="larva">18 larvae</specimenCount>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEBAD180745FDF5449E1478" box="[576,677,576,601]" captionStart="FIGURES 203 – 210" captionStartId="60.[151,264,1894,1916]" captionTargetBox="[164,1415,204,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[157,1429,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURES 203 – 210. Mature larva, lateral view. 203 — O. indefinitus, 204 — O. raucus, 205 — O. ligustici, 206 — O. sulcatus, 207 — O. porcatus, 208 — O. singularis, 209 — O. armatus, 210 — O. armadillo. (Photos by R. Gosik)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265758/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 208</figureCitation>
). Hannover (
<collectingCountry id="F35574FBFFEBAD18063EFDF545921478" box="[827,937,576,600]" name="Germany" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Germany</collectingCountry>
), breeding in 2 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD180165FDF443071479" box="[1120,1340,576,601]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Bergenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saxifragales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordifolia">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180165FDF443071479" box="[1120,1340,576,601]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bergenia cordifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cultivar ‘Rotblum’ flowerpots, 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD1804A5FDD74424145A" box="[416,543,610,634]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2011-12-18">18.12.2011</date>
, 2 ex.; dto., 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD1807B2FDD74503145A" box="[695,824,610,634]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2012-02-23">23.02.2012</date>
, 1 ex.; Ellerhoop, greenhouse, breeding by Thorsten Ufer in 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD1805FEFD3747EA14BB" box="[251,465,642,667]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Thuja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1805FEFD3747EA14BB" box="[251,465,642,667]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Thuja occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flowerpots, 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD180769FD3644D714BB" box="[620,748,643,667]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2012-01-17">17.01.2012</date>
, 3 ex.; JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding in 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD180592FD104757149C" box="[151,364,676,700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Celastrales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fortunei">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180592FD104757149C" box="[151,364,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Euonymus fortunei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flowerpots, 0 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD18070DFD114442149C" box="[520,633,676,700]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2012-01-11">1.11.2012</date>
, 1 ex.; dto., 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD180600FD1145BE149C" box="[773,901,676,700]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2012-12-13">13.12.2012</date>
, 2 ex.; dto., 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD180114FD1142AA149C" box="[1041,1169,676,700]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2013-10-01">10.01.2013</date>
, 1 ex.; dto., breeding in 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD180592FD73470114FE" box="[151,314,709,734]" class="Pinopsida" family="Taxaceae" genus="Taxus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="baccata">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180592FD73470114FE" box="[151,314,709,734]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Taxus baccata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. flowerpots, 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD1804F5FD73444B14FE" box="[496,624,710,734]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2013-03-14">14.03.2013</date>
, 1 ex.; dto., 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD180602FD7045E214FE" box="[775,985,709,734]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Thuja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180602FD7045E214FE" box="[775,985,709,734]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Thuja occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cultivar ‘Smaragd’, 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD1801CEFD73437014FE" box="[1227,1355,710,734]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2013-04-18">18.04.2013</date>
, 1 ex.; Hannover-Herrenhausen, Berggarten, bed of 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD18078AFD53458414DF" authority="Willd." authorityName="Willd." box="[655,959,742,767]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Waldsteinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="geoides">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD18078AFD53455514DF" box="[655,878,742,767]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Waldsteinia geoides</emphasis>
Willd.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD1806CCFD53427114DF" box="[969,1098,742,767]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2015-06-25">25.06.2015</date>
, 5 ex.; 0 4.06.2015, 1 ex.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35867E0FFEBAD1805C2FCBD42F7110C" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEBAD1805C2FCBD455515A5" blockId="18.[151,1437,576,1837]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1805C2FCBD44F51501" bold="true" box="[199,718,776,801]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Remarks about breeding and development.</emphasis>
Only a relatively small number of larvae were obtained from 2 breeding attempts in 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD180489FC9F44001562" box="[396,571,809,834]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2011" valueMax="2012">2011 and 2012</date>
. The exact number of all observed larvae cannot be given here, as several larvae were kept to obtain pupae (but in vain) and several larvae later proved to be in fact 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD1801A5FCFF43A71543" box="[1184,1436,842,867]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1801A5FCFF43A71543" box="[1184,1436,842,867]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Otiorhynchus sulcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(due to a contamination of some of the plants used for breeding).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEBAD1805C2FC3B471D124E" blockId="18.[151,1437,576,1837]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
In 2011 
<specimenCount id="9D44FFE2FFEBAD180422FC3847B91586" box="[295,386,909,934]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="egg">45 eggs</specimenCount>
, deposited on 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD18072CFC3B44921586" box="[553,681,910,934]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2011-08-18">18.08.2011</date>
, were released in 2 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD180695FC3B42571586" box="[912,1132,909,934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Bergenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saxifragales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordifolia">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180695FC3B42571586" box="[912,1132,909,934]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bergenia cordifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘Rotblum’ flowerpots and kept in the Curculio-Institut in Hannover at room temperature; already in December (second half) 2 mature larvae were obtained. In 2012 breeding was started on 14.05. with 5 flowerpots (1 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD1806EDFC64428615C8" box="[1000,1213,976,1000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Celastrales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fortunei">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1806EDFC64428615C8" box="[1000,1213,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Euonymus fortunei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD1801E5FC6443BB15C9" box="[1248,1408,976,1001]" class="Pinopsida" family="Taxaceae" genus="Taxus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="baccata">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1801E5FC6443BB15C9" box="[1248,1408,976,1001]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Taxus baccata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD180592FC44477F122A" box="[151,324,1009,1034]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Thuja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occident">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180592FC44477F122A" box="[151,324,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Thuja occident</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
alis ‘Smaragd’) with 
<specimenCount id="9D44FFE2FFEBAD180743FC44449E122A" box="[582,677,1009,1034]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="adult">5 adults</specimenCount>
and around 
<specimenCount id="9D44FFE2FFEBAD180640FC444588122A" box="[837,947,1009,1034]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="egg">150 eggs</specimenCount>
. The first mature larva was received on 0 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD1805A0FBA6472D120B" box="[165,278,1043,1067]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2012-01-11">1.11.2012</date>
, the last on 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD1804B7FBA6440F120B" box="[434,564,1043,1067]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2013-04-18">18.04.2013</date>
. In 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD18076DFBA744CD120B" box="[616,758,1042,1067]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2013-03">March 2013</date>
the flowerpots were placed in a room outside to induce pupation, but air temperature fell and permanent frost killed the larvae. The pupa of this widespread species is still undescribed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEBAD1805C2FBC344A910C9" blockId="18.[151,1437,576,1837]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The life history of 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD1804ACFBC3449512AF" box="[425,686,1142,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="singularis">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1804ACFBC3449512AF" box="[425,686,1142,1167]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Otiorhychus singularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is best studied by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD3499AFFEBAD180697FBC3421012AF" author="Willis" box="[914,1067,1142,1167]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Willis, R. J. (1964) The bionomics and larval morphology of the otiorrhynchid pests of soft fruit crops. Thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, 250 pp. and appendix of 60 pp." type="book" year="1964">Willis (1964)</bibRefCitation>
and his data are only partly in accordance with data from other authors, who considered only definite parts of the life-cycle or reported about the situation in other regions (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD3499AFFEBAD180706FB0C449212F2" author="Andison" box="[515,681,1209,1234]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Andison, H. (1942) The occurrence of the clay-coloured weevil, (Brachyrhinus singularis (L )) in British Columbia (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 38, 8 - 10." type="journal article" year="1942">Andison 1942</bibRefCitation>
). There are several peculiarities in the life-cycle of this species. Adults start to emerge in April; also in May usually mainly teneral light brownish adults appear on the ground or in the woody vegetation. These specimens did not hatch just before from the pupa (as e.g. in 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD180195FB4843341335" box="[1168,1295,1276,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180195FB4843341335" box="[1168,1295,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<collectingCountry id="F35574FBFFEBAD180195FB48429C1334" box="[1168,1191,1277,1300]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">O</collectingCountry>
. sulcatus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). They have been overwintering in their pupal chambers (as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD1807CEFAAB45581316" box="[715,867,1309,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indefinitus">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1807CEFAAB45581316" box="[715,867,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<collectingCountry id="F35574FBFFEBAD1807CEFAAB44D91315" box="[715,738,1310,1333]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">O</collectingCountry>
. indefinitus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD1806B2FAAB421E1315" box="[951,1061,1310,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raucus">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1806B2FAAB421E1315" box="[951,1061,1310,1333]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<collectingCountry id="F35574FBFFEBAD1806B2FAAB45F51315" box="[951,974,1310,1333]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">O</collectingCountry>
. raucus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and their exoskeleton remained weak since the point in time when they hatched from the pupa. In 
<collectingCountry id="F35574FBFFEBAD180681FA8B427B1377" box="[900,1088,1342,1367]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Northern Ireland</collectingCountry>
pupation takes place from end of June to August (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD3499AFFEBAD18046CFAD547CA1359" author="Willis" box="[361,497,1376,1401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Willis, R. J. (1964) The bionomics and larval morphology of the otiorrhynchid pests of soft fruit crops. Thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, 250 pp. and appendix of 60 pp." type="book" year="1964">Willis 1964</bibRefCitation>
). Larvae and pupae were found at different depths in soil, but usually deeper than 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD180084FAD446C813BA" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180084FAD446C813BA" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<collectingCountry id="F35574FBFFEBAD180084FAD443A31358" box="[1409,1432,1377,1400]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">O</collectingCountry>
. sulcatus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mainly 
<quantity id="4CBA998EFFEBAD18045FFA3447D813BA" box="[346,483,1409,1434]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" metricValueMax="3.81" metricValueMin="2.286" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="12.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="9.0">9–15 inches</quantity>
(= 
<quantity id="4CBA998EFFEBAD18070BFA3744BA13BA" box="[526,641,1410,1434]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="30.5" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="23.0">23–38 cm</quantity>
) below soil level. In contrast to all other 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD180165FA3442C313BA" box="[1120,1272,1409,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180165FA3442C313BA" box="[1120,1272,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Otiorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species so far investigated, 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD18042BFA1647F9139B" box="[302,450,1442,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="singularis">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD18042BFA1647F9139B" box="[302,450,1442,1467]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<collectingCountry id="F35574FBFFEBAD18042BFA16477E139A" box="[302,325,1443,1466]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">O</collectingCountry>
. singularis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has two definite oviposition periods: from (approximately) mid-May to June and with lower significance from mid-September to mid-October (Sprick 2012, in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD3499AFFEBAD1806FCFA71433D13FC" author="Sprick" box="[1017,1286,1476,1501]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Sprick, P. &amp; Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany." type="book" year="2012">Sprick &amp; Stüben 2012</bibRefCitation>
). This partly corresponds with observations of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD3499AFFEBAD180713FA5044D613DE" author="Dieckmann" box="[534,749,1509,1534]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Dieckmann, L. (1980) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae (Brachycerinae, Otiorhynchinae, Brachyderinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 30, 145 - 310." type="journal article" year="1980">Dieckmann (1980)</bibRefCitation>
, who dissected numerous weevils and found eggs only once (
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD18059AF9BF473C1002" box="[159,263,1542,1570]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">19th June</date>
). Another striking difference to the life history of other 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEBAD18067FF9BC42291002" box="[890,1042,1545,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD18067FF9BC42291002" box="[890,1042,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Otiorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species is the long life span over 3 years. In the lab 
<specimenCount id="9D44FFE2FFEBAD180458F99E47D11064" box="[349,490,1579,1604]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
also survived during the whole period of the soil-dwelling weevils project of the Curculio Institute (
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD18046FF9F847D01045" box="[362,491,1613,1637]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2008-04-28">28.04.2008</date>
– 
<date id="FFFC12ABFFEBAD1804FFF9F844471045" box="[506,636,1613,1637]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2012-02-23">23.02.2012</date>
). Under harder outdoor conditions more than a second overwintering is not to be expected. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD3499AFFEBAD180470F9D8443010A6" author="Willis" box="[373,523,1645,1670]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Willis, R. J. (1964) The bionomics and larval morphology of the otiorrhynchid pests of soft fruit crops. Thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, 250 pp. and appendix of 60 pp." type="book" year="1964">Willis (1964)</bibRefCitation>
confirms that adults usually overwinter and contribute to egg-laying in a second summer. It seems that limited egg deposition periods and the long stay in the pupal chamber over 8 to 10 months is an adaptive synchronization to the simultaneous presence of more than one generation, although this species is parthenogenetic and there is no need to mate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEBAD1805C2F94142F7110C" blockId="18.[151,1437,576,1837]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
In spring this species showed a conspicuous amount of climbing activity during the day (Sprick 2012, in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD3499AFFEBAD180056F9464779110D" author="Sprick" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Sprick, P. &amp; Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany." type="book" year="2012">Sprick &amp; Stüben 2012</bibRefCitation>
) and could be recorded per beating tray from shrubs and trees up to over 
<quantity id="4CBA998EFFEBAD180172F8A142F3110C" box="[1143,1224,1812,1837]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="2.5">2.50 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35867E0FFEBAD190592F8E3429D15FB" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEBAD180592F8E347FC114F" blockId="18.[151,1436,1878,2037]" box="[151,455,1878,1903]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180592F8E3471A114F" bold="true" box="[151,289,1878,1903]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEBAD180434F8E34781114F" box="[305,442,1878,1903]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 34 – 39" captionStart-1="FIGURES 40 – 44" captionStartId-0="16.[151,264,1842,1864]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,264,1815,1837]" captionTargetBox-0="[276,1313,208,1811]" captionTargetBox-1="[270,1318,198,1786]" captionTargetId-0="figure@16.[261,1325,193,1820]" captionTargetId-1="figure@17.[255,1331,193,1794]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="FIGURES 34 – 39. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva. 34 — habitus, lateral view, 35 — lateral view of thoracic segments, 36 — lateral view of abdominal segment I, 37 — lateral view of abdominal segments VIII – IX, 38 — ventral view of abdominal segments VIII – X, 39 — dorsal view of abdominal segments VIII – X. Abbreviations: Ab. — abdominal segment, Th. — thoracic s., I – X—number of segments, prns — pronotal seta (e), prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., pda — pedal s., as — alar s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ps — pleural s., sps — spiracular s., sts — sternal s., ds — dorsal s., ts — terminal s." captionText-1="FIGURES 40 – 44. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva and mouthparts. 40 — dorsal view of head, 41 — labrum and clypeus, 42 — epipharynx, 43 — left mandible, 44 — maxillo-labial complex. Abbreviations: des — dorsoepicranial seta (e), fs — frontal s., les — lateroepicranial s., ves — ventroepicranial s., at—antenna, st—stemmata, cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s., ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — medial s., lr—labral rods, mds — mandible dorsal s., dms — dorsal malae s., vms — ventral malae s., mxps — maxillary palps s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipal s., mbs — mandible basiventral s., prms — prelabial s., pms — postlabial s., ligs — ligular s." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/265732/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/265733/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 34–44</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEBAD1805C2F8CD47971191" blockId="18.[151,1436,1878,2037]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1805C2F8CD477311B1" bold="true" box="[199,328,1912,1937]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Coloration</emphasis>
. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from dirty yellow to brownish; cuticle with cuticular processes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEBAD1905C2F80E47E817B9" blockId="18.[151,1436,1878,2037]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,1024]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1805C2F80E473D11F4" bold="true" box="[199,262,1979,2004]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Body</emphasis>
elongated (
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEBAD180488F80E47DF11F3" box="[397,484,1979,2004]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 39" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[276,1313,208,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[261,1325,193,1820]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 39. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva. 34 — habitus, lateral view, 35 — lateral view of thoracic segments, 36 — lateral view of abdominal segment I, 37 — lateral view of abdominal segments VIII – IX, 38 — ventral view of abdominal segments VIII – X, 39 — dorsal view of abdominal segments VIII – X. Abbreviations: Ab. — abdominal segment, Th. — thoracic s., I – X—number of segments, prns — pronotal seta (e), prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., pda — pedal s., as — alar s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ps — pleural s., sps — spiracular s., sts — sternal s., ds — dorsal s., ts — terminal s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265732/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1804FFF80E44BA11F4" bold="true" box="[506,641,1979,2004]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
. Setae different in length, relatively short, filiform, greyish. 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180039F80E43AE11F4" bold="true" box="[1340,1429,1979,2004]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Thorax</emphasis>
. Prothorax with 3 long and 6 medium long to short 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD1807DDF868453111D4" box="[728,778,2013,2036]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">prns</emphasis>
; and 2 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEBAD180665F868454411D4" box="[864,895,2013,2036]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">ps,</emphasis>
different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1905D7FF2C46CD1690" box="[210,246,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">prs</emphasis>
; 4 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19041BFF22477E1690" box="[286,325,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pds</emphasis>
(ordered: 2 medium long, 1 long and 1 medium long); 1 long and 1 minute 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1901BEFF2C42E81690" box="[1211,1235,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">as</emphasis>
; 1 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1901F9FF2C431A1690" box="[1276,1313,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">eps</emphasis>
; and 1 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190079FF2C43AE1690" box="[1404,1429,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ps</emphasis>
. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19006EFF0C43A716F2" box="[1387,1436,185,210]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pda,</emphasis>
different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190601FF69451216D3" box="[772,809,220,243]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">eus</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD19063FFF6F45B516D3" box="[826,910,218,243]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 39" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[276,1313,208,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[261,1325,193,1820]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 39. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva. 34 — habitus, lateral view, 35 — lateral view of thoracic segments, 36 — lateral view of abdominal segment I, 37 — lateral view of abdominal segments VIII – IX, 38 — ventral view of abdominal segments VIII – X, 39 — dorsal view of abdominal segments VIII – X. Abbreviations: Ab. — abdominal segment, Th. — thoracic s., I – X—number of segments, prns — pronotal seta (e), prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., pda — pedal s., as — alar s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ps — pleural s., sps — spiracular s., sts — sternal s., ds — dorsal s., ts — terminal s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265732/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1906A6FF6F422C16D3" bold="true" box="[931,1047,218,243]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Abdominal segments I–VIII with 1 short 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1905E9FF48472B1734" box="[236,272,253,276]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">prs</emphasis>
; 5 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190433FF4947661735" box="[310,349,252,277]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pds</emphasis>
(ordered: 2 very short, 1 long, 1 very short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1901CEFF4842D41734" box="[1227,1263,253,276]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">sps</emphasis>
[abd. seg. VIII with 1 minute 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19043FFEAB47651715" box="[314,350,286,309]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">sps</emphasis>
and only 4 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1904E6FEA844311716" box="[483,522,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pds</emphasis>
(1 long, 1 medium long, 1 long and 1 medium long)]; 1 long and 1 minute 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19005FFEAB43441715" box="[1370,1407,286,309]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">eps</emphasis>
; 2 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190592FE8A468D1776" box="[151,182,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ps,</emphasis>
different in length; 1 short 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1904F9FE8B441A1777" box="[508,545,318,343]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">lsts</emphasis>
; and 2 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190778FE8A44991776" box="[637,674,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">eus</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD1907B0FE8B45491777" box="[693,882,318,343]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 39" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[276,1313,208,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[261,1325,193,1820]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 39. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva. 34 — habitus, lateral view, 35 — lateral view of thoracic segments, 36 — lateral view of abdominal segment I, 37 — lateral view of abdominal segments VIII – IX, 38 — ventral view of abdominal segments VIII – X, 39 — dorsal view of abdominal segments VIII – X. Abbreviations: Ab. — abdominal segment, Th. — thoracic s., I – X—number of segments, prns — pronotal seta (e), prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., pda — pedal s., as — alar s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ps — pleural s., sps — spiracular s., sts — sternal s., ds — dorsal s., ts — terminal s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265732/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs. 36, 38, 39</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segment IX with 3 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1901F7FE8B43301777" box="[1266,1291,318,343]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ds</emphasis>
, different in length; 1 very long and 1 minute 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190722FED444041758" box="[551,575,353,376]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ps</emphasis>
; and 2 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19079AFED444FF1758" box="[671,708,353,376]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">sts,</emphasis>
equal in length (
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD190695FEEA42261758" box="[912,1053,351,376]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 39" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[276,1313,208,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[261,1325,193,1820]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 39. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva. 34 — habitus, lateral view, 35 — lateral view of thoracic segments, 36 — lateral view of abdominal segment I, 37 — lateral view of abdominal segments VIII – IX, 38 — ventral view of abdominal segments VIII – X, 39 — dorsal view of abdominal segments VIII – X. Abbreviations: Ab. — abdominal segment, Th. — thoracic s., I – X—number of segments, prns — pronotal seta (e), prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., pda — pedal s., as — alar s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ps — pleural s., sps — spiracular s., sts — sternal s., ds — dorsal s., ts — terminal s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265732/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs. 37–39</figureCitation>
). Each lateral lobe of abdominal segment X with 3 minute 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1904BCFE3747F717B9" box="[441,460,386,409]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ts</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEAAD1905C2FE17429D15FB" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,1024]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1905C2FE17473C179B" bold="true" box="[199,263,418,443]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Head</emphasis>
subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD1907E6FE17450D179B" box="[739,822,418,443]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 44" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1815,1837]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,198,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[255,1331,193,1794]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 44. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva and mouthparts. 40 — dorsal view of head, 41 — labrum and clypeus, 42 — epipharynx, 43 — left mandible, 44 — maxillo-labial complex. Abbreviations: des — dorsoepicranial seta (e), fs — frontal s., les — lateroepicranial s., ves — ventroepicranial s., at—antenna, st—stemmata, cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s., ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — medial s., lr—labral rods, mds — mandible dorsal s., dms — dorsal malae s., vms — ventral malae s., mxps — maxillary palps s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipal s., mbs — mandible basiventral s., prms — prelabial s., pms — postlabial s., ligs — ligular s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265733/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
). Head capsule with 4 relatively long 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1901DFFE1742C4179B" box="[1242,1279,418,443]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">des</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190009FE17430A179B" box="[1292,1329,418,443]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">des</emphasis>
1 and 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19006AFE1743AF179B" box="[1391,1428,418,443]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">des</emphasis>
2 placed on central part of epicranium, 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19073DFE73446617FF" box="[568,605,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">des</emphasis>
3 located on frontal suture, 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19068CFE73459517FF" box="[905,942,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">des</emphasis>
5 located anterolaterally; 2 relatively long 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190087FE7243AE17FF" box="[1410,1429,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">fs</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190592FE5E46911423" box="[151,170,491,515]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">fs</emphasis>
4 placed anteromedially, 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1904CCFE5E47E71423" box="[457,476,491,515]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">fs</emphasis>
5 located near to antenna (
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190611FE5E451C1423" box="[788,807,491,515]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">fs</emphasis>
4 slightly shorter than 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190128FE5E427B1423" box="[1069,1088,491,515]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">fs</emphasis>
5); 2 relatively long 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19002AFE5F43751423" box="[1327,1358,490,515]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">les</emphasis>
and 1 relatively long 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190442FDA547511407" box="[327,362,528,551]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ves</emphasis>
. Postepicranial area with a pair of sensilla, frons with a pair of sensilla. Stemmata not well visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3–4 filiform sensilla. 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1901C9FD8543171469" bold="true" box="[1228,1324,560,585]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Clypeus</emphasis>
2.1 times as wide as long with 1 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1904ABFDE447EF144A" box="[430,468,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">cls,</emphasis>
placed posterolaterally (
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD1907F1FDE44570144A" box="[756,843,593,618]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 44" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1815,1837]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,198,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[255,1331,193,1794]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 44. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva and mouthparts. 40 — dorsal view of head, 41 — labrum and clypeus, 42 — epipharynx, 43 — left mandible, 44 — maxillo-labial complex. Abbreviations: des — dorsoepicranial seta (e), fs — frontal s., les — lateroepicranial s., ves — ventroepicranial s., at—antenna, st—stemmata, cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s., ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — medial s., lr—labral rods, mds — mandible dorsal s., dms — dorsal malae s., vms — ventral malae s., mxps — maxillary palps s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipal s., mbs — mandible basiventral s., prms — prelabial s., pms — postlabial s., ligs — ligular s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265733/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190666FDE445FC144A" bold="true" box="[867,967,593,618]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Labrum</emphasis>
about 1.9 times as wide as long with 3 straight 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1905F1FDC6472014AC" box="[244,283,627,652]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">lms</emphasis>
of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19068AFDC6458D14AC" box="[911,950,627,652]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">lms</emphasis>
3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190070FDC643A714AC" box="[1397,1436,627,652]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">lms</emphasis>
exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum rounded (
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD1906FAFD224268148F" box="[1023,1107,663,688]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 44" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1815,1837]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,198,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[255,1331,193,1794]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 44. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva and mouthparts. 40 — dorsal view of head, 41 — labrum and clypeus, 42 — epipharynx, 43 — left mandible, 44 — maxillo-labial complex. Abbreviations: des — dorsoepicranial seta (e), fs — frontal s., les — lateroepicranial s., ves — ventroepicranial s., at—antenna, st—stemmata, cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s., ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — medial s., lr—labral rods, mds — mandible dorsal s., dms — dorsal malae s., vms — ventral malae s., mxps — maxillary palps s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipal s., mbs — mandible basiventral s., prms — prelabial s., pms — postlabial s., ligs — ligular s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265733/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19016CFD2242C21490" bold="true" box="[1129,1273,663,688]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Epipharynx</emphasis>
with 3 fingerlike 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1905CDFD0D46CB14F1" box="[200,240,696,721]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">als,</emphasis>
different in length, 3 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1904E3FD0C442114F0" box="[486,538,697,720]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ams,</emphasis>
different in length, and 2 very short 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1906BCFD0C45DE14F0" box="[953,997,697,720]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">mes</emphasis>
; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD190427FD6C474D14D2" box="[290,374,729,754]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 44" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1815,1837]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,198,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[255,1331,193,1794]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 44. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva and mouthparts. 40 — dorsal view of head, 41 — labrum and clypeus, 42 — epipharynx, 43 — left mandible, 44 — maxillo-labial complex. Abbreviations: des — dorsoepicranial seta (e), fs — frontal s., les — lateroepicranial s., ves — ventroepicranial s., at—antenna, st—stemmata, cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s., ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — medial s., lr—labral rods, mds — mandible dorsal s., dms — dorsal malae s., vms — ventral malae s., mxps — maxillary palps s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipal s., mbs — mandible basiventral s., prms — prelabial s., pms — postlabial s., ligs — ligular s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265733/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19048FFD6C47C614D2" bold="true" box="[394,509,729,754]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mandible</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD190709FD6C446614D2" box="[524,605,729,754]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 44" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1815,1837]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,198,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[255,1331,193,1794]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 44. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva and mouthparts. 40 — dorsal view of head, 41 — labrum and clypeus, 42 — epipharynx, 43 — left mandible, 44 — maxillo-labial complex. Abbreviations: des — dorsoepicranial seta (e), fs — frontal s., les — lateroepicranial s., ves — ventroepicranial s., at—antenna, st—stemmata, cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s., ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — medial s., lr—labral rods, mds — mandible dorsal s., dms — dorsal malae s., vms — ventral malae s., mxps — maxillary palps s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipal s., mbs — mandible basiventral s., prms — prelabial s., pms — postlabial s., ligs — ligular s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265733/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19018AFD6C42FF14D2" box="[1167,1220,729,754]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">mds,</emphasis>
different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190758FD4E44821534" bold="true" box="[605,697,763,788]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Maxilla</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD1907CAFD4E451C1533" box="[719,807,763,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 44" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1815,1837]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,198,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[255,1331,193,1794]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 44. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva and mouthparts. 40 — dorsal view of head, 41 — labrum and clypeus, 42 — epipharynx, 43 — left mandible, 44 — maxillo-labial complex. Abbreviations: des — dorsoepicranial seta (e), fs — frontal s., les — lateroepicranial s., ves — ventroepicranial s., at—antenna, st—stemmata, cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s., ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — medial s., lr—labral rods, mds — mandible dorsal s., dms — dorsal malae s., vms — ventral malae s., mxps — maxillary palps s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipal s., mbs — mandible basiventral s., prms — prelabial s., pms — postlabial s., ligs — ligular s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265733/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
) with 1 very long 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190110FD49427A1533" box="[1045,1089,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">stps</emphasis>
and 2 very long 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19001BFD4E43041533" box="[1310,1343,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pfs</emphasis>
, placed ventrolaterally; 1 short 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19049EFCA947F31515" box="[411,456,796,821]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">mbs</emphasis>
, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19062BFCA945591515" box="[814,866,796,821]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">dms,</emphasis>
different in length and 4 straight 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1901D0FCAB433B1515" box="[1237,1280,798,821]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">vms</emphasis>
, almost equal in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere larger than distal and with 1 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190014FC8A43701576" box="[1297,1355,831,854]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">mxps</emphasis>
; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190015FCEA43A71558" bold="true" box="[1296,1436,863,888]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Praelabium</emphasis>
heart-shaped (
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD19043FFC3547A815B9" box="[314,403,896,921]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 44" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1815,1837]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,198,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[255,1331,193,1794]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 44. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva and mouthparts. 40 — dorsal view of head, 41 — labrum and clypeus, 42 — epipharynx, 43 — left mandible, 44 — maxillo-labial complex. Abbreviations: des — dorsoepicranial seta (e), fs — frontal s., les — lateroepicranial s., ves — ventroepicranial s., at—antenna, st—stemmata, cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s., ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — medial s., lr—labral rods, mds — mandible dorsal s., dms — dorsal malae s., vms — ventral malae s., mxps — maxillary palps s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipal s., mbs — mandible basiventral s., prms — prelabial s., pms — postlabial s., ligs — ligular s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265733/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
), with 2 very short 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190783FC35449515B9" box="[646,686,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ligs</emphasis>
and 1 long 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190642FC34454415B8" box="[839,895,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">prms</emphasis>
. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190179FC144338159A" bold="true" box="[1148,1283,929,954]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Postlabium</emphasis>
with 3 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19006DFC1643AE159A" box="[1384,1429,931,954]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pms</emphasis>
, different in length; 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD19046AFC7147A715FB" box="[367,412,964,987]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pms</emphasis>
1 and 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1904DFFC71443C15FB" box="[474,519,964,987]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pms</emphasis>
3 equal in length, almost 2 times shorter than 
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190104FC71421515FB" box="[1025,1070,964,987]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pms</emphasis>
2 (
<figureCitation id="137928EEFFEAAD190140FC7642A215FB" box="[1093,1177,963,988]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 44" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1815,1837]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,198,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[255,1331,193,1794]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 44. Otiorhynchus singularis; mature larva and mouthparts. 40 — dorsal view of head, 41 — labrum and clypeus, 42 — epipharynx, 43 — left mandible, 44 — maxillo-labial complex. Abbreviations: des — dorsoepicranial seta (e), fs — frontal s., les — lateroepicranial s., ves — ventroepicranial s., at—antenna, st—stemmata, cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s., ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — medial s., lr—labral rods, mds — mandible dorsal s., dms — dorsal malae s., vms — ventral malae s., mxps — maxillary palps s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipal s., mbs — mandible basiventral s., prms — prelabial s., pms — postlabial s., ligs — ligular s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265733/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35867E0FFEAAD1905C2FC5242DB15DF" box="[199,1248,999,1024]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFD346BFFEAAD1905C2FC5242DB15DF" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,1024]" box="[199,1248,999,1024]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD1905C2FC5247FD1220" bold="true" box="[199,454,999,1024]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Differential diagnosis</emphasis>
. See “Key to larvae of selected 
<taxonomicName id="4C424FE8FFEAAD190628FC5245FE1220" box="[813,965,999,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936E879FFEAAD190628FC5245FE1220" box="[813,965,999,1024]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Otiorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species” and 
<tableCitation id="C6C001D0FFEAAD190165FC52428615DF" box="[1120,1213,999,1024]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of characteristic body parts of the studied Otiorhynchus species. HW—head width, HH—head height, BL—body length, BH—body height, median—median value. Data for three additional species (*) taken from Gosik &amp; Sprick (2012 b). All measurements in [mm]." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tables 1</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C6C001D0FFEAAD1901CEFC5242E715DF" box="[1227,1244,999,1023]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="50.[119,204,590,612]" captionText="TABLE 2. Number οf setae οf the studied Otiorhynchus species ∶ A- indefinitus, B- raucus, C- sulcatus, D- singularis, E- armatus, F- armadillo, G- aurifer, Hmeridionalis, I- clavipes, J- fuscipes, K- lugdunensis, L- ovatus, M- crataegi, N- rugosostriatus." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>