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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073" ID-PMC="PMC4493349" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828--5073" ID-PubMed="26175610" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1314-2828--e5073" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal " ModsDocTitle="First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi" checkinTime="1553126492265" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Oliveira, Sarah Siqueira, Albertoni, Fabiano Fabian, Borkent, Christopher James &amp; Amorim, Dalton S." docDate="2015" docId="1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 3: e5073" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 3" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073" docTitle="Neoempheria puncticoxa Edwards 1940" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="5073" masterDocId="FF89FFD6FFA66D57FFA1FFA3C6010B04" masterDocTitle="First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi" masterLastPageNumber="5073" masterPageNumber="5073" pageNumber="5073" updateTime="1668123059689" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Oliveira, Sarah Siqueira</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Albertoni, Fabiano Fabian</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Borkent, Christopher James</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Amorim, Dalton S.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>3</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>5073</mods:start>
<mods:end>5073</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828--5073</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2" lastPageNumber="5073" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<taxonomicName authority="Edwards, 1940" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1940" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Neoempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoempheria puncticoxa" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticoxa">Neoempheria puncticoxa Edwards, 1940</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Neoempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoempheria" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoempheria</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Osten Sacken, C. R." journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="1 - 276" title="Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America (2 nd Edition)" volume="16" year="1878">Osten Sacken 1878</bibRefCitation>
: 9 (nom. nov. for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Empheriidae" genus="Empheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Empheria" order="Psocodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Empheria</taxonomicName>
Winnertz). Type-species,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Sciophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sciophila striata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striata">Sciophila striata</taxonomicName>
Meigen (aut.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Neoempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoempheria puncticoxa" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticoxa">Neoempheria puncticoxa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Neoempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoempheria puncticoxa" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticoxa">Neoempheria puncticoxa</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Edwards, F. W." journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="107 - 129" title="Neotropical Neoempheria (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)" volume="42" year="1940">Edwards 1940</bibRefCitation>
: 115, fig. 5 (♂ terminalia). Type locality: Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara, Nova
<normalizedToken originalValue="Teutônia">Teutonia</normalizedToken>
. Distr.: Brazil (Santa Catarina,
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
), Argentina (Salta, Tucuman). Refs.:
<bibRefCitation author="Coher, E. I." journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Americana" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="1 - 155" title="A synopsis of American Mycomyiini with description of new species (Diptera - Mycetophilidae)" volume="38" year="1959">Coher 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 24;
<bibRefCitation author="Amorim, D. S." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="1 - 119" title="Types of Neotropical Mycetophilidae (Diptera) at the Natural History Museum collection, London" volume="3726" year="2013">Amorim and Oliveira 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 68 (type comments and label data), fig. 193 (habitus). Holotype ♂, NHM.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Neoempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoempheria puncticoxa" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticoxa">Neoempheria puncticoxa</taxonomicName>
(Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2013-03-19" collectingMethod="Reared" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="S. S. Oliveira &amp; C. J. Borkent" country="Brazil" latitude="-21.225" location="Ribeirao Preto, Campus of the University of Sao Paulo" longitude="-47.85" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">S.S. Oliveira &amp; C.J. Borkent</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">male</specimenType>
; lifeStage:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">adult</specimenType>
; Taxon: scientificName: Neoempheriapuncticoxa; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince:
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2:EDCD60313B7722DBB7B419E76D6DDADA" country="Brazil" latitude="-21.225" longitude="-47.85" name="Ribeirao Preto, Campus of the University of Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ribeirão">Ribeirao</normalizedToken>
Preto, Campus of the University of
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo
</location>
; locationRemarks: Sparassis fungi collected on 19.iii.2013, adults emerged 05-09.iv.2013; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-21.225">-21.225</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-47.85">-47.85</geoCoordinate>
; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Sarah S. Oliveira</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: 2013; Event: samplingProtocol:
<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Reared</collectingMethod>
; eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="2013-03-19">03/19/2013</collectingDate>
; Record Level: collectionID: http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9; collectionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">MZSP</collectionCode>
; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2012-09-02" collectingMethod="Reared" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="F. F. Albertoni" country="Brazil" latitude="-16.68" location="Goiania" longitude="-49.26" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-larva="3" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">F.F. Albertoni</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">2</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">male</specimenType>
; lifeStage:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">adult</specimenType>
; Taxon: scientificName: Neoempheriapuncticoxa; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2:0B798F18B3621048B726780192FC5832" country="Brazil" latitude="-16.68" longitude="-49.26" name="Goiania" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiânia">Goiania</normalizedToken>
</location>
; locationRemarks:
<specimenCount type="larva">3 larvae</specimenCount>
and a Polyporales fungi collected 22.i.2012;, larvae pupated 05.ii.2012,
<specimenCount type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
emerged 09.ii.2012; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-16.68">-16.68</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-49.26">-49.26</geoCoordinate>
; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Sarah S. Oliveira</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: 2013; Event: samplingProtocol:
<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Reared</collectingMethod>
; eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="2012-09-02">02/09/2012</collectingDate>
; Record Level: collectionID: http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9; collectionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">MZSP</collectionCode>
; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1938-04-21" collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="Friedrich ' Fritz' Plaumann" country="Brazil" latitude="-27.18" location="Nova Teutonia" longitude="-52.38" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" specimenCode="BMNH (E) 257767" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Holotype</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: catalogNumber:
<specimenCode pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">BMNH(E)257767</specimenCode>
; recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Friedrich 'Fritz' Plaumann</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">male</specimenType>
; lifeStage:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">adult</specimenType>
; Taxon: scientificName: Neoempheriapuncticoxa; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: Santa Catarina; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2:D025B92C7E25A2D49E761DD179FB2ACF" country="Brazil" latitude="-27.18" longitude="-52.38" name="Nova Teutonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Nova Teutonia</location>
; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-27.18">-27.18</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-52.38">-52.38</geoCoordinate>
; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="1938-04-21">04/21/1938</collectingDate>
; Record Level: collectionID: http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665; collectionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">BMNH</collectionCode>
; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1949 - 3" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="John Lane" country="Brazil" latitude="-23.65" location="Santo Amaro" longitude="-46.71" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">John Lane</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">male</specimenType>
; lifeStage:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">adult</specimenType>
; Taxon: scientificName: Neoempheriapuncticoxa; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince:
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2:B2763738FD44F9679802CC2069F74D2C" country="Brazil" latitude="-23.65" longitude="-46.71" name="Santo Amaro" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Santo Amaro</location>
; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-23.65">-23.65</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-46.71">-46.71</geoCoordinate>
; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">E. Coher</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: 1952; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">1949-3</collectingDate>
; Record Level: collectionID: http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9; collectionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">MZSP</collectionCode>
; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2000-01-17" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="H. F. Mended" country="Brazil" latitude="-15.64" location="Nova Mutum, Fazenda Buriti" longitude="-54.17" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">H.F. Mended</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">male</specimenType>
; lifeStage:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">adult</specimenType>
; Taxon: scientificName: Neoempheriapuncticoxa; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: Mato Grosso; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2:E07AEDB9B0E8D00BC872DF40B31ECB75" country="Brazil" latitude="-15.64" longitude="-54.17" name="Nova Mutum, Fazenda Buriti" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Nova Mutum, Fazenda Buriti</location>
; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-15.64">-15.64</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-54.17">-54.17</geoCoordinate>
; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Sarah S. Oliveira</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: 2013; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="2000-01-17">01/17/2000</collectingDate>
; Record Level: collectionID: http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9; collectionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">MZSP</collectionCode>
; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="00 / 1 / 1937" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="H. S. Lopes" country="Brazil" latitude="-23.22" location="Sao Jose dos Campos" longitude="-45.9" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">H.S. Lopes</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">male</specimenType>
; lifeStage:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">adult</specimenType>
; Taxon: scientificName: Neoempheriapuncticoxa; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince:
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2:39768DC49895C36238FD677B85D87F75" country="Brazil" latitude="-23.22" longitude="-45.9" name="Sao Jose dos Campos" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
dos Campos
</location>
; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-23.22">-23.22</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-45.9">-45.9</geoCoordinate>
; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">E. Coher</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: 1952; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">00/1/1937</collectingDate>
; Record Level: collectionID: http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9; collectionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">MZSP</collectionCode>
; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="00 / 6 / 1937" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="Servico Febre Amarela M. E. S., Brasil, R. C. Shannon Collection" country="Brazil" latitude="-21.64" location="Maracaju" longitude="-55.16" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serviço">Servico</normalizedToken>
Febre Amarela M.E.S., Brasil, R.C. Shannon Collection
</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">male</specimenType>
; lifeStage:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">adult</specimenType>
; Taxon: scientificName: Neoempheriapuncticoxa; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: Mato Grosso do Sul; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2:F29E4938D0C16FC8D2DEFB8184BE4450" country="Brazil" latitude="-21.64" longitude="-55.16" name="Maracaju" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maracajú">Maracaju</normalizedToken>
</location>
; decimalLatitude:
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; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-55.16">-55.16</geoCoordinate>
; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">J. Lane (1948), E. Coher</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: 1952; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">00/6/1937</collectingDate>
; Record Level: collectionID: http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9; collectionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">MZSP</collectionCode>
; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="00 / 9 / 1945" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="Barretto" country="Brazil" latitude="-15.93" location="Corumba de Goias" longitude="-48.81" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Barretto</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">female</specimenType>
; lifeStage:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">adult</specimenType>
; Taxon: scientificName: Neoempheriapuncticoxa; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1854FDE3A3049E8D108E5A6DC68CD0E2:7D2E547429F55BBE4E9B0929D63474DC" country="Brazil" latitude="-15.93" longitude="-48.81" name="Corumba de Goias" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Corumbá">Corumba</normalizedToken>
de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
</location>
; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-15.93">-15.93</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" value="-48.81">-48.81</geoCoordinate>
; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">J. Lane</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: 1948; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">00/9/1945</collectingDate>
; Record Level: collectionID: http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9; collectionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">MZSP</collectionCode>
; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Redescription of adults</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Male (Figs 1, 3a, 5, 6, 14b): Head (Figs 1b, 5): Vertex brownish, with scattered setae, yellowish around eyes. Two ocelli medially on blackish vertex. Frons light brown. Face and clypeus yellowish, covered with setulae. Labellum yellowish, ventrally darker; maxillary palpus brownish, apical segment lighter, segments 3-5 of similar length, first two segments short. Scape and pedicel yellow, rounded, more setose anteriorly; flagellum brown, antenna shorter than thorax, flagellomeres slightly longer than wide. Thorax (Fig. 5): Prosternum brownish. Pronotum yellow, with strong, long, black bristles. Proepisternum yellow, proepimeron brownish posteriorly, both bare. Anepisternum yellow anteriorly with large brown macula on posterior two thirds, bare. Katepisternum yellow on dorsal third, large brown macula occupying ventral two thirds, bare. Mesepimeron yellow, posterior margin brownish, bare. Laterotergite mostly yellow, anterodorsal margin brownish, bare. Mediotergite yellow ventrally, a brownish triangular mark dorsally, bare. Meso- and metapleura yellow, entirely bare. Scutum yellow, with five brown stripes fusing posteriorly, covered with short and long setae, a pair of stronger dorsocentral and a pair of stronger dorsolateral setae posteriorly. Scutellum yellow, with a pair of long scutellar bristles and a few scattered setulae. Legs yellow; forecoxa with some brownish maculae anteriorly, with strong setae in a line on its posterior and ventral margins; tibial setae regularly aligned; tibial spur I almost twice length of tibial diameter at apex, tibial spurs II and III almost four times length of tibial diameter at apex. Halter stem whitish, knob black, setose. Wing (Fig. 3a): Wing venation and color pattern as in the Fig. 3a. Abdomen (Figs 1, 14b): Tergites and sternites mostly yellow; T1 brown posteromedially; T2 brown anteromedially; T3 brown, but yellow laterally; T4 and T6 brown medially, yellow posterolaterally; T5 brown with yellow posterior margin; T7 mostly yellow; sternites mostly yellow, sternites 3 and 5 with brown areas on its surface. Terminalia (Fig. 6): Yellow. T9 weakly developed and sclerotized, with a few setae distally (Fig. 6C). Gonocoxite with large dorsal projection extending beyond apex of gonostylus, densely covered with setae on external face, apex digitiform, mostly bare, a few small setae at apex. Gonostylus well developed, deeply bifid, inner branch secondarily bifid and nearly bare, a few small spines on inner margin, external branch strongly setose. Gonocoxal apodeme short, sclerotized; parameres strongly developed, with a dorsal, membranous, bare projection; cercus and S10 rounded, with some small setae distally (Fig. 6D).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
Female (Figs 2, 3b, 4). Similar to male, except as follows: hind coxa with brownish maculae; hind femur browner distally; abdomen yellower (Fig. 2). Wing venation and color pattern as in Fig. 3b. Terminalia (Fig. 4). Yellow. Sternite 8 covered with setae, inner margin slightly concave, with a pair of spine-like setae; tergite 8 covered with microtrichia, bare of setae; genital fork well developed, reaching segment 7 anteriorly; cercus short, apical cercomere rounded, ~
<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
length of basal cercomere.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Mature larva [Probably fourth instar larva] (Figs 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15b). Length: 18.8 mm. General body shape cylindrical, no projections, creamy white in color, whiter in prepupal stage (Fig. 12), 12 apparent segments, segments 4-8 wider and longer than remaining ones.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
Head capsule relatively well sclerotized (Figs 7, 8, 9, 12c, d), bare, subrectangular, (anterior end slightly more slender than posterior end, as in the larvae of other mycetophilid genera, e.g.,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Brachypeza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachypeza" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachypeza</taxonomicName>
Winnertz-see
<bibRefCitation author="Madwar, S." journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="1 - 110" title="Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of Mycetophilidae (Diptera, Nematocera)" volume="227" year="1937">Madwar 1937</bibRefCitation>
) and at least partially retractable into first segment. Separation between dorsal plates of head capsule not clearly evident, medial plate extending almost to the posterior capsule margin. Eye posterolateral to the antenna (Figs 7, 9). Occipital foramen ventrally triangular, at about distal fourth of head capsule. Mouthparts occupying ~1/3 of anterior head capsule. Labrum wide, fleshy. Premandible with row of elongated, flexible teeth, supported by a pair of lateral chitinous arms. Mandible semicircular and bearing two rows of medially directed teeth (Fig. 8b) as found in other
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" rank="tribe" tribe="Mycomyiini">Mycomyiini</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation author="Krivosheina, N. P." journalOrPublisher="Biology Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="606 - 614" title="Trophic relationships and main trends in morphological adaptations of larval mouthparts in sciaroid dipterans (Diptera, Sciaroidea)" volume="35" year="2008">Krivosheina and Zaitzev 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Maxilla with rounded, medially directed, edge bearing a row of medially directed teeth (Figs 8b, 9).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">One pair of prothoracic, and seven pairs of abdominal, lateral spiracles; prothoracic spiracle only slightly larger than abdominal ones. Spiracles on short, scale-like sclerite with a couple of small openings. Intersegmental areas with creeping welts (fleshy lobes slightly elongated across the body bearing rows of denticles - Fig. 15b). Each creeping welt includes part of an anterior and a posterior segment, the anterior portion bears fewer, short rows of sparse denticles, the posterior part bears more rows of dense denticles. Posterior end of abdomen with a fleshy lobe folded ventrally.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Pupa (Figs 13, 14a, 15a). Brown to dark brown, suspended in a web connected by silk lines attached to the entire body, last larval skin remains attached to abdomen posteriorly. Head strongly united with the thorax; developing antennae visible, curved over eyes. Thorax with protruding processes laterally on scutal margin; wing sheath extending just beyond half of abdomen; developing legs held together along ventromedial margin of abdomen. All spiracles flat, flush with surface, not on protrusions. Dorsal margin of abdomen flat.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Diagnosis</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
Adults. Laterotergite mostly yellow, anterodorsal margin brownish, bare. Mediotergite yellow ventrally, a brownish triangular mark dorsally, bare. Gonocoxite with large dorsal projection extending beyond apex of gonostylus; gonostylus well developed, deeply bifid, inner branch secondarily bifid and nearly bare, a few small spines on inner margin, external branch strongly setose; parameres strongly developed, with a dorsal, membranous, bare projection. Female apical cercomere rounded, ~
<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
length of basal cercomere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" type="biology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Biology</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
Larvae were found on two different species of polypore fungus, indicating that this species can feed on multiple fungi species, as found in other genera of the family (
<bibRefCitation author="Hutson, A. M." journalOrPublisher="Royal Entomological Society of London, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" title="Mycetophilidae (Bolitophilinae, Ditomyiinae, Diadocidiinae, Keroplatinae, Sciophilinae and Manotinae), Diptera, Nematocera. Handbooks for the identifications of British Insects. Vol. IX, Part 3" year="1980">Hutson et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Sevcik, J." journalOrPublisher="Sleske zemske museum Opava, Czech Republic" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" title="Czech and Slovak Diptera associated with fungi" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ševčík">Sevcik</normalizedToken>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
). All larvae were collected with the fungus fruiting bodies they were feeding on; those from
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo state (all reared material female) were feeding on an uncertain species of
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Sparassidaceae" genus="Sparassis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Sparassis" order="Polyporales" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Sparassis</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Polyporales" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" rank="order">Polyporales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName family="Sparassidaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" rank="family">Sparassidaceae</taxonomicName>
) (Fig. 10a), and those from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiânia">Goiania</normalizedToken>
(all reared material male) were collected on an undetermined species of
<taxonomicName family="Polyporaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" rank="family">Polyporaceae</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 10b). Both fungi were determined by J.M. Baltazar in vii.2013 using photographs (Fig. 10).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
Larvae of
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. puncticoxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" rank="species" species="puncticoxa">N. puncticoxa</taxonomicName>
crawled over the surface of the fungal fruiting body (sporocarp), moving along slime trails and silk lines (Fig. 11) they produced. Those on the
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Sparassidaceae" genus="Sparassis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Sparassis" order="Polyporales" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Sparassis</taxonomicName>
sp. often had webs and slime trails suspended between the lamellae of the fungus. The specimens collected on the polypore from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiânia">Goiania</normalizedToken>
spent most of their time feeding on the pore surface (underside) of the fungus. It was not observed whether they dig into either sporocarp or not, though there were numerous small holes on the fungus in the region where the larvae were residing. It is probable that they were ingesting the sporulating surfaces of the sporocarp. In preparation for pupation the larvae spun an irregular web, approximating a loosely woven cocoon, and then pupated in the centre of that cocoon, hanging over the substrate with the ventral part of the body facing downwards (Figs 12, 13, 14a). The droplets present on the web strands (Figs 12d, 14a) may be acidic and serve a protective function, as seen in other
<taxonomicName lsidName="Sciaroidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Sciaroidea">Sciaroidea</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Plachter, H." journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="271 - 392" title="Zur Kenntnis der Praeimaginalstadien der Pilzmuecken (Diptera, Mycetophiloidea). Teil 2: Eidonomie der Larven" volume="101" year="1979">Plachter 1979b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Matile, L." journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="273 - 303" title="Phylogeny and evolution of the larval diet in the Sciaroidea (Diptera, Bibionomorpha) since the Mesozoic" volume="173" year="1997">Matile 1997</bibRefCitation>
), though this was not tested in our study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" type="taxon discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">Taxon discussion</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5073">
<bibRefCitation author="Edwards, F. W." journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="107 - 129" title="Neotropical Neoempheria (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)" volume="42" year="1940">Edwards (1940)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Coher, E. I." journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Americana" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="1 - 155" title="A synopsis of American Mycomyiini with description of new species (Diptera - Mycetophilidae)" volume="38" year="1959">Coher (1959)</bibRefCitation>
both mentioned morphological variation between males and females of
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. puncticoxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" rank="species" species="puncticoxa">N. puncticoxa</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Coher, E. I." journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Americana" pageId="0" pageNumber="5073" pagination="1 - 155" title="A synopsis of American Mycomyiini with description of new species (Diptera - Mycetophilidae)" volume="38" year="1959">Coher (1959)</bibRefCitation>
highlighted that the pleural marks in females were more pronounced than in the males. We observed the same range of variation in the material we reared (Figs 2, 14b).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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