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<mods:title id="534E64C7161A2D08C0875055F7031C94">The Geometridae of Ethiopia III: genus Zamarada (Lepidoptera: Geometridae Ennominae, Cassymini)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="4D90E435697A557DE741DD6FA2231EC6">Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences-University of Molise-Via De Sanctis, I- 86100 Campobasso, Italy SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung M ̹ nchen, M ̹ nchhausenstrasse 21, D- 81247 M ̹ nchen, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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Genus
<taxonomicName id="A6874D3CFFCAFFDC90C6FDC7CA7FA69B" ID-CoL="92QQ6" authority="Moore, 1887" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1887" box="[238,527,619,646]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Zamarada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53F3EAADFFCAFFDC90C6FDC7C91BA698" bold="true" box="[238,363,619,646]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Zamarada</emphasis>
Moore, 1887
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<materialsCitation id="D1EF3CE2FFCAFFDC90BFFD1CC9B3A6F8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995113410" country="Malaysia" location="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
Type species:
<taxonomicName id="A6874D3CFFCAFFDC9100FD1CCAE8A6D6" authority="Moore, 1887" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1887" box="[296,664,688,712]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Zamarada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="translucida">
<emphasis id="53F3EAADFFCAFFDC9100FD1CCA7CA6D6" box="[296,524,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Zamarada translucida</emphasis>
Moore, 1887
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(
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designated by
<bibRefCitation id="05164B4EFFCAFFDC9388FD1CCC45A6D6" author="Fletcher, D. S." box="[928,1077,688,712]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="1 - 498" refId="ref20224" refString="Fletcher, D. S. (1974) A revision of the old world genus Zamarada (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Bulletin of the British Museum natural History, Entomology, Supplement 22, 1 - 498, 123 pls., 5 maps." type="book chapter" year="1974">Fletcher, 1974</bibRefCitation>
; type locality not stated [
<collectingCountry id="1990762FFFCAFFDC951EFD1CCDE8A6D6" box="[1334,1432,688,712]" name="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1990762FFFCAFFDC90EFFD62C95EA6F8" box="[199,302,718,742]" name="Singapore" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Singapore</collectingCountry>
or
<collectingCountry id="1990762FFFCAFFDC9178FD62C9C7A6F8" box="[336,439,718,742]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
])
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<taxonomicName id="A6874D3CFFCAFFDC90BFFCB8C97CA730" ID-CoL="92QQ6" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,268,788,814]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Zamarada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53F3EAADFFCAFFDC90BFFCB8C97CA730" box="[151,268,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Zamarada</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an Old World genus, with 284 known species (
<bibRefCitation id="05164B4EFFCAFFDC9310FCB8CC14A731" author="Scoble, M. J. &amp; Hausmann, A." box="[824,1124,788,815]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refId="ref21777" refString="Scoble, M. J. &amp; Hausmann, A. (2007) Online list of valid and available names of the Geometridae of the world. Available from: http: // www. lepbarcoding. org / geometridae / species _ checklists. php (accessed 5 March 2020)" type="url" year="2007">Scoble &amp; Hausmann 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="05164B4EFFCAFFDC9446FCB8CDE0A731" author="Aarvik, L. &amp; Bjornstad, A." box="[1134,1424,788,815]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="7 - 57" refId="ref19764" refString="Aarvik, L. &amp; Bjornstad, A. (2007) Review of the genus Zamarada More, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Tanzania, with description of new species. Esperiana Memoir, 3, 7 - 57, pls. 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2007">Aarvik &amp; Bjørnstad 2007</bibRefCitation>
), most of them distributed in the Afrotropical, but also in the Indo-Malayan and Palaearctic (North Africa, Arabia) regions.
</paragraph>
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Species classified in this genus are diagnosed by the wing pattern with a proximally large hyaline area and terminally fully-scaled margins and—in male genitalia—by a fulcrum-shaped supporting process attached to the ventral surface of the aedeagus (
<bibRefCitation id="05164B4EFFCAFFDC9228FC64CAD1A7FD" author="Fletcher, D. S." box="[512,673,968,995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="1 - 498" refId="ref20224" refString="Fletcher, D. S. (1974) A revision of the old world genus Zamarada (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Bulletin of the British Museum natural History, Entomology, Supplement 22, 1 - 498, 123 pls., 5 maps." type="book chapter" year="1974">Fletcher 1974</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="613836BFFFCAFFDC90EFFC41CC02A050" blockId="2.[151,1437,788,1499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
In the Old World revision of the genus published by
<bibRefCitation id="05164B4EFFCAFFDC9324FC40CBCBA019" author="Fletcher, D. S." box="[780,955,1004,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="1 - 498" refId="ref20224" refString="Fletcher, D. S. (1974) A revision of the old world genus Zamarada (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Bulletin of the British Museum natural History, Entomology, Supplement 22, 1 - 498, 123 pls., 5 maps." type="book chapter" year="1974">Fletcher (1974)</bibRefCitation>
, 11 taxa were reported for
<collectingCountry id="1990762FFFCAFFDC94CCFC40CD36A018" box="[1252,1350,1004,1030]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, four of which were described based on material collected in the country. Later on, five other
<taxonomicName id="A6874D3CFFCAFFDC9467FBBCCCB4A034" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1887" box="[1103,1220,1040,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Zamarada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53F3EAADFFCAFFDC9467FBBCCCB4A034" box="[1103,1220,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Zamarada</emphasis>
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spp. were found or described from
<collectingCountry id="1990762FFFCAFFDC916FFB98C9D6A050" box="[327,422,1076,1102]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="05164B4EFFCAFFDC91F8FB98CA0FA051" author="Herbulot, C." box="[464,639,1076,1103]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="30 - 35" refId="ref20844" refString="Herbulot, C. (1977) Geometridae. In: Rougeot, P. C., Missions entomologiques en Ethiopie 1973 - 1975. Fascicule 1. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A), 105, 30 - 35." type="journal article" year="1977">Herbulot (1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="05164B4EFFCAFFDC92A2FB99CAB5A051" author="Herbulot, C." box="[650,709,1077,1103]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref20889" refString="Herbulot, C. (1989) Nouveaux Ennominae d'Afrique intertropicale et de Madagascar (Lepidoptera Geometridae). Lambillionea, LXXXIX, 1 / 2, 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="05164B4EFFCAFFDC92F9FB99CB7DA051" author="Herbulot, C." box="[721,781,1077,1103]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="451 - 458" refId="ref20964" refString="Herbulot, C. (2002) Huit nouveaux Geometridae d'Amerique du Sud, d'Afrique centrale et orientale et d'Asie du sud-est (Lepidoptera). Lambillionea, CII, 4, 451 - 458." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
), raising the total number to 16.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="613836BFFFCAFFDC90EFFBF5CA30A170" blockId="2.[151,1437,788,1499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
In this work we raise the number of known
<taxonomicName id="A6874D3CFFCAFFDC92E9FBF4CB46A06C" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1887" box="[705,822,1112,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Zamarada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53F3EAADFFCAFFDC92E9FBF4CB46A06C" box="[705,822,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Zamarada</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the fauna of
<collectingCountry id="1990762FFFCAFFDC93D2FBF4CC29A06C" box="[1018,1113,1112,1138]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
to 23 taxa, we describe one new species and downgrade two taxa from species to subspecies rank. Moreover, the unknown female for two species and the unknown male for one species are described for the first time. We suppose that the species number of the fauna of Ethiopian
<taxonomicName id="A6874D3CFFCAFFDC9197FB68CA44A0C0" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1887" box="[447,564,1220,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Zamarada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53F3EAADFFCAFFDC9197FB68CA44A0C0" box="[447,564,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Zamarada</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is close to saturation because the southern regions of the country have been intensively sampled in the last years and the species numbers in this genus generally decrease towards the (so far less sampled) north. Considering the high taxonomic accuracy of previous revisions (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="05164B4EFFCAFFDC94A0FAA0CD57A139" author="Fletcher, D. S." box="[1160,1319,1292,1319]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="1 - 498" refId="ref20224" refString="Fletcher, D. S. (1974) A revision of the old world genus Zamarada (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Bulletin of the British Museum natural History, Entomology, Supplement 22, 1 - 498, 123 pls., 5 maps." type="book chapter" year="1974">Fletcher 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="05164B4EFFCAFFDC9519FAA0C939A155" author="Aarvik, L. &amp; Bjornstad, A." pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="7 - 57" refId="ref19764" refString="Aarvik, L. &amp; Bjornstad, A. (2007) Review of the genus Zamarada More, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Tanzania, with description of new species. Esperiana Memoir, 3, 7 - 57, pls. 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2007">Aarvik &amp; Bjørnstad 2007</bibRefCitation>
), the classification into species groups appears to be well-substantiated and in most cases is supported by the new DNA barcode data.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="613836BFFFCAFFDC90EFFAD4CCC2A1C5" blockId="2.[151,1437,788,1499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
The vast majority of representatives of the genus
<taxonomicName id="A6874D3CFFCAFFDC92C5FAD4CB12A18C" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1887" box="[749,866,1400,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Zamarada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53F3EAADFFCAFFDC92C5FAD4CB12A18C" box="[749,866,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Zamarada</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are nocturnal in the adult stage, readily attracted to light, often inhabiting savannahs and usually are more abundant after the rainy season(s). With a very few exceptions all host-plant records for this genus are referring to the family
<taxonomicName id="A6874D3CFFCAFFDC93B8FA6CCCDEA1C5" authority="(Mimosoideae)" baseAuthorityName="Mimosoideae" box="[912,1198,1472,1499]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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