treatments-xml/data/D8/12/87/D81287D805185E49BDD5A93EA48BE1A4.xml

<document id="C5AB32A47F5145AA5D1729F22AEE6225" ID-CLB-Dataset="3116" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fa08922c-8851-4e6a-82ee-df6d2fdc1229" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753025" ID-ZooBank="35092390-CE13-4E2D-9C70-47014A4C165F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1638521540022" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Stocchino, Giacinta Angela, Dols-Serrate, Daniel, Sluys, Ronald, Riutort, Marta, Onnis, Carlo &amp; Manconi, Renata" docDate="2021" docId="D81287D805185E49BDD5A93EA48BE1A4" docLanguage="en" docName="zlaa183.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa183" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Amphibioplana onnisi Stocchino &amp; Sluys 2021" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="1381" masterDocId="242BFFA005105E58BD1DAA2DA01AE256" masterDocTitle="Amphibioplanidae: a new branch and family on the phylogenetic tree of the triclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), represented by a species from Sardinian caves with a remarkable lifestyle" masterLastPageNumber="1391" masterPageNumber="1364" pageNumber="1372" updateTime="1699471850687" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F1FED13338B09E022766D072B6A686A7">Amphibioplanidae: a new branch and family on the phylogenetic tree of the triclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), represented by a species from Sardinian caves with a remarkable lifestyle</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A27B943F14D07E99BF06CEA41AE86EFA">Stocchino, Giacinta Angela</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="47C33CEC1803CEAE6DE2909088093C96">Dols-Serrate, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D81287D805185E49BDD5A93EA48BE1A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5762057" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191139060" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5762057" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D81287D805185E49BDD5A93EA48BE1A4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D81287D805185E49BDD5A93EA48BE1A4" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1381" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<subSubSection id="18A1654505185E50BDD5A93EA212E11C" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BDD5A93EA212E11C" blockId="8.[200,741,787,842]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D05185E50BDD5A93EA2C5E17D" authority="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[200,735,787,812]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BDD5A93EA1F2E17C" bold="true" box="[200,488,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">AMPHIBIOPLANA ONNISI</emphasis>
STOCCHINO &amp; SLUYS
</taxonomicName>
, 
<heading id="0B4C81A205185E50BCB8A918A212E11C" box="[421,520,818,842]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" reason="3">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BCB8A918A212E11C" bold="true" box="[421,520,818,842]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">SP. NOV.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="18A1654505185E50BC89A973A2F0E1ED" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="description">
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BC89A973A203E121" blockId="8.[404,537,862,887]" box="[404,537,862,887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
(
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05185E50BC81A973A20BE121" box="[412,529,862,887]" captionStart-0="Figure 3" captionStart-1="Figure 4" captionStart-10="Figure 13" captionStart-11="Figure 14" captionStart-12="Figure 15" captionStart-2="Figure 5" captionStart-3="Figure 6" captionStart-4="Figure 7" captionStart-5="Figure 8" captionStart-6="Figure 9" captionStart-7="Figure 10" captionStart-8="Figure 11" captionStart-9="Figure 12" captionStartId-0="9.[145,229,856,878]" captionStartId-1="9.[146,224,1817,1839]" captionStartId-10="18.[163,243,1323,1345]" captionStartId-11="19.[146,225,1340,1362]" captionStartId-12="20.[163,246,1119,1141]" captionStartId-2="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionStartId-3="11.[145,223,707,729]" captionStartId-4="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" captionStartId-5="13.[145,226,1449,1471]" captionStartId-6="14.[163,243,1100,1122]" captionStartId-7="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" captionStartId-8="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionStartId-9="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,757,197,816]" captionTargetBox-1="[306,1265,1031,1777]" captionTargetBox-10="[169,773,196,1281]" captionTargetBox-11="[312,1259,197,1299]" captionTargetBox-12="[167,775,197,1079]" captionTargetBox-2="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetBox-3="[146,1425,198,667]" captionTargetBox-4="[410,1201,198,1299]" captionTargetBox-5="[386,1183,199,1406]" captionTargetBox-6="[291,1315,197,1059]" captionTargetBox-7="[307,1263,195,1277]" captionTargetBox-8="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetBox-9="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId-0="figure-268@9.[149,757,195,817]" captionTargetId-1="figure-212@9.[305,1265,1030,1777]" captionTargetId-10="figure-614@18.[167,775,195,1283]" captionTargetId-11="figure-162@19.[310,1259,195,1300]" captionTargetId-12="figure-677@20.[167,775,195,1079]" captionTargetId-2="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId-3="figure-648@11.[145,1425,195,668]" captionTargetId-4="figure-224@12.[401,1204,195,1321]" captionTargetId-5="figure-199@13.[383,1186,195,1409]" captionTargetId-6="figure-429@14.[291,1315,195,1060]" captionTargetId-7="figure-242@15.[305,1265,195,1278]" captionTargetId-8="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetId-9="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-10="18" captionTargetPageId-11="19" captionTargetPageId-12="20" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionTargetPageId-5="13" captionTargetPageId-6="14" captionTargetPageId-7="15" captionTargetPageId-8="16" captionTargetPageId-9="17" captionText-0="Figure 3. Amphibioplana onnisi. A single, curled up specimen from under a stone in the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. Scale bar not available." captionText-1="Figure 4. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitat in freshwater environments.A, entrance of Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; B, collection site in Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; C, collection site in San Pietro Cave; D, collection site in Istirzili Cave. Details on precise locations of the sampling sites in the caves are omitted for reasons of species protection." captionText-10="Figure 13. Amphibioplana onnisi. Schematic horizontal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." captionText-11="Figure 14. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus; sagittal sections. A, holotype RMNH. VER. 19956.a, showing penis bulb (pb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), and the gonopore (go) opening into the cupshaped chamber (csc); anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 19. 2, showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the right; C, RMNH.VER. 19958.d, showing copulatory bursa with a voluminous mass of sperm (s) in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; D, CGAS Pla 19.1b, showing copulatory bursa with sperm in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; E, CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal section showing the proximal tract of the bursal canal (bc) with its diaphragm-like protrusion (bcd) into the copulatory bursa; anterior to the left; F, CGAS Pla 22. 6, transvers
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BDBEA9AAA2F0E1ED" blockId="8.[163,779,902,955]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BDBEA9AAA208E1CA" box="[163,530,902,924]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: l s i d:</emphasis>
u r n:l s i d:z o o b a n k. org:act: 
<uuid id="241D0C1B05185E50BDEDA988A2F0E1ED" box="[240,746,933,955]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">01B99CA0-9692-477F-8913-8A476638C57B</uuid>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="18A1654505185E50BDBEA9F1A20BE1A7" box="[163,529,988,1010]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BDBEA9F1A20BE1A7" blockId="8.[163,529,988,1010]" box="[163,529,988,1010]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BDBEA9F1A100E1A7" box="[163,282,988,1009]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
As that of the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="18A1654505185E50BDBEAE37A2B3E638" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BDBEAE37A2B3E638" blockId="8.[163,779,1050,1134]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BDBEAE37A105E679" box="[163,287,1050,1071]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Etymology:</emphasis>
The specific epithet honours the Sardinian biospeleologist and co-author Carlo Onnis, who discovered and sampled all populations of the new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="18A1654505185E50BDBEAEBBA4E7E48E" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BDBEAEBBA27AE710" blockId="8.[163,779,1174,1350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BDBEAEBBA1E4E6FD" box="[163,510,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
Material examined: 
<typeStatus id="8F00886C05185E50BC84AEBBA1E4E6FD" box="[409,510,1174,1195]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: RMNH.VER. 19956.a, Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave (
<geoCoordinate id="358F500905185E50BCB6AE98A24CE69D" box="[427,598,1205,1227]" degrees="39" direction="north" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" precision="1" seconds="13.45" value="39.88707">39°53’13.45”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="358F500905185E50BF7EAE98A2E7E69D" box="[611,765,1205,1227]" degrees="9" direction="east" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" precision="1" seconds="39.47" value="9.344296">9°20’39.47”E</geoCoordinate>
), terrestrial habitat, Seui, 
<collectingRegion id="927FF82C05185E50BCD0AEF9A22FE6BC" box="[461,565,1236,1258]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="28AC765E05185E50BF5CAEF9A262E6BC" box="[577,632,1236,1258]" name="Italy" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Italy</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="2405100E05185E50BF98AEF9A0C7E75E" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" value="2015-01-18">18 January 2015</date>
, coll. 
<collectionCode id="36AAAE0B05185E50BC02AEDEA129E75E" box="[287,307,1267,1288]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Onnis, horizontal sections (hor. sect.) of anterior portion on one slide; sagittal sections (sag. sect.) of posterior portion on two slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BDBEAF42A316E448" blockId="8.[163,780,1390,1566]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BDBEAF42A102E7D2" box="[163,280,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<typeStatus id="8F00886C05185E50BDBEAF42A108E7D2" box="[163,274,1391,1412]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
CGAS Pla 19.1a, ibid., sag. sect. of anterior portion on two slides; CGAS Pla 19.1b, ibid., sag. sect. of posterior portion on two slides; CGAS Pla 19.2, ibid., sag. sect. on three slides; RMNH.VER. 19956.b, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; RMNH.VER. 19956.c, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; RMNH.VER. 19956.d, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BDBEAC6BA54BE322" blockId="8.[163,779,1606,1904]" lastBlockId="8.[827,1443,197,1752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BDBEAC6BA248E40A" box="[163,594,1606,1628]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Other material: Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave</emphasis>
(
<geoCoordinate id="358F500905185E50BF7FAC6BA31CE40A" box="[610,774,1606,1628]" degrees="39" direction="north" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" precision="1" seconds="13.45" value="39.88707">39°53’13.45”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="358F500905185E50BDBEAC48A157E42D" box="[163,333,1637,1659]" degrees="9" direction="east" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" precision="1" seconds="39.47" value="9.344296">9°20’39.47”E</geoCoordinate>
), Seui, 
<collectingRegion id="927FF82C05185E50BCABAC48A230E42D" box="[438,554,1637,1659]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
: CGAS Pla 20.1, freshwater habitat 
<date id="2405100E05185E50BC93ACA9A24FE4CC" box="[398,597,1668,1690]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" value="2015-10-11">11 October 2015</date>
, coll. 
<collectionCode id="36AAAE0B05185E50BF81ACA9A2ABE4CF" box="[668,689,1668,1689]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Onnis, sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 20.2, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 20.3, ibid., sag. sect. on three slides; CGAS Pla 20.4, ibid., sag. sect. on three slides; CGAS Pla 20.5, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; RMNH. VER. 19957.a, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 20.6, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; RMNH.VER. 19957.b, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides, RMNH.VER. 19957.c, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides, RMNH.VER. 19957.d, ibid., sag. sect. of anterior portion on two slides; RMNH.VER. 19957.e, ibid., hor. sect. of posterior portion on one slide. CGAS Pla 21, freshwater habitat, 
<date id="2405100E05185E50BE26AB6DA3EAE303" box="[827,1008,320,342]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" value="2018-03-26">26 March 2018</date>
, coll. 
<collectionCode id="36AAAE0B05185E50B92BAB6DA451E303" box="[1078,1099,320,341]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Onnis, six entire specimens fixed in Bouin’s fluid and preserved in ethanol.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BE4EAB50A565E155" blockId="8.[827,1443,197,1752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BE4EAB50A3F2E3C4" box="[851,1000,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Istirzili Cave</emphasis>
(
<geoCoordinate id="358F500905185E50BEEBAB50A483E3C4" box="[1014,1177,381,402]" degrees="40" direction="north" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" precision="1" seconds="48.29" value="40.08008">40°04’48.29”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="358F500905185E50B9B9AB50A522E3C5" box="[1188,1336,381,403]" degrees="9" direction="east" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" precision="1" seconds="12.50" value="9.620139">9°37’12.50”E</geoCoordinate>
), Baunei, 
<collectingRegion id="927FF82C05185E50BE26ABB1A385E3E4" box="[827,927,412,434]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
: RMNH.VER. 19958.a, freshwater habitat, 
<date id="2405100E05185E50B895ABB1A3C4E386" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" value="2017-01-22">22 January 2017</date>
, coll. 
<collectionCode id="36AAAE0B05185E50B93DAB96A42EE386" box="[1056,1076,443,464]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Onnis, sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 22.1, ibid., sag. sect. on three slides; CGAS Pla 22.2, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 22.3, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; RMNH.VER. 19958.b, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 22.4, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; RMNH.VER. 19958.c, ibid., sag. sect. on three slides; RMNH.VER. 19958.d, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; RMNH.VER. 19958.e, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; RMNH.VER. 19958.f, ibid., hor. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 22.5, ibid., hor. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 22.6, ibid., transverse sections (transv. sect.) on five slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BE4EA921A4E7E48E" blockId="8.[827,1443,197,1752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BE4EA921A405E177" box="[851,1055,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">San Pietro Cave</emphasis>
(
<geoCoordinate id="358F500905185E50B92EA921A4FEE177" box="[1075,1252,780,801]" degrees="39" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" precision="1" seconds="27.38" value="39.407608">39°24’27.38”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="358F500905185E50B9E9A926A58EE177" box="[1268,1428,779,801]" degrees="8" direction="east" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" precision="1" seconds="35.40" value="8.493167">8°29’35.40”E</geoCoordinate>
), Fluminimaggiore, 
<collectingRegion id="927FF82C05185E50B90CA907A462E116" box="[1041,1144,810,832]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
: CGAS Pla 23, terrestrial habitat, 
<date id="2405100E05185E50BE81A964A422E109" box="[924,1080,841,863]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" value="2015-06-26">26 June 2015</date>
, coll. 
<collectionCode id="36AAAE0B05185E50B964A964A497E108" box="[1145,1165,841,862]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Onnis, sag. sect. on one slide. RMNH.VER. 19959.a, freshwater habitat, 
<date id="2405100E05185E50B888A94AA3D7E1CA" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" value="2015-10-05">5 October 2015</date>
, coll. 
<collectionCode id="36AAAE0B05185E50B91AA9ABA401E1CD" box="[1031,1051,902,923]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Onnis, sag. sect. on one slide. CGAS Pla 24.1, freshwater habitat, 
<date id="2405100E05185E50B994A988A4E1E1ED" box="[1161,1275,933,955]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" value="2016-05">May 2016</date>
, coll. 
<collectionCode id="36AAAE0B05185E50B826A988A555E1EC" box="[1339,1359,933,954]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Onnis, sag. sect. on one slide; RMNH.VER. 19960.a, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.2, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; RMNH.VER. 19960.b, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.3, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; RMNH. VER. 19960.c, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.4, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.5, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.6, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.7, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; RMNH.VER. 19960.d, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.8, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.9, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.10, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 24.11, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 24.12, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 24.13, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 24.14, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 24.15, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; RMNH.VER. 19960.e, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.16, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.17, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.18, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.19, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.20, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; RMNH.VER. 19960.f, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.21, ibid., sag. sect. on two slides; CGAS Pla 24.22, ibid., sag. sect. on one slide; RMNH.VER. 19960.g, ibid., hor. sect. on one slide; CGAS Pla 24.23, ibid., hor. sect. on one slide; RMNH.VER. 19960.h, ibid., transv. sect. on four slides.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="18A1654505185E49BE26AD3CA48BE1A4" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1381" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" type="description">
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E50BE26AD3CA3DDE57E" blockId="8.[827,967,1809,1832]" box="[827,967,1809,1832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BE26AD3CA3DDE57E" box="[827,967,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE05185E51BE26AD14A498E322" blockId="8.[827,1443,1849,1902]" lastBlockId="9.[809,1425,197,372]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1373" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05185E50BE26AD14A41FE518" box="[827,1029,1849,1870]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372">External features:</emphasis>
Body size of live specimens ranges from 
<quantity id="97439B2B05185E50BE65AD75A3F6E53B" box="[888,1004,1880,1902]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4 to 6 mm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="97439B2B05185E50B943AD75A4FFE53B" box="[1118,1253,1880,1901]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1372" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.8 mm</quantity>
wide. Preserved specimens measured up to 3.5–4.0 mm long and 
<quantity id="97439B2B05195E51B87DAAE8A364E2AF" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.4">0.4– 0.8 mm</quantity>
wide. The animals are unpigmented and fairly transparent 
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05195E51BEA3AB2EA414E34E" box="[958,1038,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">in vivo</emphasis>
, so that the intestinal branches, brain, testes, pharynx and copulatory apparatus are clearly visible. The truncated head is devoid of eyes; posterior end rounded (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05195E51B92EAB73A468E322" box="[1075,1138,350,372]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE05195E52BE34AB85A10CE4B1" blockId="9.[809,1426,424,936]" lastBlockId="10.[163,780,1439,1767]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1374" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05195E51BE34AB85A4E5E3EB" box="[809,1279,424,445]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">Epidermis and cutaneous musculature:</emphasis>
The entire epidermis is constituted of a cuboidal, nucleated epithelium that is completely clothed in cilia that have the same length on both dorsal and ventral body surface; dorsal and ventral epidermis have the same height. Rhabdites are abundant and uniformly distributed on the entire body surface, with erythrophil, rhabditeforming glands being located in the parenchyma underneath the subepidermal musculature (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05195E51B82CA8B0A591E0E5" box="[1329,1419,669,691]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[145,223,707,729]" captionTargetBox="[146,1425,198,667]" captionTargetId="figure-648@11.[145,1425,195,668]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, photomicrograph of sagittal section of the anterior end, showing dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) being uniformly clothed with cilia (c); B, RMNH.VER. 19960.g, photomicrograph of horizontal section of the posterior end, showing adhesive glands (ag) discharging their secretion through the epidermis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753040/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">Figs 6A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05195E51BE34A891A352E087" box="[809,840,700,721]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[410,1201,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-224@12.[401,1204,195,1321]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the head, with the brain (b) and the post-cephalic region, also showing the anterior intestinal branch (aib), left ovary (lo) with its tuba (tu) and the first tract of the left oviduct (lod), the most anterior vitellaria (vi) and testes (t); B, RMNH.VER. 19958.f, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the post-pharyngeal region with the copulatory apparatus, showing the most caudal vitellaria (vi) and the two caudal gut trunks fusing to form a single branch (pib)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753042/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">7B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05195E51BE48A891A398E087" box="[853,898,700,721]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[307,1263,195,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-242@15.[305,1265,195,1278]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the left ovary (lo) with tuba (tu) and origin of the left oviduct (lod), testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); B, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), with testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); C, CGAS Pla 19.2, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), showing in detail the dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) with the subepidermal musculature, some vitellaria (vi), and the ventral nerve cord (vnc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753049/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">10C</figureCitation>
). Dorsal and ventral rhabdites have the same height. The epidermis also receives a coarse granular, xanthophil secretion from glands that are mainly located in the anterior region of the body, beneath the subepidermal musculature, with several glands also lying scattered in the parenchyma (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05195E51B9D4A978A538E13D" box="[1225,1314,853,875]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[145,223,707,729]" captionTargetBox="[146,1425,198,667]" captionTargetId="figure-648@11.[145,1425,195,668]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, photomicrograph of sagittal section of the anterior end, showing dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) being uniformly clothed with cilia (c); B, RMNH.VER. 19960.g, photomicrograph of horizontal section of the posterior end, showing adhesive glands (ag) discharging their secretion through the epidermis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753040/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">Figs 6A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05195E51B832A978A555E13C" box="[1327,1359,853,874]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[410,1201,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-224@12.[401,1204,195,1321]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the head, with the brain (b) and the post-cephalic region, also showing the anterior intestinal branch (aib), left ovary (lo) with its tuba (tu) and the first tract of the left oviduct (lod), the most anterior vitellaria (vi) and testes (t); B, RMNH.VER. 19958.f, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the post-pharyngeal region with the copulatory apparatus, showing the most caudal vitellaria (vi) and the two caudal gut trunks fusing to form a single branch (pib)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753042/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">7A</figureCitation>
). The epidermis receives also an amorphous secretion from cyanophil glands located beneath the subepidermal musculature (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051A5E52BC5EAFB2A1DAE7E2" box="[323,448,1439,1461]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[307,1263,195,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-242@15.[305,1265,195,1278]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the left ovary (lo) with tuba (tu) and origin of the left oviduct (lod), testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); B, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), with testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); C, CGAS Pla 19.2, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), showing in detail the dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) with the subepidermal musculature, some vitellaria (vi), and the ventral nerve cord (vnc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753049/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">Fig. 10B, C</figureCitation>
). Underneath the epidermis, the basement membrane is evident as a pale blue, amorphous line (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051A5E52BC77AFF1A1D6E7A7" box="[362,460,1500,1522]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[307,1263,195,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-242@15.[305,1265,195,1278]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the left ovary (lo) with tuba (tu) and origin of the left oviduct (lod), testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); B, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), with testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); C, CGAS Pla 19.2, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), showing in detail the dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) with the subepidermal musculature, some vitellaria (vi), and the ventral nerve cord (vnc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753049/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
). The openings of adhesive glands, producing a fine, granular, erythrophil secretion, are concentrated at the front end and at the posterior tip of the body (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051A5E52BCD6AC15A23EE418" box="[459,548,1592,1614]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[145,223,707,729]" captionTargetBox="[146,1425,198,667]" captionTargetId="figure-648@11.[145,1425,195,668]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, photomicrograph of sagittal section of the anterior end, showing dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) being uniformly clothed with cilia (c); B, RMNH.VER. 19960.g, photomicrograph of horizontal section of the posterior end, showing adhesive glands (ag) discharging their secretion through the epidermis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753040/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">Figs 6B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051A5E52BF2FAC15A248E41B" box="[562,594,1592,1613]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[410,1201,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-224@12.[401,1204,195,1321]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the head, with the brain (b) and the post-cephalic region, also showing the anterior intestinal branch (aib), left ovary (lo) with its tuba (tu) and the first tract of the left oviduct (lod), the most anterior vitellaria (vi) and testes (t); B, RMNH.VER. 19958.f, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the post-pharyngeal region with the copulatory apparatus, showing the most caudal vitellaria (vi) and the two caudal gut trunks fusing to form a single branch (pib)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753042/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">7A</figureCitation>
). Subepidermal musculature consists of only two thin layers: an outer, subepidermal layer of circular muscles and an inner layer of longitudinal muscles (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051A5E52BF4FACB9A2C0E4FF" box="[594,730,1684,1706]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[307,1263,195,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-242@15.[305,1265,195,1278]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the left ovary (lo) with tuba (tu) and origin of the left oviduct (lod), testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); B, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), with testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); C, CGAS Pla 19.2, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), showing in detail the dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) with the subepidermal musculature, some vitellaria (vi), and the ventral nerve cord (vnc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753049/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">Figs 10B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051A5E52BFF5ACB9A31EE4FF" box="[744,772,1684,1705]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionTargetBox="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetId="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">11</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051A5E52BDBEAC9EA0A5E49E" box="[163,191,1715,1736]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">12</figureCitation>
). Dorsal and ventral musculatures show the same thickness.
</paragraph>
<caption id="04C4664605195E51BD8CA975A19CE1FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753032" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753032/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373" startId="9.[145,229,856,878]" targetBox="[151,757,197,816]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="500436CE05195E51BD8CA975A19CE1FF" blockId="9.[145,761,856,937]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05195E51BD8CA975A11EE138" bold="true" box="[145,260,856,878]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05195E51BC0DA974A20CE139" box="[272,534,857,879]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D05195E51BC0DA974A208E139" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[272,530,857,879]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi">Amphibioplana onnisi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A single, curled up specimen from under a stone in the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. Scale bar not available.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="04C4664605195E51BD8FAD34A3DFE53C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753036/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373" startId="9.[146,224,1817,1839]" targetBox="[306,1265,1031,1777]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="500436CE05195E51BD8FAD34A3DFE53C" blockId="9.[145,1425,1817,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05195E51BD8FAD34A0E3E578" bold="true" box="[146,249,1817,1839]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D05195E51BC1EAD34A1F1E579" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[259,491,1817,1839]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05195E51BC1EAD34A1F1E579" box="[259,491,1817,1839]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1373">Amphibioplana onnisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Habitat in freshwater environments. A, entrance of Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; B, collection site in Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; C, collection site in San Pietro Cave; D, collection site in Istirzili Cave. Details on precise locations of the sampling sites in the caves are omitted for reasons of species protection.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="04C46646051A5E52BDB9AECAA541E725" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374" startId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" targetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="500436CE051A5E52BDB9AECAA541E725" blockId="10.[163,1444,1255,1395]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051A5E52BDB9AECAA117E6AA" bold="true" box="[164,269,1255,1277]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051A5E52BC0AAECAA210E6AB" box="[279,522,1255,1277]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D051A5E52BC0AAECAA21CE6AB" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[279,518,1255,1277]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi">Amphibioplana onnisi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="500436CE051A5E52BDBEAD3EA40DE4DD" blockId="10.[163,778,1811,1894]" lastBlockId="10.[827,1443,1439,1675]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051A5E52BDBEAD3EA142E57E" box="[163,344,1811,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">Nervous system:</emphasis>
In horizontal sections, the bilaterally symmetrical brain has the shape of an ‘H’ and lies on top of the two ventral nerve cords, which run in the caudal direction along the length of the animal (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051A5E52BE59AF90A3BAE785" box="[836,928,1469,1491]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[410,1201,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-224@12.[401,1204,195,1321]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the head, with the brain (b) and the post-cephalic region, also showing the anterior intestinal branch (aib), left ovary (lo) with its tuba (tu) and the first tract of the left oviduct (lod), the most anterior vitellaria (vi) and testes (t); B, RMNH.VER. 19958.f, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the post-pharyngeal region with the copulatory apparatus, showing the most caudal vitellaria (vi) and the two caudal gut trunks fusing to form a single branch (pib)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753042/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">Figs 7A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051A5E52BEADAF93A3C4E785" box="[944,990,1470,1491]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[307,1263,195,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-242@15.[305,1265,195,1278]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the left ovary (lo) with tuba (tu) and origin of the left oviduct (lod), testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); B, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), with testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); C, CGAS Pla 19.2, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), showing in detail the dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) with the subepidermal musculature, some vitellaria (vi), and the ventral nerve cord (vnc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753049/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">10C</figureCitation>
). The central neuropil of the brain is surrounded by an outer layer of neuronal cell bodies (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051A5E52BE5EAFD6A382E446" box="[835,920,1531,1553]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[410,1201,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-224@12.[401,1204,195,1321]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the head, with the brain (b) and the post-cephalic region, also showing the anterior intestinal branch (aib), left ovary (lo) with its tuba (tu) and the first tract of the left oviduct (lod), the most anterior vitellaria (vi) and testes (t); B, RMNH.VER. 19958.f, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the post-pharyngeal region with the copulatory apparatus, showing the most caudal vitellaria (vi) and the two caudal gut trunks fusing to form a single branch (pib)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753042/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
). In none of the specimens examined was it possible to discern structures related to an auricular sense organ, in view of the fact that the epidermal cells are of a uniform height and are all provided with both cilia and rhabdites.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE051A5E53BE26AC99A1C3E53E" blockId="10.[827,1443,1716,1891]" lastBlockId="11.[145,762,832,1897]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1375" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051A5E52BE26AC99A448E49C" box="[827,1106,1716,1738]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1374">Pharynx and intestine:</emphasis>
The unpigmented, plicate pharynx is located in the posterior half of the body and measures ~one-tenth of the body length, at least when it is situated within the pharyngeal pocket. In point of fact, the actual size of the pharynx must be greater than this as it is considerably folded and convoluted at its median and distal tracts (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53BF60A96DA2D5E100" box="[637,719,832,854]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">Figs 5F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53BFC0A96DA2F1E103" box="[733,747,832,853]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[145,226,1449,1471]" captionTargetBox="[386,1183,199,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-199@13.[383,1186,195,1409]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the pharynx, sagittal sections. A, CGAS Pla 19.2, oesophageal protrusion (oep) and convoluted tract of the pharynx (cph); anterior to the right; B, RMNH.VER. 19956.c, oesophageal protrusion (oep), also showing xanthophil (xg) and erythrophil (eg) secretions in the pharynx; anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753044/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">8</figureCitation>
). In specimens from Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave and Istirzili Cave the proximal tract of the pharynx, corresponding to one-third of its total length, has a rectilinear course and at its root it is provided with a kind of oesophagal protrusion that actually projects into the pharynx lumen, instead of the gut. In specimens from San Pietro Cave the pharynx has a less convoluted shape, while the oesophagal protrusion is smaller than in specimens of the other two populations. This oesophagal protrusion is constituted by gut tissue traversed for almost its entire length by thin, longitudinal muscle fibres (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53BCC5AE9DA237E693" box="[472,557,1200,1222]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[145,226,1449,1471]" captionTargetBox="[386,1183,199,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-199@13.[383,1186,195,1409]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the pharynx, sagittal sections. A, CGAS Pla 19.2, oesophageal protrusion (oep) and convoluted tract of the pharynx (cph); anterior to the right; B, RMNH.VER. 19956.c, oesophageal protrusion (oep), also showing xanthophil (xg) and erythrophil (eg) secretions in the pharynx; anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753044/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
). The epithelium lining the proximal, anterior part of the pharynx lumen is provided with long cilia. The muscle coat underneath the outer pharynx epithelium is bilayered, i.e. constituted by a subepithelial layer of longitudinal muscle, followed by a layer of circular muscles. The musculature underneath the epithelium lining the pharynx lumen is composed of a thick, subepithelial layer of circular muscles, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscles. Two 
<typeStatus id="8F00886C051B5E53BF04AFE8A24CE78C" box="[537,598,1477,1498]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">types</typeStatus>
of pharyngeal glands are evident: 
<specimenCount id="46BDFD47051B5E53BC69AFCEA1CCE7AE" box="[372,470,1507,1528]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375" type="generic" typeStatus="type">one type</specimenCount>
producing a fine-grained erythrophil secretion and the other a coarse-grained xanthophil secretion. In the majority of specimens, the mouth opening is located at the posterior end of the pharyngeal pouch, but it may be shifted anteriad, so that in some cases it is located at ~one-sixth, and in one case at ~one-third, of the distance between the posterior end of the pharyngeal pouch and the root of the pharynx. The intestine is of the usual tripartite shape, with the anterior intestinal trunk terminating just behind the brain. Posterior intestinal branches unite behind the copulatory apparatus to form a single branch (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53BC26AD7EA198E53F" box="[315,386,1875,1897]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">Figs 5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53BC93AD7EA186E53E" box="[398,412,1875,1896]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[410,1201,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-224@12.[401,1204,195,1321]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the head, with the brain (b) and the post-cephalic region, also showing the anterior intestinal branch (aib), left ovary (lo) with its tuba (tu) and the first tract of the left oviduct (lod), the most anterior vitellaria (vi) and testes (t); B, RMNH.VER. 19958.f, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the post-pharyngeal region with the copulatory apparatus, showing the most caudal vitellaria (vi) and the two caudal gut trunks fusing to form a single branch (pib)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753042/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">7</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53BCB4AD7EA1D3E53E" box="[425,457,1875,1896]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[163,243,1100,1122]" captionTargetBox="[291,1315,197,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-429@14.[291,1315,195,1060]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the prepharyngeal region, showing the brain (b), the anterior intestinal branch (aib), the most anterior testes (t) and vitellaria (vi) and the left ovary (lo); B, photograph of a preserved specimen from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave in ventral view, showing the vitellaria (vi), testes (t), pharynx (ph), and copulatory apparatus (ca)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753046/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">9A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="04C46646051B5E53BD8CA8EEA56BE142" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753040" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753040/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375" startId="11.[145,223,707,729]" targetBox="[146,1425,198,667]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="500436CE051B5E53BD8CA8EEA56BE142" blockId="11.[145,1425,707,788]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051B5E53BD8CA8EEA0E2E08E" bold="true" box="[145,248,707,729]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051B5E53BC1EA8EEA1E8E08F" box="[259,498,707,729]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D051B5E53BC1EA8EEA1F4E08F" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[259,494,707,729]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi">Amphibioplana onnisi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, photomicrograph of sagittal section of the anterior end, showing dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) being uniformly clothed with cilia (c); B, RMNH.VER. 19960.g, photomicrograph of horizontal section of the posterior end, showing adhesive glands (ag) discharging their secretion through the epidermis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="500436CE051B5E55BE34A96DA462E483" blockId="11.[809,1426,832,1897]" lastBlockId="13.[809,1426,1574,1749]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="1377" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051B5E53BE34A96DA47BE100" box="[809,1121,832,854]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">Female reproductive system:</emphasis>
The two ovoid ovaries are located ventrally, far behind the brain and just behind the most anterior pair of testes. The female gonads are located at ~one-third to one-quarter of the distance between the brain and the root of the pharynx, i.e. at ~one-eighth of the distance between the brain and the posterior end of the body. The ovaries occupy one-half (specimen RMNH.VER. 19956.d) or three-quarters (specimen CGAS Pla 19.2) of the dorsoventral space. The anterior portion of each oviduct is expanded to form a tuba, which communicates with the dorsolateral part of the corresponding ovary (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53B974AEBCA4DBE6F1" box="[1129,1217,1169,1191]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[163,243,1100,1122]" captionTargetBox="[291,1315,197,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-429@14.[291,1315,195,1060]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the prepharyngeal region, showing the brain (b), the anterior intestinal branch (aib), the most anterior testes (t) and vitellaria (vi) and the left ovary (lo); B, photograph of a preserved specimen from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave in ventral view, showing the vitellaria (vi), testes (t), pharynx (ph), and copulatory apparatus (ca)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753046/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">Figs 9A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53B9D3AEBFA4F3E6F1" box="[1230,1257,1170,1191]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[307,1263,195,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-242@15.[305,1265,195,1278]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the left ovary (lo) with tuba (tu) and origin of the left oviduct (lod), testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); B, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), with testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); C, CGAS Pla 19.2, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), showing in detail the dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) with the subepidermal musculature, some vitellaria (vi), and the ventral nerve cord (vnc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753049/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">10</figureCitation>
). The oviducts run ventrolaterally to the vitellaria and laterally to the ventral nerve cords, and extend posteriorly to beyond the level of the genital pore and up to the level of the penultimate vitellarium. Hereafter, the oviducts bend medially and subsequently unite to form a long common oviduct. The common oviduct runs anteriad and then communicates with the posterior diverticulum of the bursal canal (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53BED3AFAAA433E7CA" box="[974,1065,1415,1437]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[410,1201,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-224@12.[401,1204,195,1321]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the head, with the brain (b) and the post-cephalic region, also showing the anterior intestinal branch (aib), left ovary (lo) with its tuba (tu) and the first tract of the left oviduct (lod), the most anterior vitellaria (vi) and testes (t); B, RMNH.VER. 19958.f, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the post-pharyngeal region with the copulatory apparatus, showing the most caudal vitellaria (vi) and the two caudal gut trunks fusing to form a single branch (pib)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753042/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">Figs 7A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53B924AFAAA443E7CA" box="[1081,1113,1415,1436]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[163,243,1100,1122]" captionTargetBox="[291,1315,197,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-429@14.[291,1315,195,1060]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the prepharyngeal region, showing the brain (b), the anterior intestinal branch (aib), the most anterior testes (t) and vitellaria (vi) and the left ovary (lo); B, photograph of a preserved specimen from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave in ventral view, showing the vitellaria (vi), testes (t), pharynx (ph), and copulatory apparatus (ca)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753046/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">9A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53B974AFAAA4B5E7CA" box="[1129,1199,1415,1436]" captionStart-0="Figure 10" captionStart-1="Figure 11" captionStart-2="Figure 12" captionStart-3="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" captionStartId-1="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionStartId-2="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionStartId-3="18.[163,243,1323,1345]" captionTargetBox-0="[307,1263,195,1277]" captionTargetBox-1="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetBox-2="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetBox-3="[169,773,196,1281]" captionTargetId-0="figure-242@15.[305,1265,195,1278]" captionTargetId-1="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetId-2="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId-3="figure-614@18.[167,775,195,1283]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionText-0="Figure 10. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the left ovary (lo) with tuba (tu) and origin of the left oviduct (lod), testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); B, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), with testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); C, CGAS Pla 19.2, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), showing in detail the dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) with the subepidermal musculature, some vitellaria (vi), and the ventral nerve cord (vnc)." captionText-1="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." captionText-2="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." captionText-3="Figure 13. Amphibioplana onnisi. Schematic horizontal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753049" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753055" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5753049/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5753055/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">10–13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53B9A2AFAAA4C1E7CB" box="[1215,1243,1415,1437]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[163,246,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[167,775,197,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-677@20.[167,775,195,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus. A, CGAS Pla 19.1b, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), bursal canal (bc) with its diverticulum (di), and common oviduct (cod); anterior to the left; B, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), cup-shaped chamber (csc), common oviduct (cod), and right oviduct (rod); anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753059/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">15</figureCitation>
). Oviducts and common oviduct are lined with an epithelium consisting of cuboidal, nucleated and ciliated cells. The posterior part of the common oviduct is surrounded by a thin layer of longitudinal muscles that becomes even less distinct towards the point of fusion of the two oviducts. We were unable to discern muscles around the oviducts so that, apparently, these ducts are devoid of any musculature (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53BEDEAC51A409E4C7" box="[963,1043,1660,1682]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionTargetBox="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetId="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">Figs 11</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53B903AC51A423E4C7" box="[1054,1081,1660,1681]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">12</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53B958AC51A47AE4C4" box="[1093,1120,1660,1682]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[163,246,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[167,775,197,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-677@20.[167,775,195,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus. A, CGAS Pla 19.1b, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), bursal canal (bc) with its diverticulum (di), and common oviduct (cod); anterior to the left; B, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), cup-shaped chamber (csc), common oviduct (cod), and right oviduct (rod); anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753059/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">15</figureCitation>
). The lumen of the common oviduct, as well as that of the oviducts, is always well discernible. Vitellaria are situated laterally to the testes and between the intestinal branches, extending from the level of the ovaries to behind the copulatory apparatus; they are well developed and occupy almost the entire dorsoventral space of the body (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53B839AD19A577E51F" box="[1316,1389,1844,1866]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[410,1201,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-224@12.[401,1204,195,1321]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the head, with the brain (b) and the post-cephalic region, also showing the anterior intestinal branch (aib), left ovary (lo) with its tuba (tu) and the first tract of the left oviduct (lod), the most anterior vitellaria (vi) and testes (t); B, RMNH.VER. 19958.f, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the post-pharyngeal region with the copulatory apparatus, showing the most caudal vitellaria (vi) and the two caudal gut trunks fusing to form a single branch (pib)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753042/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">Figs 7</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53B860AD19A591E51F" box="[1405,1419,1844,1865]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[163,243,1100,1122]" captionTargetBox="[291,1315,197,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-429@14.[291,1315,195,1060]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the prepharyngeal region, showing the brain (b), the anterior intestinal branch (aib), the most anterior testes (t) and vitellaria (vi) and the left ovary (lo); B, photograph of a preserved specimen from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave in ventral view, showing the vitellaria (vi), testes (t), pharynx (ph), and copulatory apparatus (ca)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753046/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051B5E53BE34AD7EA35FE53E" box="[809,837,1875,1896]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[307,1263,195,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-242@15.[305,1265,195,1278]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the left ovary (lo) with tuba (tu) and origin of the left oviduct (lod), testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); B, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), with testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); C, CGAS Pla 19.2, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), showing in detail the dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) with the subepidermal musculature, some vitellaria (vi), and the ventral nerve cord (vnc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753049/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1375">10</figureCitation>
). The copulatory bursa, located just behind the pharyngeal pouch, is lined by a glandular and highly vacuolated, syncytial epithelium with scattered nuclei. Many of the vacuoles are richly provided with an amorphous, erythrophil and/or cyanophil secretion and in some cases contain sperm (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051C5E54BCE3ACAEA24CE4CF" box="[510,598,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[410,1201,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-224@12.[401,1204,195,1321]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the head, with the brain (b) and the post-cephalic region, also showing the anterior intestinal branch (aib), left ovary (lo) with its tuba (tu) and the first tract of the left oviduct (lod), the most anterior vitellaria (vi) and testes (t); B, RMNH.VER. 19958.f, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the post-pharyngeal region with the copulatory apparatus, showing the most caudal vitellaria (vi) and the two caudal gut trunks fusing to form a single branch (pib)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753042/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1376">Figs 7B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051C5E54BF79ACAEA2B3E4CE" box="[612,681,1667,1688]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionStartId-1="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionStartId-2="18.[163,243,1323,1345]" captionTargetBox-0="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetBox-1="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetBox-2="[169,773,196,1281]" captionTargetId-0="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetId-1="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId-2="figure-614@18.[167,775,195,1283]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionText-0="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." captionText-1="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." captionText-2="Figure 13. Amphibioplana onnisi. Schematic horizontal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753055" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5753055/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1376">11–13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051C5E54BFAAACAEA31FE4CE" box="[695,773,1667,1688]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="19.[146,225,1340,1362]" captionTargetBox="[312,1259,197,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-162@19.[310,1259,195,1300]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 14. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus; sagittal sections. A, holotype RMNH. VER. 19956.a, showing penis bulb (pb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), and the gonopore (go) opening into the cupshaped chamber (csc); anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 19. 2, showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the right; C, RMNH.VER. 19958.d, showing copulatory bursa with a voluminous mass of sperm (s) in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; D, CGAS Pla 19.1b, showing copulatory bursa with sperm in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; E, CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal section showing the proximal tract of the bursal canal (bc) with its diaphragm-like protrusion (bcd) into the copulatory bursa; anterior to the left; F, CGAS Pla 22. 6, transverse section showing the penis papilla with the two vasa deferentia (vd) running parallel before their fusion to form the ejaculatory duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753057/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1376">14B–E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051C5E54BDBEAC8FA0A4E4EE" box="[163,190,1698,1720]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[163,246,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[167,775,197,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-677@20.[167,775,195,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus. A, CGAS Pla 19.1b, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), bursal canal (bc) with its diverticulum (di), and common oviduct (cod); anterior to the left; B, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), cup-shaped chamber (csc), common oviduct (cod), and right oviduct (rod); anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753059/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1376">15</figureCitation>
). In the majority of the specimens, the bursal lumen contains a mass of free sperm and, in some cases, is so voluminous that it noticeably compresses the lining epithelium of the bursa (e.g. specimen RMNH.VER. 19958.a; see 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051C5E54BC24AD30A180E564" box="[313,410,1821,1843]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="19.[146,225,1340,1362]" captionTargetBox="[312,1259,197,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-162@19.[310,1259,195,1300]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 14. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus; sagittal sections. A, holotype RMNH. VER. 19956.a, showing penis bulb (pb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), and the gonopore (go) opening into the cupshaped chamber (csc); anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 19. 2, showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the right; C, RMNH.VER. 19958.d, showing copulatory bursa with a voluminous mass of sperm (s) in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; D, CGAS Pla 19.1b, showing copulatory bursa with sperm in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; E, CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal section showing the proximal tract of the bursal canal (bc) with its diaphragm-like protrusion (bcd) into the copulatory bursa; anterior to the left; F, CGAS Pla 22. 6, transverse section showing the penis papilla with the two vasa deferentia (vd) running parallel before their fusion to form the ejaculatory duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753057/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1376">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
). The bursa is surrounded by a layer of muscles. The size of the copulatory bursa varies between specimens, but in the majority of cases it is large and occupies the entire dorsoventral space, while occasionally it occupies only the dorsal half of the body space. The bursal canal originates from the posterior wall of the genital atrium and immediately thereafter gives rise to a posterior expansion that forms a kind of diverticulum, which receives the secretion of erythrophil shell glands and communicates with the common oviduct. From thereon, the bursal canal curves anterodorsad, while running, usually, to the right side of the rest of the copulatory apparatus and then communicates with the copulatory bursa. For a short distance, the bursal canal protrudes into the bursa, thus forming a kind of valve or diaphragm (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051D5E55BC65AC4EA1EBE42F" box="[376,497,1635,1657]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionStartId-1="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionStartId-2="18.[163,243,1323,1345]" captionTargetBox-0="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetBox-1="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetBox-2="[169,773,196,1281]" captionTargetId-0="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetId-1="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId-2="figure-614@18.[167,775,195,1283]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionText-0="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." captionText-1="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." captionText-2="Figure 13. Amphibioplana onnisi. Schematic horizontal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753055" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5753055/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377">
Figs 11– 
<geoCoordinate id="358F5009051D5E55BCCAAC49A1EBE42F" box="[471,497,1636,1657]" degrees="13, 14" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377" precision="555" value="13.14">13</geoCoordinate>
</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051D5E55BCE3AC49A230E42F" box="[510,554,1636,1657]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="19.[146,225,1340,1362]" captionTargetBox="[312,1259,197,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-162@19.[310,1259,195,1300]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 14. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus; sagittal sections. A, holotype RMNH. VER. 19956.a, showing penis bulb (pb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), and the gonopore (go) opening into the cupshaped chamber (csc); anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 19. 2, showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the right; C, RMNH.VER. 19958.d, showing copulatory bursa with a voluminous mass of sperm (s) in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; D, CGAS Pla 19.1b, showing copulatory bursa with sperm in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; E, CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal section showing the proximal tract of the bursal canal (bc) with its diaphragm-like protrusion (bcd) into the copulatory bursa; anterior to the left; F, CGAS Pla 22. 6, transverse section showing the penis papilla with the two vasa deferentia (vd) running parallel before their fusion to form the ejaculatory duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753057/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377">14E</figureCitation>
). The bursal canal is lined with an epithelium consisting of cuboidal or cylindrical, nucleated cells and is surrounded by a layer of longitudinal muscles (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051D5E55BC83AC92A1F4E483" box="[414,494,1727,1749]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionTargetBox="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetId="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377">Figs 11</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051D5E55BCE7ACEDA20FE483" box="[506,533,1728,1749]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377">12</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051D5E55BF3DAC92A256E483" box="[544,588,1727,1749]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[163,246,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[167,775,197,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-677@20.[167,775,195,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus. A, CGAS Pla 19.1b, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), bursal canal (bc) with its diverticulum (di), and common oviduct (cod); anterior to the left; B, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), cup-shaped chamber (csc), common oviduct (cod), and right oviduct (rod); anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753059/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377">15A</figureCitation>
). The epithelial cells of the bursal canal, which are provided with long cilia, produce an erythrophil secretion that is discharged into the lumen. The point of transition between bursal canal diverticulum and common oviduct is not always clear-cut, but can be recognized by the fact that the common oviduct has a smaller diameter and is lined with a lower epithelium, provided with shorter cilia, and is surrounded by a thinner coat of muscles. In addition, oviducts and common oviduct stain less strongly than the bursal canal diverticulum.
</paragraph>
<caption id="04C46646051C5E54BDBEAF7CA422E78A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753042" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753042/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1376" startId="12.[163,242,1361,1383]" targetBox="[410,1201,198,1299]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="500436CE051C5E54BDBEAF7CA422E78A" blockId="12.[163,1443,1361,1500]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1376">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051C5E54BDBEAF7CA116E730" bold="true" box="[163,268,1361,1383]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1376">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051C5E54BC0AAF7CA210E731" box="[279,522,1361,1383]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1376">
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D051C5E54BC0AAF7CA21CE731" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[279,518,1361,1383]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="12" pageNumber="1376" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi">Amphibioplana onnisi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the head, with the brain (b) and the post-cephalic region, also showing the anterior intestinal branch (aib), left ovary (lo) with its tuba (tu) and the first tract of the left oviduct (lod), the most anterior vitellaria (vi) and testes (t); B, RMNH.VER. 19958.f, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the post-pharyngeal region with the copulatory apparatus, showing the most caudal vitellaria (vi) and the two caudal gut trunks fusing to form a single branch (pib).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="04C46646051D5E55BD8CAF84A536E7AC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753044/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377" startId="13.[145,226,1449,1471]" targetBox="[386,1183,199,1406]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="500436CE051D5E55BD8CAF84A536E7AC" blockId="13.[145,1425,1449,1530]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051D5E55BD8CAF84A0E7E7E8" bold="true" box="[145,253,1449,1471]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377">Figure 8.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051D5E55BC14AF84A21BE7E9" box="[265,513,1449,1471]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377">
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D051D5E55BC14AF84A1E4E7E9" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[265,510,1449,1471]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi">Amphibioplana onnisi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Photomicrographs of the pharynx, sagittal sections. A, CGAS Pla 19.2, oesophageal protrusion (oep) and convoluted tract of the pharynx (cph); anterior to the right; B, RMNH.VER. 19956.c, oesophageal protrusion (oep), also showing xanthophil (xg) and erythrophil (eg) secretions in the pharynx; anterior to the left.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="500436CE051D5E57BE34ACD3A2AAE4FD" blockId="13.[809,1425,1790,1873]" lastBlockId="15.[145,761,1501,1707]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="1379" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051D5E55BE34ACD3A449E542" box="[809,1107,1790,1812]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1377">Male reproductive system:</emphasis>
The well-developed testes are arranged in two regular rows, one row on either side of the body, with the follicles occupying the entire dorsoventral space. The most anterior testes are situated far behind the brain, albeit anteriorly to the ovaries, and from thereon extend caudally, with the most posterior follicles located far (~ 500–550 µm) from the root of the pharynx (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56BCD4AF4CA208E721" box="[457,530,1377,1399]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">Figs 5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56BF3CAF4CA25BE721" box="[545,577,1377,1399]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[145,223,707,729]" captionTargetBox="[146,1425,198,667]" captionTargetId="figure-648@11.[145,1425,195,668]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, photomicrograph of sagittal section of the anterior end, showing dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) being uniformly clothed with cilia (c); B, RMNH.VER. 19960.g, photomicrograph of horizontal section of the posterior end, showing adhesive glands (ag) discharging their secretion through the epidermis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753040/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">6A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56BF4DAF4CA244E720" box="[592,606,1377,1398]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[163,243,1100,1122]" captionTargetBox="[291,1315,197,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-429@14.[291,1315,195,1060]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the prepharyngeal region, showing the brain (b), the anterior intestinal branch (aib), the most anterior testes (t) and vitellaria (vi) and the left ovary (lo); B, photograph of a preserved specimen from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave in ventral view, showing the vitellaria (vi), testes (t), pharynx (ph), and copulatory apparatus (ca)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753046/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56BF70AF4CA293E720" box="[621,649,1377,1398]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[307,1263,195,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-242@15.[305,1265,195,1278]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the left ovary (lo) with tuba (tu) and origin of the left oviduct (lod), testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); B, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), with testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); C, CGAS Pla 19.2, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), showing in detail the dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) with the subepidermal musculature, some vitellaria (vi), and the ventral nerve cord (vnc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753049/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">10</figureCitation>
). The vasa deferentia run dorsally to the ventral nerve cords and already in the prepharyngeal part of the body they form voluminous spermiducal vesicles that are packed with sperm, at least in sexually mature specimens (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56BFB2AFF1A31FE7A4" box="[687,773,1500,1522]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">Figs 5A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56BDBEAFD6A0FCE446" box="[163,230,1531,1552]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionStartId-1="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionStartId-2="18.[163,243,1323,1345]" captionTargetBox-0="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetBox-1="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetBox-2="[169,773,196,1281]" captionTargetId-0="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetId-1="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId-2="figure-614@18.[167,775,195,1283]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionText-0="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." captionText-1="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." captionText-2="Figure 13. Amphibioplana onnisi. Schematic horizontal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753055" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5753055/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">11–13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56BDEEAFD7A13AE446" box="[243,288,1530,1552]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[163,246,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[167,775,197,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-677@20.[167,775,195,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus. A, CGAS Pla 19.1b, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), bursal canal (bc) with its diverticulum (di), and common oviduct (cod); anterior to the left; B, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), cup-shaped chamber (csc), common oviduct (cod), and right oviduct (rod); anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753059/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">15A</figureCitation>
). The small and sometimes indistinct penis bulb is generally located just behind the copulatory bursa. However, in those specimens in which the bursa is small, the penis bulb almost touches the caudal wall of the pharyngeal pouch. At the level of the penis bulb, the spermiducal vesicles notably decrease in diameter and hereafter they curve dorsad and then abruptly penetrate the anteroventral wall of the penis bulb, after which they symmetrically ascend to reach the level of the medial part of the penis. After a while, the ducts curve again abruptly or via a knee-shaped bend and then turn posteriad, after which they run parallel and close to each other through the central portion of the penis papilla. At ~three-quarters of the length of the papilla, the vasa deferentia fuse to form a short ejaculatory duct, which runs a central course through the remainder of the penis papilla and opens at its tip (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56B9AEAF4CA536E720" box="[1203,1324,1377,1399]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionStartId-1="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionStartId-2="18.[163,243,1323,1345]" captionTargetBox-0="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetBox-1="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetBox-2="[169,773,196,1281]" captionTargetId-0="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetId-1="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId-2="figure-614@18.[167,775,195,1283]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionText-0="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." captionText-1="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." captionText-2="Figure 13. Amphibioplana onnisi. Schematic horizontal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753055" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5753055/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">Figs 11–13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56B825AF4CA587E721" box="[1336,1437,1377,1399]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="19.[146,225,1340,1362]" captionTargetBox="[312,1259,197,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-162@19.[310,1259,195,1300]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 14. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus; sagittal sections. A, holotype RMNH. VER. 19956.a, showing penis bulb (pb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), and the gonopore (go) opening into the cupshaped chamber (csc); anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 19. 2, showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the right; C, RMNH.VER. 19958.d, showing copulatory bursa with a voluminous mass of sperm (s) in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; D, CGAS Pla 19.1b, showing copulatory bursa with sperm in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; E, CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal section showing the proximal tract of the bursal canal (bc) with its diaphragm-like protrusion (bcd) into the copulatory bursa; anterior to the left; F, CGAS Pla 22. 6, transverse section showing the penis papilla with the two vasa deferentia (vd) running parallel before their fusion to form the ejaculatory duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753057/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">14A–D, F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56BE26AFADA37DE7C0" box="[827,871,1408,1430]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[163,246,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[167,775,197,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-677@20.[167,775,195,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus. A, CGAS Pla 19.1b, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), bursal canal (bc) with its diverticulum (di), and common oviduct (cod); anterior to the left; B, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), cup-shaped chamber (csc), common oviduct (cod), and right oviduct (rod); anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753059/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">15B</figureCitation>
). The vasa deferentia are lined with an epithelium consisting of low, cuboidal and nucleated cells and are surrounded by a layer of circular muscle. The ejaculatory duct is lined with cuboidal, nucleated cells. The symmetrical, conical penis papilla is covered by a flat infranucleated epithelium, which is underlain by a subepithelial layer of circular muscle (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56B9F2AC15A353E43A" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStart-3="Figure 14" captionStartId-0="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionStartId-1="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionStartId-2="18.[163,243,1323,1345]" captionStartId-3="19.[146,225,1340,1362]" captionTargetBox-0="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetBox-1="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetBox-2="[169,773,196,1281]" captionTargetBox-3="[312,1259,197,1299]" captionTargetId-0="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetId-1="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId-2="figure-614@18.[167,775,195,1283]" captionTargetId-3="figure-162@19.[310,1259,195,1300]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionTargetPageId-3="19" captionText-0="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." captionText-1="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." captionText-2="Figure 13. Amphibioplana onnisi. Schematic horizontal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." captionText-3="Figure 14. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus; sagittal sections. A, holotype RMNH. VER. 19956.a, showing penis bulb (pb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), and the gonopore (go) opening into the cupshaped chamber (csc); anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 19. 2, showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the right; C, RMNH.VER. 19958.d, showing copulatory bursa with a voluminous mass of sperm (s) in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; D, CGAS Pla 19.1b, showing copulatory bursa with sperm in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; E, CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal section showing the proximal tract of the bursal canal (bc) with its diaphragm-like protrusion (bcd) into the copulatory bursa; anterior to the left; F, CGAS Pla 22. 6, transverse section showing the penis papilla with the two vasa deferentia (vd) running parallel before their fusion to form the ejaculatory duct." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753055" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753057" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5753055/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5753057/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">Figs 11–14A–D, F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56BE4BAC7BA39EE43A" box="[854,900,1622,1644]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[163,246,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[167,775,197,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-677@20.[167,775,195,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus. A, CGAS Pla 19.1b, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), bursal canal (bc) with its diverticulum (di), and common oviduct (cod); anterior to the left; B, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), cup-shaped chamber (csc), common oviduct (cod), and right oviduct (rod); anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753059/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">15B</figureCitation>
). Weak, finely granular, erythrophil secretions were discerned in the penis papilla. The genital atrium, which houses the penis papilla, is lined by an epithelium consisting of, cuboidal-columnar, infranucleated cells with a weak erythrophil secretion that is underlain by a subepithelial layer of circular muscle, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56B995AD23A557E572" box="[1160,1357,1806,1828]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStart-3="Figure 14" captionStartId-0="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionStartId-1="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionStartId-2="18.[163,243,1323,1345]" captionStartId-3="19.[146,225,1340,1362]" captionTargetBox-0="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetBox-1="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetBox-2="[169,773,196,1281]" captionTargetBox-3="[312,1259,197,1299]" captionTargetId-0="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetId-1="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId-2="figure-614@18.[167,775,195,1283]" captionTargetId-3="figure-162@19.[310,1259,195,1300]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionTargetPageId-3="19" captionText-0="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." captionText-1="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." captionText-2="Figure 13. Amphibioplana onnisi. Schematic horizontal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." captionText-3="Figure 14. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus; sagittal sections. A, holotype RMNH. VER. 19956.a, showing penis bulb (pb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), and the gonopore (go) opening into the cupshaped chamber (csc); anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 19. 2, showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the right; C, RMNH.VER. 19958.d, showing copulatory bursa with a voluminous mass of sperm (s) in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; D, CGAS Pla 19.1b, showing copulatory bursa with sperm in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; E, CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal section showing the proximal tract of the bursal canal (bc) with its diaphragm-like protrusion (bcd) into the copulatory bursa; anterior to the left; F, CGAS Pla 22. 6, transverse section showing the penis papilla with the two vasa deferentia (vd) running parallel before their fusion to form the ejaculatory duct." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753055" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753057" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5753055/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5753057/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">Figs 11–14A–D, F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051E5E56B847AD23A56FE572" box="[1370,1397,1806,1828]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[163,246,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[167,775,197,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-677@20.[167,775,195,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus. A, CGAS Pla 19.1b, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), bursal canal (bc) with its diverticulum (di), and common oviduct (cod); anterior to the left; B, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), cup-shaped chamber (csc), common oviduct (cod), and right oviduct (rod); anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753059/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">15</figureCitation>
). In all specimens examined, the ventral gonopore directly leads to a cup-shaped chamber, which is formed by an invagination of the ventral epidermis, as it is lined by a ciliated epithelium that is provided with rhabdites and a subepidermal layer of circular muscles. The dorsal wall of this chamber is provided with a small dorsal pore through which it communicates with the atrium (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051F5E57BD84AC5BA0F1E4DA" box="[153,235,1654,1676]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" captionTargetBox="[390,1214,199,1477]" captionTargetId="figure-198@16.[387,1219,195,1479]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 11. Amphibioplana onnisi. A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">Figs 11</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051F5E57BDE5AC5AA109E4DA" box="[248,275,1655,1676]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="17.[145,223,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetId="figure-560@17.[385,1185,195,698]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 12. Amphibioplana onnisi. CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">12</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051F5E57BC3CAC5AA176E4DA" box="[289,364,1655,1676]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="19.[146,225,1340,1362]" captionTargetBox="[312,1259,197,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-162@19.[310,1259,195,1300]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 14. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus; sagittal sections. A, holotype RMNH. VER. 19956.a, showing penis bulb (pb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), and the gonopore (go) opening into the cupshaped chamber (csc); anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 19. 2, showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the right; C, RMNH.VER. 19958.d, showing copulatory bursa with a voluminous mass of sperm (s) in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; D, CGAS Pla 19.1b, showing copulatory bursa with sperm in its lumen, penis bulb, penis papilla and genital atrium; anterior to the left; E, CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal section showing the proximal tract of the bursal canal (bc) with its diaphragm-like protrusion (bcd) into the copulatory bursa; anterior to the left; F, CGAS Pla 22. 6, transverse section showing the penis papilla with the two vasa deferentia (vd) running parallel before their fusion to form the ejaculatory duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753057/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">14A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051F5E57BC65AC5BA1BFE4DA" box="[376,421,1654,1676]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[163,246,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[167,775,197,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-677@20.[167,775,195,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Amphibioplana onnisi. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus. A, CGAS Pla 19.1b, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), bursal canal (bc) with its diverticulum (di), and common oviduct (cod); anterior to the left; B, RMNH.VER. 19957.a, sagittal section showing copulatory bursa (cb), penis papilla (pp), genital atrium (ga), cup-shaped chamber (csc), common oviduct (cod), and right oviduct (rod); anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753059/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">15B</figureCitation>
). Cement glands opening into the gonopore or the chamber were not discerned.
</paragraph>
<caption id="04C46646051E5E56BDBEAE61A2C4E6EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753046" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753046/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378" startId="14.[163,243,1100,1122]" targetBox="[291,1315,197,1059]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="500436CE051E5E56BDBEAE61A2C4E6EC" blockId="14.[163,1443,1100,1210]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051E5E56BDBEAE61A114E637" bold="true" box="[163,270,1100,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">Figure 9.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051E5E56BC07AE61A20AE634" box="[282,528,1100,1122]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378">
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D051E5E56BC07AE61A216E634" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[282,524,1100,1122]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="14" pageNumber="1378" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi">Amphibioplana onnisi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the prepharyngeal region, showing the brain (b), the anterior intestinal branch (aib), the most anterior testes (t) and vitellaria (vi) and the left ovary (lo); B, photograph of a preserved specimen from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave in ventral view, showing the vitellaria (vi), testes (t), pharynx (ph), and copulatory apparatus (ca).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="04C46646051F5E57BD8FAF08A4CFE7E7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753049" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753049/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379" startId="15.[146,227,1317,1339]" targetBox="[307,1263,195,1277]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="500436CE051F5E57BD8FAF08A4CFE7E7" blockId="15.[145,1425,1317,1457]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051F5E57BD8FAF08A117E76D" bold="true" box="[146,269,1317,1339]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">Figure 10.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051F5E57BC05AF0BA208E76A" box="[280,530,1318,1340]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D051F5E57BC05AF0BA214E76A" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[280,526,1318,1340]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi">Amphibioplana onnisi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the left ovary (lo) with tuba (tu) and origin of the left oviduct (lod), testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); B, RMNH.VER. 19956.d, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), with testes (t) and vitellaria (vi); C, CGAS Pla 19.2, photomicrograph of a sagittal section at the level of the left ovary (lo), showing in detail the dorsal (de) and ventral epidermis (ve) with the subepidermal musculature, some vitellaria (vi), and the ventral nerve cord (vnc).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="500436CE051F5E57BD8CACFCA295E553" blockId="15.[145,761,1745,1798]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051F5E57BD8CACFCA1D6E4B0" box="[145,460,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">Geographical distribution:</emphasis>
Exclusively known from three karstic caves in 
<collectingRegion id="927FF82C051F5E57BC91ACDDA1EAE550" box="[396,496,1776,1798]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="28AC765E051F5E57BCE6ACDDA22BE550" box="[507,561,1776,1798]" name="Italy" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">Italy</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051F5E57BF5CACDDA29AE553" box="[577,640,1776,1798]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[163,242,996,1018]" captionTargetBox="[246,1360,197,954]" captionTargetId="figure-450@2.[244,1362,195,956]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Amphibioplana onnisi in the Mediterranean region. Rectangular inset corresponds with area enlarged to right-hand side, showing the island of Sardinia. Filled black circles indicate location of caves from which populations were sampled; green areas indicate the karst regions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753028/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE051F5E57BD8CAD03A534E466" blockId="15.[145,761,1838,1891]" lastBlockId="15.[809,1425,1501,1891]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC051F5E57BD8CAD03A0EAE515" box="[145,240,1838,1859]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">Habitat:</emphasis>
Planarians were found in three karstic caves, characterized by intermittent presence of dripping water. These caves are located in three karstic massifs that are greatly isolated from each other, representing distinct hydrological systems (
<bibRefCitation id="342A4B3F051F5E57B99EAC37A505E466" author="Cassola F" box="[1155,1311,1562,1584]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379" pagination="615 - 755" refId="ref16350" refString="Cassola F. 1982. Il popolamento cavernicolo della Sardegna. Biogeographia 7: 615 - 755." type="journal article" year="1982">Cassola, 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE051F5E48BE5CAC14A312E50C" blockId="15.[809,1425,1501,1891]" lastBlockId="16.[163,779,1615,1882]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="1380" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">
The Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave is located at an elevation of ~ 
<quantity id="97439B2B051F5E57BE2AAC75A391E43B" box="[823,907,1624,1646]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.025" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379" unit="m" value="1025.0">1025 m</quantity>
above sea level (a.s.l.) in the karstic Mesozoic (Jurassic) massif of the Tacchi d’Ogliastra in the central-eastern part of 
<collectingRegion id="927FF82C051F5E57B934ACB8A496E4FD" box="[1065,1164,1685,1707]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051F5E57B985ACB8A4C1E4FC" box="[1176,1243,1685,1707]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[163,242,996,1018]" captionTargetBox="[246,1360,197,954]" captionTargetId="figure-450@2.[244,1362,195,956]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Amphibioplana onnisi in the Mediterranean region. Rectangular inset corresponds with area enlarged to right-hand side, showing the island of Sardinia. Filled black circles indicate location of caves from which populations were sampled; green areas indicate the karst regions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753028/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051F5E57B9F8ACB8A51FE4FC" box="[1253,1285,1685,1706]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[146,224,1817,1839]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,1031,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-212@9.[305,1265,1030,1777]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitat in freshwater environments.A, entrance of Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; B, collection site in Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; C, collection site in San Pietro Cave; D, collection site in Istirzili Cave. Details on precise locations of the sampling sites in the caves are omitted for reasons of species protection." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753036/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">4A</figureCitation>
). Specimens were first collected at ~ 
<quantity id="97439B2B051F5E57B921AC99A46DE49F" box="[1084,1143,1716,1737]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
from the entrance from under stones that were firmly embedded in humid, clayey soil. Some individuals were found adhering to the stones, while others were found on the clayey soil, thus in a basically terrestrial habitat. Animals were motionless and tightly curled up (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B051F5E57B9DAAD60A511E534" box="[1223,1291,1869,1891]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[145,229,856,878]" captionTargetBox="[151,757,197,816]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[149,757,195,817]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Amphibioplana onnisi. A single, curled up specimen from under a stone in the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. Scale bar not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753032/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1379">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). However, after only having been touched with a small paint brush they started to move, after which the worms were transferred to a vial with water in which, subsequently, they behaved as freshwater planarians, exhibiting the gliding manner of locomotion. Subsequent to this first collection, animals were found also in temporary pools, formed by the dripping water and provided with a clayey bottom, at ~ 
<quantity id="97439B2B05005E48BC65AD08A1A8E56D" box="[376,434,1829,1851]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
from the entrance of this cave (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05005E48BDB6AD69A0E6E50F" box="[171,252,1860,1882]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[146,224,1817,1839]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,1031,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-212@9.[305,1265,1030,1777]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitat in freshwater environments.A, entrance of Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; B, collection site in Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; C, collection site in San Pietro Cave; D, collection site in Istirzili Cave. Details on precise locations of the sampling sites in the caves are omitted for reasons of species protection." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753036/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
); associated fauna was exclusively Ostracoda.
</paragraph>
<caption id="04C4664605005E48BDBEAFC2A524E474" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753051" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753051/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380" startId="16.[163,242,1519,1541]" targetBox="[390,1214,199,1477]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="500436CE05005E48BDBEAFC2A524E474" blockId="16.[163,1442,1519,1570]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05005E48BDBEAFC2A103E452" bold="true" box="[163,281,1519,1541]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380">Figure 11.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05005E48BC39AFC2A20FE453" box="[292,533,1519,1541]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380">
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D05005E48BC39AFC2A20BE453" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[292,529,1519,1541]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi">Amphibioplana onnisi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A, holotype RMNH.VER. 19956.a, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right; B, CGAS Pla 22.3, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="500436CE05005E49BE4EAC62A197E10E" blockId="16.[827,1444,1615,1882]" lastBlockId="17.[145,761,804,1071]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1381" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380">
The San Pietro Cave is located at an elevation of ~ 
<quantity id="97439B2B05005E48BE54AC40A388E4D5" box="[841,914,1645,1667]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380" unit="m" value="225.0">225 m</quantity>
a.s.l. at the south-western coast of 
<collectingRegion id="927FF82C05005E48B82BAC40A587E4D5" box="[1334,1437,1645,1667]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
, in the Iglesiente region, which is considered to be the most ancient karst of 
<collectingCountry id="28AC765E05005E48B966AC86A4AEE497" box="[1147,1204,1707,1729]" name="Italy" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380">Italy</collectingCountry>
, dating back to the Cambrian (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05005E48BED1ACE4A40EE488" box="[972,1044,1737,1759]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[163,242,996,1018]" captionTargetBox="[246,1360,197,954]" captionTargetId="figure-450@2.[244,1362,195,956]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Amphibioplana onnisi in the Mediterranean region. Rectangular inset corresponds with area enlarged to right-hand side, showing the island of Sardinia. Filled black circles indicate location of caves from which populations were sampled; green areas indicate the karst regions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753028/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Flatworms were found under stones that were firmly embedded in a humid, clayey substrate, at ~ 
<quantity id="97439B2B05005E48BEFAAD2BA439E54A" box="[999,1059,1798,1820]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
from the entrance, as well as in some rimstone basins or 
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05005E48B947AD0BA483E56D" box="[1114,1177,1830,1851]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380">gours</emphasis>
, with a muddy bottom, at ~ 
<quantity id="97439B2B05005E48BE76AD69A3ADE50F" box="[875,951,1860,1882]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380" unit="m" value="260.0">260 m</quantity>
from the entrance of the cave (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05005E48B826AD69A588E50F" box="[1339,1426,1860,1882]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[146,224,1817,1839]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,1031,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-212@9.[305,1265,1030,1777]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitat in freshwater environments.A, entrance of Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; B, collection site in Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; C, collection site in San Pietro Cave; D, collection site in Istirzili Cave. Details on precise locations of the sampling sites in the caves are omitted for reasons of species protection." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753036/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1380">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). While under the stones, the worms were motionless and tightly curled up.
</paragraph>
<caption id="04C4664605015E49BD8CA8CFA588E0AE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753053" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5753053" box="[145,1426,738,760]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753053/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381" startId="17.[145,223,738,760]" targetBox="[385,1185,195,698]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="500436CE05015E49BD8CA8CFA588E0AE" blockId="17.[145,1426,738,760]" box="[145,1426,738,760]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05015E49BD8CA8CFA11CE0A1" bold="true" box="[145,262,738,760]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Figure 12.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05015E49BC0CA8CFA21AE0AE" box="[273,512,738,760]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">
<taxonomicName id="97BB4D4D05015E49BC0CA8CFA1E6E0AE" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2021" box="[273,508,738,760]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dimarcusidae" genus="Amphibioplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="onnisi">Amphibioplana onnisi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
CGAS Pla 24.5, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="500436CE05015E49BDB4A94CA28EE679" blockId="17.[145,761,804,1071]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">
The Istirzili Cave is located at an elevation of ~ 
<quantity id="97439B2B05015E49BFD3A94CA0BDE1C0" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.07" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381" unit="m" value="507.0">507 m</quantity>
a.s.l. in the karstic Mesozoic (Jurassic) highland massif of the Supramonte of Baunei in the centraleast of 
<collectingRegion id="927FF82C05015E49BDFBA990A151E185" box="[230,331,957,979]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05015E49BC41A990A187E185" box="[348,413,957,979]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[163,242,996,1018]" captionTargetBox="[246,1360,197,954]" captionTargetId="figure-450@2.[244,1362,195,956]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Amphibioplana onnisi in the Mediterranean region. Rectangular inset corresponds with area enlarged to right-hand side, showing the island of Sardinia. Filled black circles indicate location of caves from which populations were sampled; green areas indicate the karst regions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753028/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Planarians were found only in a small temporary pool located near (~ 
<quantity id="97439B2B05015E49BF8FA9F1A2DAE1A4" box="[658,704,988,1010]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
) the cave entrance, with a clay bottom characterized by the presence of small stones and leaves (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05015E49BF2FAE34A29EE679" box="[562,644,1049,1071]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[146,224,1817,1839]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,1031,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-212@9.[305,1265,1030,1777]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitat in freshwater environments.A, entrance of Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; B, collection site in Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave; C, collection site in San Pietro Cave; D, collection site in Istirzili Cave. Details on precise locations of the sampling sites in the caves are omitted for reasons of species protection." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753036/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE05015E49BD8CAE75A2B8E485" blockId="17.[145,762,1112,1747]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05015E49BD8CAE75A12AE63B" box="[145,304,1112,1133]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Reproduction:</emphasis>
The great majority of individuals were sexual at collection, but cocoons were not found in any of the three caves. Furthermore, signs of presumably asexual reproduction by fission were displayed by some sexually mature specimens from the population from Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. These animals showed five different conditions: (1) a transverse constriction (some individuals) just caudally to the copulatory apparatus, suggesting a preliminary phase of fission (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05015E49BD84AF41A0F4E7D4" box="[153,238,1388,1410]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
); (2) a small, caudal regenerating blastema (one individual), suggesting a previous process of prepharyngeal fission (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05015E49BC84AF84A213E7E9" box="[409,521,1449,1471]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Fig. 5B, C</figureCitation>
); (3) a body in which the caudal tip was located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission (one individual) (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05015E49BC3EAC28A160E44D" box="[291,378,1541,1563]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
); (4) a body in which the caudal end was located just behind the copulatory apparatus, suggesting a presumably recent fission (one individual) just caudally to the copulatory apparatus (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05015E49BF89AC4CA2F3E421" box="[660,745,1633,1655]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
); (5) a small, regenerating blastema at the current tail end, suggesting a previous fission (one individual) just caudally to the copulatory apparatus (
<figureCitation id="C8802A4B05015E49BF5EAC90A289E485" box="[579,659,1725,1747]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[164,243,1255,1277]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-282@10.[323,1283,195,1215]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Amphibioplana onnisi. Habitus of live specimens from the Grutta ‘e Pauli Cave. A, specimen with constriction just behind copulatory apparatus; B, C, anterior portion of specimen with regenerating blastema (rb) at the margin of the prepharyngeal part of the body; D, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the pharynx, suggesting a recent postpharyngeal fission; E, specimen with caudal tip located just behind the copulatory apparatus (ca), suggesting a recent caudal fission; F, specimen with a regenerating blastema behind the copulatory apparatus. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5753038/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500436CE05015E49BD8CACD0A48BE1A4" blockId="17.[145,761,1788,1902]" lastBlockId="17.[809,1424,804,1010]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">
<emphasis id="62CFEADC05015E49BD8CACD0A1EBE547" box="[145,497,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1381">Movement and locomotion:</emphasis>
Similar to typical freshwater planarians, the newly collected Sardinian animals characteristically exhibited a gliding motion over the substrate. However, during locomotion the worms tend to adhere temporarily to the substrate by their posterior end. The phase of adhesion was characterized by the anterior part of the animal moving rapidly with sideways swinging movements, as if exploring the surrounding environment, after which the animal releases itself from the substrate and resumes its gliding motion.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>