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<mods:title id="A061F0DF6C19D9448119993B2C492C93">A review of the Australian endemic clam shrimp, Paralimnadia Sars 1896 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCEFFF0FF7001381068FA59" ID-CoL="404004df-a6c1-4207-88a7-1ee67f66e2d2" authority="King, 1855" authorityName="King" authorityYear="1855" box="[151,575,1404,1430]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sordida">
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<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FF70013813C9FA59" bold="true" box="[151,414,1404,1430]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Paralimnadia sordida</emphasis>
(
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)
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(
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCEFFF0FF7801DA135EFA78" box="[159,265,1438,1463]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStart-4="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1226,1248]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1158,1180]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,250,1563,1585]" captionStartId-3="11.[151,250,1726,1748]" captionStartId-4="13.[151,250,1534,1556]" captionTargetBox-0="[150,1433,198,1204]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,180,1153]" captionTargetBox-2="[156,1436,196,1531]" captionTargetBox-3="[153,1436,272,1696]" captionTargetBox-4="[157,1426,202,1510]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[150,1436,193,1205]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[151,1436,180,1155]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[150,1436,193,1542]" captionTargetId-3="figure@11.[150,1436,265,1704]" captionTargetId-4="figure@13.[151,1435,193,1513]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Map of Australia showing distributions of all species with insert of details of Sydney region, especially for sites of P. stanyleyana." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of eggs of Paralimnadia stanleyana (A – E), P. sordida (F – H), Eulimnadia. rivolensis (I), P. badia (J – K) and P. cygnorum (L). Scale bars 0.1 mm. A, from Bundeena, NSW, AM P 98991; B, from Jerrawangala Lookout, NSW, AM P 98992; C, from Kanangra Walls, NSW, AM P 98990; D, from Mt Hay, NSW, AM P 98993; E, from Warrah Sanctuary, NSW, AM P 55644; F, from Maroubra, NSW, AM P 98995; G, from Williamtown, NSW, AM P 98996; H, from Elwood, Vic, NMVJ 207; I, from Campbelltown, Tas, AM P 55663; J, from Burracoppin, WA, AM P 98998; K, from Corrobinnae, SA, AM P 98997; L, from Serpentine, WA, WAM C 61744." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Paralimnadia sordida (King). A – D neotype, male (AM P 98995); E – F, female, AM P 8148. A, carapace; B, head; C, telson; D, clasper I with palp of clasper II; E, head; F, telson. Scale bars 1 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Paralimnadia sordida (King), Williamtown (AM P 98996). A, male head; B, male telson; C, female head; D, female telson, E, large palps of claspers I (left) and II (right), F, misshapen palps in specimen from AM P 8418. Scale bars 1 mm. A – D, 0.1 mm E – F." captionText-4="FIGURE 8. Paralimnadia sordida (King). Swamp at Elwood (NMV J 207). A, male carapace; B, male head; C, male telson, D, male clasper with long palp of clasper I and then of clasper II; E, female carapace; F, female head. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/266451/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/266452/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/266453/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/266454/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/266455/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Figs. 4–8</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FF7001A2131CFA33" box="[151,331,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Limnadia sordida</emphasis>
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: 70
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; 1864: pl.11, 3 unnumbered figs.; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FCAD01A211BAFA33" author="Brady" box="[842,1005,1510,1532]" page="83" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1886">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FCAD01A2119EFA33" author="Brady" box="[842,969,1510,1532]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Brady, G. S. (1886) Notes on freshwater Entomostraca from South Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, 82 - 93, pl. 8 - 10." type="proceedings paper" year="1886">Brady, 1886</bibRefCitation>
: 83
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(list); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FBD601A2174EFA33" author="Whitelegge" box="[1073,1305,1510,1532]" page="318" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FBD601A216BEFA33" author="Whitelegge" box="[1073,1257,1510,1532]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Whitelegge, T. (1889) List of the marine and freshwater invertebrate fauna of Port Jackson and the neighbourhood. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 23, 163 - 323." type="journal article" year="1889">Whitelegge, 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 318
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(list); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FABA01A21377F9D4" author="Brtek" page="58" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FABA01A212AAF9D4" author="Brtek" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Brtek, J. (1997) Checklist of the valid and invalid names of the &quot; Large Branchiopods &quot; (Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Laevicaudata) with a survey of the taxonomy of all Branchiopoda. Zbornika Slovensku narodne Muzeum Prirodovedne Vedy, 43, 3 - 65." type="journal article" year="1997">Brtek, 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 58
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(list); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FE83024110DCF9D4" author="Richter" box="[356,651,1541,1563]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB8020FFC0FFDCDF626879FBC48D65" page="348" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FE830241100FF9D4" author="Richter" box="[356,600,1541,1563]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Richter, S. &amp; Timms, B. V. (2005) A List of the Recent Clam Shrimps (Crustacea: Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida) of Australia, including a Description of a New Species of Eocyzicus. Records of the Australian Museum, 57, 341 - 354. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.57.2005.1454" type="journal article" year="2005">Richter &amp; Timms, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 348
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.
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<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FF70026013DCF9F5" box="[151,395,1572,1594]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Eulimnadia victoriensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FE730260101FF9F5" author="Sayce" box="[404,584,1572,1594]" page="246" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FE7302601042F9F5" author="Sayce" box="[404,533,1572,1594]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Sayce, O. A. (1903) The Phyllopoda of Australia, including descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 15, 224 - 261, pl. 27 - 36." type="journal article" year="1903">Sayce, 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 246
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–247 (text), 248 (synopsis), pl.33; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FC530260160AF9F5" author="Wolf" box="[948,1117,1572,1594]" page="254" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1911">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FC530260167DF9F5" author="Wolf" box="[948,1066,1572,1594]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Wolf, E. (1911) Phyllopoda. In: Michaelsen, W. &amp; Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsriese 1905, 3, 353 - 276. G. Fischer, Jena." type="journal article" year="1911">Wolf, 1911</bibRefCitation>
: 254
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(list); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FB410260170BF9F5" author="Dakin" box="[1190,1372,1572,1594]" page="295" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FB410260177EF9F5" author="Dakin" box="[1190,1321,1572,1594]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Dakin, W. J. (1914) Fauna of Western Australia. II. The Phyllopoda of Western Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1914, 293 - 305. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1914. tb 07038. x" type="proceedings paper" year="1914">Dakin, 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 295
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(list); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FF2002001320F996" author="Henry" box="[199,375,1603,1625]" page="122" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1924">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FF2002001310F996" author="Henry" box="[199,327,1603,1625]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Henry, M. (1924) A monograph of the freshwater Entomostraca of New South Wales. Part IV Phyllopoda. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1924, 120 - 137." type="proceedings paper" year="1924">Henry, 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 122
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(list). [New synonymy]
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCEFFF0FF700225136EF97B" blockId="9.[151,1436,1510,1747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5D11B6FFCEFFF0FF700225136EF97B" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FF70022513DFF9B8" box="[151,392,1633,1655]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCEFFF0FF700225133CF9B8" ID-CoL="4a6346c8-d0ac-4385-9926-ff3c0ea19b2f" box="[151,363,1633,1655]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sordida">Eulimnadia sordida</taxonomicName>
.—
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FE6E02251051F9B8" author="Wolf" box="[393,518,1633,1655]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Wolf, E. (1911) Phyllopoda. In: Michaelsen, W. &amp; Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsriese 1905, 3, 353 - 276. G. Fischer, Jena." type="journal article" year="1911">Wolf, 1911</bibRefCitation>
(list); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FD860225117DF9B8" author="Dakin" box="[609,810,1633,1655]" page="295" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FD86022510B9F9B8" author="Dakin" box="[609,750,1633,1655]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Dakin, W. J. (1914) Fauna of Western Australia. II. The Phyllopoda of Western Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1914, 293 - 305. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1914. tb 07038. x" type="proceedings paper" year="1914">Dakin, 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 295
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(list); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FC610226161BF9B8" author="Henry" box="[902,1100,1633,1655]" page="121" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1924">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FC6102261645F9B8" author="Henry" box="[902,1042,1633,1655]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Henry, M. (1924) A monograph of the freshwater Entomostraca of New South Wales. Part IV Phyllopoda. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1924, 120 - 137." type="proceedings paper" year="1924">Henry, 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 121
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–122 (list), 133–134. 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FADC0225130EF959" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCEFFF0FADC0225136DF959" ID-CoL="d741601c-2ae7-4a31-9f08-2f179d0745e9" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Limnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="victoriensis">Limnadia victoriensis</taxonomicName>
.—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FEBF02C41044F959" author="Daday" box="[344,531,1664,1686]" page="150" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FEBF02C41388F959" author="Daday" box="[344,479,1664,1686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Daday, E. (1925) Monographie systematique des Phyllopodes Conchostraces. Troisieme partie. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 10 e serie 8, 143 - 184 (453 - 504)." type="journal article" year="1925">Daday, 1925</bibRefCitation>
: 150
</treatmentCitation>
(key), 171–172, fig. 120; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FCC802C41182F959" author="Brtek" box="[815,981,1664,1686]" page="58" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FCC802C411F9F959" author="Brtek" box="[815,942,1664,1686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Brtek, J. (1997) Checklist of the valid and invalid names of the &quot; Large Branchiopods &quot; (Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Laevicaudata) with a survey of the taxonomy of all Branchiopoda. Zbornika Slovensku narodne Muzeum Prirodovedne Vedy, 43, 3 - 65." type="journal article" year="1997">Brtek, 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 58
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(list); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FBC702C41701F959" author="Richter" box="[1056,1366,1664,1686]" page="348" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FBC702C41748F959" author="Richter" box="[1056,1311,1664,1686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Richter, S. &amp; Timms, B. V. (2005) A List of the Recent Clam Shrimps (Crustacea: Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida) of Australia, including a Description of a New Species of Eocyzicus. Records of the Australian Museum, 57, 341 - 354. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.57.2005.1454" type="journal article" year="2005">Richter &amp; Timms, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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. [New synonymy]
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCEFFF0FF7002F910DAF91C" blockId="9.[151,1436,1510,1747]" box="[151,653,1725,1747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5D11B6FFCEFFF0FF7002F910DAF91C" box="[151,653,1725,1747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FF7002F913C5F91C" box="[151,402,1725,1747]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCEFFF0FF7002F91321F91C" ID-CoL="404004df-a6c1-4207-88a7-1ee67f66e2d2" box="[151,374,1725,1747]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sordida">Paralimnadia sordida</taxonomicName>
.—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AEC1089FFCEFFF0FE7402FA10DEF91C" author="Rogers" box="[403,649,1725,1747]" page="838" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCEFFF0FE7402FA1000F91C" author="Rogers" box="[403,599,1725,1747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Rogers, D. C., Rabet, N. &amp; Weeks, S. C. (2012) Revision of the extant genera of Limnadiidae (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32 (5), 827 - 842. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724012 X 637212" type="journal article" year="2012">
Rogers 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FE0602FA1043F91C" box="[481,532,1725,1747]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
: 838
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3576513FFCEFFF0FF700344117AF83F" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCEFFF0FF70034410EBF8F2" blockId="9.[151,1436,1792,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FF7003441317F8D6" bold="true" box="[151,320,1792,1817]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Type material</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FEB203441397F8D6" bold="true" box="[341,448,1792,1817]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Neotype:</emphasis>
AM P98995 (ex AM P 8418), male 
<quantity id="4CB59B7DFFCEFFF0FC670344118DF8D7" box="[896,986,1792,1817]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="4CB59B7DFFCEFFF0FBCD034416D2F8D7" box="[1066,1157,1792,1816]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8 mm</quantity>
high, Maroubra Beach, Sydney, 33°57’S, 151°15’E, 
<date id="FFF31058FFCEFFF0FE3C036110EFF8F2" box="[475,696,1828,1853]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="1925-09-20">20 September 1925</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCEFFF0FF20030C117AF83F" blockId="9.[151,1436,1792,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<materialsCitation id="3B253CC5FFCEFFF0FF20030C103CF866" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1306553105" collectingDate="1925-09-20" collectorName="F. McNeill &amp; G. P. Whitley &amp; Botany" county="Sydney" latitude="-33.95" location="Other" longLatPrecision="1202" longitude="151.18333" municipality="Maroubra Beach" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FF20030C13A1F8AE" bold="true" box="[199,502,1864,1889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<location id="8E926043FFCEFFF0FF20030C1358F8AE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E4878EFFCEFFF7FF70013811CDFB97:8E926043FFCEFFF0FF20030C1358F8AE" box="[199,271,1864,1889]" county="Sydney" latitude="-33.95" longLatPrecision="1202" longitude="151.18333" municipality="Maroubra Beach" name="Other" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" stateProvince="New South Wales">Other</location>
material examined
</emphasis>
. 
<collectingRegion id="4989F87AFFCEFFF0FDE2030C1080F8AE" box="[517,727,1864,1889]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FDE2030C1080F8AE" bold="true" box="[517,727,1864,1889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
New 
<collectingRegion id="4989F87AFFCEFFF0FDA5030C1080F8AE" box="[578,727,1864,1889]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">South Wales</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B96ACE2FFCEFFF0FD01030C11F1F8AE" box="[742,934,1864,1889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Maroubra Beach</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62934E14FFCEFFF0FC55030C1650F8AE" box="[946,1031,1864,1889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Sydney</collectingCounty>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE79505FFFCEFFF0FBF4030C1626F8AE" box="[1043,1137,1864,1889]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" precision="925" value="-33.95">33°57’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE79505FFFCEFFF0FB99030C16A4F8AE" box="[1150,1267,1864,1889]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" precision="925" value="151.25">151° 15’E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<collectingDate id="EFB7E9B0FFCEFFF0FAE7030C1285F84A" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="1925-09-20">
<date id="FFF31058FFCEFFF0FAE7030C1285F84A" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="1925-09-20">20 September 1925</date>
</collectingDate>
, 
<collectorName id="26B8534EFFCEFFF0FF380329130DF84A" box="[223,346,1900,1925]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">F. McNeill</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26B8534EFFCEFFF0FE660328105FF84A" box="[385,520,1900,1925]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">G.P.Whitley</collectorName>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD11FFCEFFF0FDF3032810F4F84A" box="[532,675,1900,1925]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="generic">6 specimens</specimenCount>
, AM P 8418; 
<collectorName id="26B8534EFFCEFFF0FCA0032911CFF84A" box="[839,920,1901,1925]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Botany</collectorName>
swamps, 34°S, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE79505FFFCEFFF0FBB5032816E8F84A" box="[1106,1215,1900,1925]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" precision="925" value="151.18333">151°11’E</geoCoordinate>
, no data on date or collector, 
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD11FFCEFFF0FEE203D41309F866" box="[261,350,1936,1961]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD11FFCEFFF0FE8F03D4139BF866" box="[360,460,1936,1961]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, AM P 53632
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B253CC5FFCEFFF0FD9203D4167BF802" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1306553108" collectingDate="1977-03-15" collectionCode="BVT" latitude="-32.834858" location="Williamtown" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="151.85986" municipality="Macs" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" specimenCount="43" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<location id="8E926043FFCEFFF0FD9203D4115CF866" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E4878EFFCEFFF7FF70013811CDFB97:8E926043FFCEFFF0FD9203D4115CF866" box="[629,779,1936,1961]" latitude="-32.834858" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="151.85986" municipality="Macs" name="Williamtown" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" stateProvince="New South Wales">Williamtown</location>
, off 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B96ACE2FFCEFFF0FCDB03D5112EF867" box="[828,889,1937,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Macs</collectingMunicipality>
track in coastal dunes, shifting temporary ponds, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE79505FFFCEFFF0FF7003F01364F802" box="[151,307,1972,1997]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" precision="1" value="-32.834858">32°50’05.5”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE79505FFFCEFFF0FED803F013BDF802" box="[319,490,1972,1997]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" precision="1" value="151.85986">151°51’35.5”E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<collectingDate id="EFB7E9B0FFCEFFF0FE1003F010F0F802" box="[503,679,1972,1997]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="1977-03-15">
<date id="FFF31058FFCEFFF0FE1003F010F0F802" box="[503,679,1972,1997]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="1977-03-15">15 March 1977</date>
</collectingDate>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED5CAE5DFFCEFFF0FD5503F110BCF803" box="[690,747,1973,1996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">BVT</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD11FFCEFFF0FD1003F111C4F802" box="[759,915,1972,1997]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="generic">43 specimens</specimenCount>
, AM P98996
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="3B253CC5FFCEFFF0FBD003F0117AF83F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1306553111" collectingDate="1899-07-15" collectionCode="NMV" collectorName="O. Sayce" location="Elwood" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" specimenCount="27" stateProvince="Victoria">
<collectingRegion id="4989F87AFFCEFFF0FBD003F016C0F802" box="[1079,1175,1972,1997]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCEFFF0FBD003F016C0F802" bold="true" box="[1079,1175,1972,1997]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Victoria</emphasis>
</collectingRegion>
: 
<location id="8E926043FFCEFFF0FB4003F01756F802" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E4878EFFCEFFF7FF70013811CDFB97:8E926043FFCEFFF0FB4003F01756F802" box="[1191,1281,1972,1997]" name="Elwood" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" stateProvince="Victoria">Elwood</location>
, a swamp, 
<collectingDate id="EFB7E9B0FFCEFFF0FA6703F01350F83F" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="1899-07-15">
<date id="FFF31058FFCEFFF0FA6703F01350F83F" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="1899-07-15">15 July 1899</date>
</collectingDate>
, 
<collectorName id="26B8534EFFCEFFF0FEF4039C132DF83F" box="[275,378,2008,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">O. Sayce</collectorName>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD11FFCEFFF0FE61039C1049F83E" box="[390,542,2008,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="generic">27 specimens</specimenCount>
each, 
<collectionCode id="ED5CAE5DFFCEFFF0FD81039D10F0F83F" box="[614,679,2009,2032]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">NMV</collectionCode>
J207, J217.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF326610FFCDFFF3FF70025F1186F99F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266453/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" targetBox="[156,1436,196,1531]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCDFFF3FF70025F1186F99F" blockId="10.[151,1435,1563,1616]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCDFFF3FF70025F135AF9FF" bold="true" box="[151,269,1563,1585]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCDFFF3FEFD025F1010F9FE" authority="King" authorityName="King" box="[282,583,1563,1585]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sordida">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCDFFF3FEFD025F13ACF9FE" box="[282,507,1563,1585]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Paralimnadia sordida</emphasis>
(King)
</taxonomicName>
. A–D neotype, male (AM P98995); E–F, female, AM P8148. A, carapace; B, head; C, telson; D, clasper I with palp of clasper II; E, head; F, telson. Scale bars 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3576513FFCDFFF3FF2002331317F933" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCDFFF3FF2002331317F933" blockId="10.[151,1437,1655,2004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCDFFF3FF200233136DF95F" bold="true" box="[199,314,1655,1680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Egg (
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCDFFF3FE7702331380F95F" box="[400,471,1655,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1158,1180]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,180,1153]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,180,1155]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of eggs of Paralimnadia stanleyana (A – E), P. sordida (F – H), Eulimnadia. rivolensis (I), P. badia (J – K) and P. cygnorum (L). Scale bars 0.1 mm. A, from Bundeena, NSW, AM P 98991; B, from Jerrawangala Lookout, NSW, AM P 98992; C, from Kanangra Walls, NSW, AM P 98990; D, from Mt Hay, NSW, AM P 98993; E, from Warrah Sanctuary, NSW, AM P 55644; F, from Maroubra, NSW, AM P 98995; G, from Williamtown, NSW, AM P 98996; H, from Elwood, Vic, NMVJ 207; I, from Campbelltown, Tas, AM P 55663; J, from Burracoppin, WA, AM P 98998; K, from Corrobinnae, SA, AM P 98997; L, from Serpentine, WA, WAM C 61744." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266452/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F–H) irregularly spherical with 16–20 small rounded knobs and a few elongated depressions between. Male claspers with large palps bearing three palpomeres, with five stout setae at basal/middle segment junction. Telsonic spines number 20–24, and cercopod setae 10–12, most a little longer than cercopod basal diameter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3576513FFCDFFF4FF20034313D5F8E8" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="464" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCDFFF3FF2003431162F843" blockId="10.[151,1437,1655,2004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCDFFF3FF2003431306F8EF" bold="true" box="[199,337,1799,1824]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Description</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCDFFF3FE85034313C8F8EF" bold="true" box="[354,415,1799,1824]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Male</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCDFFF3FE57034313BAF8EF" box="[432,493,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCDFFF3FE1903431014F8EF" box="[510,579,1799,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1563,1585]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,196,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,193,1542]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paralimnadia sordida (King). A – D neotype, male (AM P 98995); E – F, female, AM P 8148. A, carapace; B, head; C, telson; D, clasper I with palp of clasper II; E, head; F, telson. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266453/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B) with ocular tubercle prominent and rounded; compound eye occupying about 60% of its diameter. Asymmterical dorsal organ immediately to its posterior about two-thirds tubercle height and separated from it by about height of dorsal organ. Rostrum triangular and protruding about 1.5× tubercle height, with few growth lines and elongated ocellus at base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCDFFF2FF2003DC1281FF1B" blockId="10.[151,1437,1655,2004]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,212]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCDFFF3FF2003DC1308F860" box="[199,351,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">First antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCDFFF3FE8803D313E4F87F" box="[367,435,1943,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1563,1585]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,196,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,193,1542]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paralimnadia sordida (King). A – D neotype, male (AM P 98995); E – F, female, AM P 8148. A, carapace; B, head; C, telson; D, clasper I with palp of clasper II; E, head; F, telson. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266453/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B) about 1.5× longer than peduncle of second antenna and with about 9 lobes, each with many minute sensory setae. Second antenna with both flagella with about 10 antennomeres, each with 0–3 spines dorsally and 0–4 setae ventrally. Basalmost antennomeres with 2 or 3 spines and distalmost antennomeres with 4 setae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF326610FFCCFFF2FF7002FA13DBF8DE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266454/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" targetBox="[153,1436,272,1696]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCCFFF2FF7002FA13DBF8DE" blockId="11.[151,1435,1726,1809]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCCFFF2FF7002FA1347F91C" bold="true" box="[151,272,1726,1748]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCCFFF2FEF802FA1006F91B" authority="King" authorityName="King" box="[287,593,1726,1748]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sordida">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCCFFF2FEF802FA1054F91B" box="[287,515,1726,1748]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Paralimnadia sordida</emphasis>
(King)
</taxonomicName>
, Williamtown (AM P98996). A, male head; B, male telson; C, female head; D, female telson, E, large palps of claspers I (left) and II (right), F, misshapen palps in specimen from AM P8418. Scale bars 1 mm. A–D, 0.1 mm E–F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCCFFF2FF20037A107AF8B4" blockId="11.[151,1436,1853,2023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCCFFF2FF20037A1362F89A" box="[199,309,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Carapace</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCCFFF2FEA1037913DDF899" box="[326,394,1853,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1563,1585]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,196,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,193,1542]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paralimnadia sordida (King). A – D neotype, male (AM P 98995); E – F, female, AM P 8148. A, carapace; B, head; C, telson; D, clasper I with palp of clasper II; E, head; F, telson. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266453/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A) oval, slightly opaque.Abductor muscle at about a 45° to carapace longitudinal axis. Few indistinct growth lines, all marginal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCCFFF5FF2003C112A8FEAA" blockId="11.[151,1436,1853,2023]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="463" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCCFFF2FF2003C1130CF851" box="[199,347,1925,1950]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Thoracopods</emphasis>
. Eighteen pairs of 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCCFFF2FDDC03C11090F851" box="[571,711,1925,1950]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">thoracopods</emphasis>
. Claspers (
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCCFFF2FCAC03C111C7F851" box="[843,912,1925,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1563,1585]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,196,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,193,1542]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paralimnadia sordida (King). A – D neotype, male (AM P 98995); E – F, female, AM P 8148. A, carapace; B, head; C, telson; D, clasper I with palp of clasper II; E, head; F, telson. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266453/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
F) with palm trapezoidal, with small rounded expansion distomedially. Apical club spherical with many stout spines pointing medially, also bearing small palp laterally with many short thin spines apically. Finger arcuate with blunt apex bearing suctorial disc anteriodistally and many rounded pits ventrally. Both long palps of claspers inserted on apical edge of palm, each with 3 palpomeres, 5 stout setae at first palpomere junction and many thin, limp setae on flattened palaform apical area. Junction setae of various lengths, but none more than about half middle palpomere length. Long palp of first clasper about 1.25 × length of palm and 2.25 × its length in second clasper. Other 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FBD305401697FED2" box="[1076,1216,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">thoracopods</emphasis>
of typical structure for 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCBFFF5FF2305631337FE8F" box="[196,352,295,320]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FF2305631337FE8F" box="[196,352,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Paralimnadia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, decreasing in size and complexity posteriorly. Last 10 segments dorsally with short spine medially.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCBFFF5FF20052B16DEFD68" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FF20052B135AFE47" box="[199,269,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Telson</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FEC3052B133BFE47" box="[292,364,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1563,1585]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,196,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,193,1542]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paralimnadia sordida (King). A – D neotype, male (AM P 98995); E – F, female, AM P 8148. A, carapace; B, head; C, telson; D, clasper I with palp of clasper II; E, head; F, telson. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266453/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C) with about 22 spines in the posterior rows, with anteriormost spine a little larger than subsequent spines, central spines the shortest and penultimate spines a little longer than central spines. Spines with spinules.Telsonic filaments originating from mound little higher than dorsal floor of telson, positioned near fourth spine. Dorsal floor of telson posterior to mound with steep declivity to slightly convex surface leading to base of cercopod. Cercopods almost as long as dorsum of telson, basal 50% hardly thinning to small spine then rapidly thinning to acute apex. About 12 setae of moderate length (about 1.5× basal cercopod diameter), the first and last tending shorter; all setae 2-segmented, basal segment with fewer setules than distal segment. Distal half of cercopod with unusually large smooth denticles (about one tenth the length of spine separating two halves). Ventroposterior corner of telson rounded, hardly protruding and with few very short setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCBFFF5FF2006F01714FD3F" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FF2006F01349FD02" bold="true" box="[199,286,692,717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Female</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FECA06F0133DFD02" box="[301,362,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FE9C06F013E9FD02" box="[379,446,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1563,1585]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,196,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,193,1542]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paralimnadia sordida (King). A – D neotype, male (AM P 98995); E – F, female, AM P 8148. A, carapace; B, head; C, telson; D, clasper I with palp of clasper II; E, head; F, telson. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266453/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
D) similar to male, but with less pointed rostrum, though still more prominent than the ocular tubercle. First antennae shorter than peduncle of second antenna and with only 2 or 3 sensory lobes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCBFFF5FF2006B91740FCDA" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" box="[199,1303,764,789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FF2006B91362FCDB" box="[199,309,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Carapace</emphasis>
oval, pellucid and slightly more vaulted dorsally than male. Few indistinct growth lines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCBFFF5FF2007641600FC4E" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
Seventeen, sometimes eighteen, 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FDDE075B10B3FCF7" box="[569,740,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">trunk segments</emphasis>
. All anterior thoracopods similar. Spination of trunk dorsum different, with first 6 segments inerm, next 6 segments with 3–9 setae dorsomedially; 4 posteriormost segments with 1–5 spines/setae. Thoracopods IX and X with thin dorsal flabellum to hold eggs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCBFFF5FF2007C81019FC05" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FF2007C81358FC6A" box="[199,271,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Telson</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FEF907C81337FC6A" box="[286,352,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1563,1585]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,196,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,193,1542]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paralimnadia sordida (King). A – D neotype, male (AM P 98995); E – F, female, AM P 8148. A, carapace; B, head; C, telson; D, clasper I with palp of clasper II; E, head; F, telson. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266453/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E) as in males, though numbers of telsonic spines and cercopod setae ± 1. Telsonic setae inserted at about 5th telsonic spine instead of 4th.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCBFFF5FF2007921630FBF7" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FF20079212A1FC20" bold="true" box="[199,246,982,1007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Egg</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FEEA07921318FC20" box="[269,335,982,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1158,1180]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,180,1153]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,180,1155]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of eggs of Paralimnadia stanleyana (A – E), P. sordida (F – H), Eulimnadia. rivolensis (I), P. badia (J – K) and P. cygnorum (L). Scale bars 0.1 mm. A, from Bundeena, NSW, AM P 98991; B, from Jerrawangala Lookout, NSW, AM P 98992; C, from Kanangra Walls, NSW, AM P 98990; D, from Mt Hay, NSW, AM P 98993; E, from Warrah Sanctuary, NSW, AM P 55644; F, from Maroubra, NSW, AM P 98995; G, from Williamtown, NSW, AM P 98996; H, from Elwood, Vic, NMVJ 207; I, from Campbelltown, Tas, AM P 55663; J, from Burracoppin, WA, AM P 98998; K, from Corrobinnae, SA, AM P 98997; L, from Serpentine, WA, WAM C 61744." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266452/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F–H) Mean diameter 207 µm, range 196–232 µm, n = 15. Irregularly spherical with 16–20 small rounded, distinct knobs, each subtended by few (ca. 6–8) depressions, often triangular in shape. Overall about 50 such depresssions, each elongated with steady internal slopes to a central weak groove.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCBFFF5FF2000061606FB08" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FF200006138FFB94" bold="true" box="[199,472,1090,1115]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Intraspecific variation</emphasis>
. Besides some minor variation (typically ±1) in numbers of telsonic spines and cercopod setae among the Maroubra collections, the Williamtown material (AM P98996) (
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FB7D00221688FBB0" box="[1178,1247,1126,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1726,1748]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,272,1696]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[150,1436,265,1704]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Paralimnadia sordida (King), Williamtown (AM P 98996). A, male head; B, male telson; C, female head; D, female telson, E, large palps of claspers I (left) and II (right), F, misshapen palps in specimen from AM P 8418. Scale bars 1 mm. A – D, 0.1 mm E – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266454/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) exhibits further differences from the 
<typeStatus id="54F6883AFFCBFFF5FE6500CF1389FB6C" box="[386,478,1163,1187]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
. There are only 18 telsonic denticles and the segmental junction spines of the clasper palps are longer, reaching almost to the junction of the second and distal palpomeres.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCBFFF5FF700097103CFAFC" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
One specimen from the Maroubra collection had deformed clasper palps (
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FC3600961644FB24" box="[977,1043,1234,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1726,1748]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,272,1696]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[150,1436,265,1704]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Paralimnadia sordida (King), Williamtown (AM P 98996). A, male head; B, male telson; C, female head; D, female telson, E, large palps of claspers I (left) and II (right), F, misshapen palps in specimen from AM P 8418. Scale bars 1 mm. A – D, 0.1 mm E – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266454/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
F), perhaps due to a developmental error. Failed predation attempts are more likely responsible for the damaged second antenna, cercopods and carapace edges seen on a few individuals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCBFFF5FF20017A16B3FA28" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FF20017A101CFA98" bold="true" box="[199,587,1342,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Comparison with similar species</emphasis>
. The distinction between 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FC890104118CFA98" box="[878,987,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCBFFF5FBF2010416FDFA98" box="[1045,1194,1342,1367]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FBF2010416FDFA98" box="[1045,1194,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">P. stanleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is far more extensive than shown by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCBFFF5FEA101261386FAB4" author="King" box="[326,465,1378,1403]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" refString="King, R. L. (1855) On Australian Entomostracans. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania (Van Dieman's Land), 3, 56 - 75." type="journal article" year="1855">King (1855)</bibRefCitation>
and as discussed earlier. Their eggs are particularly distinctive, as are their cercopod setae; male rostra and the number of telsonic spines are less distinctive. The two species also tend to live in different habitats (see below). Any claim by authors such as 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCBFFF5FCA401EF1192FA0C" author="Sars" box="[835,965,1450,1475]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" refString="Sars, G. O. (1896) Descriptions of two new Phyllopoda from North Australia. Archiv for Mathematik og naturvidenskab, 18 (8), 1 - 34 pl. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1896">Sars (1896)</bibRefCitation>
that the two species are synonymous was clearly premature and based no doubt on the original inadequate original description of 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FB8A0194168DFA28" box="[1133,1242,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCBFFF5FF2001B61644F810" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
Examination of Sayce’s 
<typeStatus id="54F6883AFFCBFFF5FE0F01B71074F9C4" box="[488,547,1523,1547]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">types</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCBFFF5FDB301B6111AF9C4" box="[596,845,1522,1547]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Limnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="victoriensis">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FDB301B6111AF9C4" box="[596,845,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Limnadia victoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FC8501B611FDF9C4" box="[866,938,1522,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1534,1556]" captionTargetBox="[157,1426,202,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,193,1513]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Paralimnadia sordida (King). Swamp at Elwood (NMV J 207). A, male carapace; B, male head; C, male telson, D, male clasper with long palp of clasper I and then of clasper II; E, female carapace; F, female head. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266455/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) revealed they have the characteristics of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCBFFF5FF70025213D9F9E0" box="[151,398,1558,1583]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sordida">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FF70025213D9F9E0" box="[151,398,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Paralimnadia sordida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The egg (
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FDEF0252101DF9E0" box="[520,586,1558,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1158,1180]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,180,1153]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,180,1155]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of eggs of Paralimnadia stanleyana (A – E), P. sordida (F – H), Eulimnadia. rivolensis (I), P. badia (J – K) and P. cygnorum (L). Scale bars 0.1 mm. A, from Bundeena, NSW, AM P 98991; B, from Jerrawangala Lookout, NSW, AM P 98992; C, from Kanangra Walls, NSW, AM P 98990; D, from Mt Hay, NSW, AM P 98993; E, from Warrah Sanctuary, NSW, AM P 55644; F, from Maroubra, NSW, AM P 98995; G, from Williamtown, NSW, AM P 98996; H, from Elwood, Vic, NMVJ 207; I, from Campbelltown, Tas, AM P 55663; J, from Burracoppin, WA, AM P 98998; K, from Corrobinnae, SA, AM P 98997; L, from Serpentine, WA, WAM C 61744." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266452/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F) is a little different from those from 
<collectingRegion id="4989F87AFFCBFFF5FC1E025C1691F9E0" box="[1017,1222,1558,1583]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
New South 
<collectingCountry id="F35A7608FFCBFFF5FB9902521691F9E0" box="[1150,1222,1558,1583]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Wales</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
. Victorian eggs are spherical with about 60 irregular polygons, but tending elongated, and the combined borders of some are raised into about 20 small diffuse knobs. Polygons are U-shaped in crosssection so that floors tend to be flat though some narrow polygons have steady internal slopes to a weak central groove. The next most distinctive character in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCBFFF5FF7002E21364F970" box="[151,307,1702,1727]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FF7002E21364F970" box="[151,307,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Paralimnadia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the cercopod and its setae (
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FD6602E21091F970" box="[641,710,1702,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1534,1556]" captionTargetBox="[157,1426,202,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,193,1513]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Paralimnadia sordida (King). Swamp at Elwood (NMV J 207). A, male carapace; B, male head; C, male telson, D, male clasper with long palp of clasper I and then of clasper II; E, female carapace; F, female head. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266455/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
C), are almost identical in the 
<collectingRegion id="4989F87AFFCBFFF5FBCD02EC16AFF970" box="[1066,1272,1702,1727]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
New South 
<collectingCountry id="F35A7608FFCBFFF5FB5302E216AFF970" box="[1204,1272,1702,1727]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Wales</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
and Victorian populations: about 11–13 setae with most about 1.5 × the cercopod basal diameter, and significantly, with the first and last setae about half this length. The medial surface of the clasper has a relatively small tumidity distally in both populations, thus separating it from most species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCBFFF5FCD003561184F8E4" box="[823,979,1810,1835]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FCD003561184F8E4" box="[823,979,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Paralimnadia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FC010356167CF8E4" box="[998,1067,1810,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1534,1556]" captionTargetBox="[157,1426,202,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,193,1513]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Paralimnadia sordida (King). Swamp at Elwood (NMV J 207). A, male carapace; B, male head; C, male telson, D, male clasper with long palp of clasper I and then of clasper II; E, female carapace; F, female head. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266455/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
D). There are also about 4 or 5 spines, some long (0.5–1.0 × length of next palpomere), at the junction between first and second palpomeres, a character shared with only a few species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCBFFF5FD61031E1175F8BC" box="[646,802,1882,1907]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FD61031E1175F8BC" box="[646,802,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Paralimnadia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCBFFF5FC8D03181642F8BC" box="[874,1045,1882,1907]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ammolophos" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FC8D03181642F8BC" box="[874,1045,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">P. ammolophos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20A57F1FFCBFFF5FBFA031E160BF8BC" box="[1053,1116,1882,1907]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FBFA031E160BF8BC" bold="true" box="[1053,1116,1882,1907]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCBFFF5FB8C03181755F8BC" box="[1131,1282,1882,1907]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyposalina" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FB8C03181755F8BC" box="[1131,1282,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">P. hyposalina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20A57F1FFCBFFF5FAED031E171EF8BC" box="[1290,1353,1882,1907]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FAED031E171EF8BC" bold="true" box="[1290,1353,1882,1907]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
); these species, however, differ in other characters (see below). The 
<collectingRegion id="4989F87AFFCBFFF5FCA103C41647F858" box="[838,1040,1918,1943]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
New South 
<collectingCountry id="F35A7608FFCBFFF5FC2B033A1647F858" box="[972,1040,1918,1943]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Wales</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
and Victorian populations differ in slightly in rostral development and in telsonic spine numbers (
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCBFFF5FCBB03E611F7F874" box="[860,928,1954,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1534,1556]" captionTargetBox="[157,1426,202,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,193,1513]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Paralimnadia sordida (King). Swamp at Elwood (NMV J 207). A, male carapace; B, male head; C, male telson, D, male clasper with long palp of clasper I and then of clasper II; E, female carapace; F, female head. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266455/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B, C), but these features are variable in most species. Thus, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCBFFF5FEDB038C138DF810" box="[316,474,1992,2015]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Limnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="victoriensis">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FEDB038C138DF810" box="[316,474,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">L. victoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is concluded to be a junior synonym of 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCBFFF5FC7B038C165EF810" box="[924,1033,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF326610FFCAFFF4FF7001BA177AF9FC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266455/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" targetBox="[157,1426,202,1510]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCAFFF4FF7001BA177AF9FC" blockId="13.[151,1435,1534,1587]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FF7001BA135BF9DC" bold="true" box="[151,268,1534,1556]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FEFF01BA1014F9DB" authority="King" authorityName="King" box="[280,579,1534,1556]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sordida">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FEFF01BA13AFF9DB" box="[280,504,1534,1556]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Paralimnadia sordida</emphasis>
(King)
</taxonomicName>
. Swamp at Elwood (NMV J207). A, male carapace; B, male head; C, male telson, D, male clasper with long palp of clasper I and then of clasper II; E, female carapace; F, female head. Scale bars 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCAFFF4FF20021F13D5F8E8" blockId="13.[151,1436,1626,2011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCAFFF4FF20021F130BF9BC" author="Sayce" box="[199,348,1627,1651]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" refString="Sayce, O. A. (1903) The Phyllopoda of Australia, including descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 15, 224 - 261, pl. 27 - 36." type="journal article" year="1903">Sayce (1903)</bibRefCitation>
considered 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FE01021F1003F9BD" box="[486,596,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
(King) to be a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FC07021E173BF9BC" authority="Brady, 1866" authorityName="Brady" authorityYear="1866" box="[992,1388,1626,1651]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivolensis">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FC07021E1680F9BC" box="[992,1239,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Eulimnadia rivolensis</emphasis>
Brady, 1866
</taxonomicName>
, but given that King's species has temporal priority, the opposite was probably meant. Certainly the clasper, telsonic and cercopod structures are similar, but 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FDD102E71091F974" box="[566,710,1698,1723]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivolensis">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FDD102E71091F974" box="[566,710,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">E. rivolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a triangle, and occasionally a spine, beneath the cercopod base, consistent with 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FE6F0282105CF910" box="[392,523,1734,1759]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FE6F0282105CF910" box="[392,523,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Eulimnadia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rather than 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FD7D02821161F910" box="[666,822,1734,1759]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FD7D02821161F910" box="[666,822,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Paralimnadia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore the eggs are entirely different in the two species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FF1B02AF13D9F8CC" box="[252,398,1770,1795]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivolensis">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FF1B02AF13D9F8CC" box="[252,398,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">E. rivolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having many spikes (
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFCAFFF4FD7C02AE10B3F8CC" box="[667,740,1770,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1158,1180]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,180,1153]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,180,1155]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of eggs of Paralimnadia stanleyana (A – E), P. sordida (F – H), Eulimnadia. rivolensis (I), P. badia (J – K) and P. cygnorum (L). Scale bars 0.1 mm. A, from Bundeena, NSW, AM P 98991; B, from Jerrawangala Lookout, NSW, AM P 98992; C, from Kanangra Walls, NSW, AM P 98990; D, from Mt Hay, NSW, AM P 98993; E, from Warrah Sanctuary, NSW, AM P 55644; F, from Maroubra, NSW, AM P 98995; G, from Williamtown, NSW, AM P 98996; H, from Elwood, Vic, NMVJ 207; I, from Campbelltown, Tas, AM P 55663; J, from Burracoppin, WA, AM P 98998; K, from Corrobinnae, SA, AM P 98997; L, from Serpentine, WA, WAM C 61744." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266452/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
L). The status of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FC5B02AF1619F8CC" box="[956,1102,1770,1795]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivolensis">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FC5B02AF1619F8CC" box="[956,1102,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">E. rivolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is under review (Timms &amp; Schwentner in prep).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3576513FFCAFFF7FF20037611CDFB97" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="465" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFCAFFF7FF2003761647FEF0" blockId="13.[151,1436,1626,2011]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,1112]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="465" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FF2003761363F884" bold="true" box="[199,308,1842,1867]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Remarks</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFCAFFF4FEA303761387F884" author="King" box="[324,464,1842,1867]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" refString="King, R. L. (1855) On Australian Entomostracans. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania (Van Dieman's Land), 3, 56 - 75." type="journal article" year="1855">King (1855)</bibRefCitation>
used just two characters to differentiate 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FC4003771640F885" box="[935,1047,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FB84037716ADF884" box="[1123,1274,1842,1867]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FB84037716ADF884" box="[1123,1274,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">P. stanleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only two limnadiid species then known from 
<collectingCountry id="F35A7608FFCAFFF4FDC9031210C3F8A0" box="[558,660,1878,1903]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Australia</collectingCountry>
: telson with 19 or 20 spines (as opposed to 
<quantity id="4CB59B7DFFCAFFF4FB6D03121692F8A0" box="[1162,1221,1878,1903]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="in" value="15.0">15 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FB2B03131735F8A0" box="[1228,1378,1878,1903]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FB2B03131735F8A0" box="[1228,1378,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">P. stanleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the large palp of the claspers 3-articulate (as opposed to 
<quantity id="4CB59B7DFFCAFFF4FCF4033F1168F85C" box="[787,831,1914,1939]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FCA1033F118CF85C" box="[838,987,1914,1939]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FCA1033F118CF85C" box="[838,987,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">P. stanleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). He also wrote that 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FB2E033F1761F85C" box="[1225,1334,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">P. so rdi da</emphasis>
is larger than 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FF2903DB1334F878" box="[206,355,1950,1975]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FF2903DB1334F878" box="[206,355,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">P. stanleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and implied that there were 17 trunk segments. Neither of these statements is valid; articulation of the palps is not totally reliable (see later) and many 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFCAFFF4FCE7038611CBF814" box="[768,924,1986,2011]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFCAFFF4FCE7038611CBF814" box="[768,924,1986,2011]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Paralimnadia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have 19 or 20 telsonic spines, so that the species is effectively unrecognisable based on the original description. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFC9FFF7FC0104D31626FF7F" author="King" box="[998,1137,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" refString="King, R. L. (1864) On the anatomy of certain forms of Australian Entomostraca. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales 1, 162 - 166, pl. 11." type="journal article" year="1864">King (1864)</bibRefCitation>
later provided sketches of some limbs of 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FEA304F913E4FF1B" box="[324,435,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
, but these also are not diagnostic. Later authors, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFC9FFF7FC1704F816D0FF1B" author="Sayce" box="[1008,1159,188,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" refString="Sayce, O. A. (1903) The Phyllopoda of Australia, including descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 15, 224 - 261, pl. 27 - 36." type="journal article" year="1903">Sayce (1903)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFC9FFF7FB2504F9170BFF1B" author="Henry" box="[1218,1372,188,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" refString="Henry, M. (1924) A monograph of the freshwater Entomostraca of New South Wales. Part IV Phyllopoda. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1924, 120 - 137." type="proceedings paper" year="1924">Henry (1924)</bibRefCitation>
were concerned with other possible species with which 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FD3104A51112FF37" box="[726,837,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
was presumably synonymous and not with its basic characters. As a result, the identity of 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FD98054110A2FED3" box="[639,757,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
remained tenuous and there are no 
<typeStatus id="54F6883AFFC9FFF7FB2205411753FED2" box="[1221,1284,261,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">types</typeStatus>
. Any recent identifications of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FEBB056D139AFE8F" box="[348,461,295,320]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sordida">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FEBB056D139AFE8F" box="[348,461,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. sordida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFC9FFF7FDF40563108AFE8F" author="Weeks" box="[531,733,295,320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" refString="Weeks, S. C., Zofkova, M. &amp; Knott, B. (2006) Limnadiid Clam Shrimp Distribution in Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 89, 155 - 161." type="journal article" year="2006">
Weeks 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FD83056D10CBFE8F" box="[612,668,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
) are likely to be erroneous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFC9FFF7FF200509117CFE47" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
In fact, based on sites from which Weeks collected in Western Australia, what he called 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FB4B0509174DFEAB" box="[1196,1306,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
is likely to be either 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FF18053513DCFE47" box="[255,395,369,392]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cygnorum">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FF18053513DCFE47" box="[255,395,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. cygnorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or more likely 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FDD0053510B2FE47" box="[567,741,367,392]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westraliensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FDD0053510B2FE47" box="[567,741,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. westraliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20A57F1FFC9FFF7FD0B052B117CFE47" box="[748,811,367,392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FD0B052B117CFE47" bold="true" box="[748,811,367,392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFC9FFF7FF2005D017C1FD3F" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFC9FFF7FF2005D01307FE62" author="King" box="[199,336,404,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" refString="King, R. L. (1855) On Australian Entomostracans. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania (Van Dieman's Land), 3, 56 - 75." type="journal article" year="1855">King (1855)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FE2D05D11060FE63" box="[458,567,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
from material collected near Maroubra Beach, Sydney, but unfortunately, his original material is now lost. Fortunately, there are old collections in the Australian Museum from the area in which 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FF7005991352FE3B" box="[151,261,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FEA605991380FE3A" box="[321,471,476,501]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FEA605991380FE3A" box="[321,471,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. stanleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were first found. The two nominal species can be partly separated using the original characters suggested by King, reinforced by the later clear description of the form that 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFC9FFF7FB86064416B5FDD7" author="Sars" box="[1121,1250,511,536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" refString="Sars, G. O. (1895) Description of some Australian Phyllopoda. Archiv for Mathematik og naturvidenskab, 17 (2), 1 - 51, pl. 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1895">Sars (1895)</bibRefCitation>
interpreted as 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FA6006451346FDF2" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FA6006451346FDF2" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. stanleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FEAE06601006FDF2" box="[329,593,548,573]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FEAE06601006FDF2" box="[329,593,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Eulimnadia stanleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).Despite two species being recognisable from the material collected in Sydney area, the absence of original 
<typeStatus id="54F6883AFFC9FFF7FDD5060C1035FDAF" box="[562,610,584,608]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">type</typeStatus>
material and incompleteness of the 
<typeStatus id="54F6883AFFC9FFF7FC11060C1671FDAF" box="[1014,1062,584,608]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">type</typeStatus>
descriptions render the identitied of 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FF5106291374FD4B" box="[182,291,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. s o rd i d a</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FEB9062913A3FD4A" box="[350,500,620,645]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FEB9062913A3FD4A" box="[350,500,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. stanleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ambiguous. In order to fix the identity of 
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FC3706291669FD4B" box="[976,1086,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. so rd i d a</emphasis>
and clearly distinguish it from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FF7006D5137CFD67" box="[151,299,655,680]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FF7006D5137CFD67" box="[151,299,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. stanleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a 
<typeStatus id="54F6883AFFC9FFF7FEAB06D413F2FD67" box="[332,421,656,680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
is selected from Australian Museum material collected at Maroubra Beach. Fixation of the identity of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FEF606F113DEFD02" box="[273,393,692,717]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soridida">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FEF606F113DEFD02" box="[273,393,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. soridida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
allows recognition of species that were once thought to be synonymous with 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FB0B06F1170BFD02" box="[1260,1372,692,717]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Paralimnadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sordida">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FB0B06F1170BFD02" box="[1260,1372,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. sordida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FF70069D1339FD3F" authority="Brady" authorityName="Brady" box="[151,366,727,752]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivolensis">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FF70069D1374FD3F" box="[151,291,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">E. rivolensis</emphasis>
Brady
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FE43069D102BFD3F" authority="King" authorityName="King" box="[420,636,727,752]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Eulimnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FE43069D106DFD3F" box="[420,570,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. stanleyana</emphasis>
King
</taxonomicName>
), and others to be determined as synonyms (i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D1BFFC9FFF7FB79069D17DDFD3F" authority="Sayce" authorityName="Sayce" box="[1182,1418,728,752]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Limnadiidae" genus="Limnadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="victoriensis">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FB79069D176CFD3F" box="[1182,1339,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">P. victoriensis</emphasis>
Sayce
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFC9FFF7FF2006B81017FBDF" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B939EA8AFFC9FFF7FF2006B813A4FCDA" bold="true" box="[199,499,764,789]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Habitat and distribution</emphasis>
. Coastal New South Wales, at least Sydney to Nelson Bay (
<figureCitation id="13762A1DFFC9FFF7FB5906B81750FCDB" box="[1214,1287,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1226,1248]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,198,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[150,1436,193,1205]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Map of Australia showing distributions of all species with insert of details of Sydney region, especially for sites of P. stanyleyana." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266451/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Other sites recorded (Lismore, Victoria, South Australia, Central Australia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFC9FFF7FC94076411A8FCF7" author="Henry" box="[883,1023,800,824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" refString="Henry, M. (1924) A monograph of the freshwater Entomostraca of New South Wales. Part IV Phyllopoda. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1924, 120 - 137." type="proceedings paper" year="1924">Henry 1924</bibRefCitation>
); Armadale and Wanarra in Western Australia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B69FFC9FFF7FEEB070013CEFC92" author="Weeks" box="[268,409,836,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" refString="Weeks, S. C., Zofkova, M. &amp; Knott, B. (2006) Limnadiid Clam Shrimp Distribution in Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 89, 155 - 161." type="journal article" year="2006">Weeks 2006</bibRefCitation>
) are not supported by specimens and are likely to be misidentifications. All known sites are on sandy substrates, generally in coastal sand dunes. The Sydney sites were destroyed long ago as beach precincts such as Maroubra (neotype locality) were developed and made into landscaped parks. The Botany swamps were either drained or permanently flooded. Only the Williamtown dunes remain untamed and only occasionally they expose the water table to provide temporary habitats. The author has visited these many times over the last few decades and found shrimp only twice.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF23698FFC9FFF7FF20005811CDFB97" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
The only recorded site in 
<collectingRegion id="4989F87AFFC9FFF7FE0C00581012FBFA" box="[491,581,1052,1077]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Victoria</collectingRegion>
is a swamp at Elwood on Port Philip Bay. This has long been destroyed by urbanisation, but significantly, this site was near the coast and sandy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>