1040 lines
132 KiB
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1040 lines
132 KiB
XML
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<document id="289EB0B692FC303D56F3B33CDF3E9E24" ID-CLB-Dataset="21055" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2014.954022" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adf96c2b-3442-49fc-8acb-5f3a04e6e51e" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4006145" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1598620831756" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Williams, Paul H." docDate="2014" docId="1D67397EFFB2B01AFF19FE35FBD2303B" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.49.19-20.1159-1171.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 49 (19)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F.6:JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F" docStyleName="JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Bombus rubriventris" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="1167" masterDocId="E15E4106FFB3B013FF89FFB7FFCD317B" masterDocTitle="Bombus rubriventris: type locality, different histories of bumblebees in the New World, and a likely invertebrate extinction" masterLastPageNumber="1171" masterPageNumber="1159" pageNumber="1160" updateTime="1698845708964" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods id="C3F0141F100A203263E3BF699BBBB180" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C6E59957F9421F43AC12FFF793976878">
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<mods:title id="0ABB2FEF38BDD816A5D67E3144400740">Bombus rubriventris: type locality, different histories of bumblebees in the New World, and a likely invertebrate extinction</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CFD43A7304DBEE22AB5878C5A2D196A9" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="46655940C0B3F03ACE127F0360B00C47">Williams, Paul H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C56C35ADE7DD1ECE0A2AF5FE65214126">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A4ED53C630F4656AE3353FF70712855A">
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<mods:title id="67EA3851B12CA406328C9C7731351365">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A3ACB16BCCC0E7A26DF4A597E257B893">
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<mods:date id="37B5EF52EFD698E46ED4B10350ACC646">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="124AD0661D17F002F367AE250C2BFB95" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="D5089EF9634E29D5B308493144446EA6">2014-12-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="AFF4180A0F73B9EBAD31F309E8F32630" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="623F1969A47350F30D0952B5AC431D93">49</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="2F4EE403B352670E8EB9D72CCE678A36" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="1DD6F56BA77E99D70EF05AB8EBED9D1F">19</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:start id="CB397D921B0D76590CFF14E7C02180FC">1159</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="9C413580CDFA744CA0B4DFAF8E303D53">1171</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification id="3DD3E77BD67A9222ECFD08E40698DE21">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="306A0015AB2F60A5A417A60A72F6581E" type="CLB-Dataset">21055</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FB4A243BD48A5DF4CC0AC72802AD7270" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2014.954022</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="051E5E35AB5C7D9221FAA18D621C554A" type="GBIF-Dataset">adf96c2b-3442-49fc-8acb-5f3a04e6e51e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="29EFDAE377724BC2FFE74636ACBD4565" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AD82EA778D46C6390A9C4922F0E4F566" type="Zenodo-Dep">4006145</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="1D67397EFFB2B01AFF19FE35FBD2303B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4323780" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167371499" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4323780" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D67397EFFB2B01AFF19FE35FBD2303B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D67397EFFB2B01AFF19FE35FBD2303B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1167" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
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<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFB2B012FF19FE35FEBC30E1" box="[144,369,386,410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B012FF19FE35FEBC30E1" blockId="1.[144,1104,346,442]" box="[144,369,386,410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
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<heading id="CE393F04FFB2B012FF19FE35FEBC30E1" box="[144,369,386,410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
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<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FF19FE35FEBC30E1" ID-CoL="MFTS" box="[144,369,386,410]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FF19FE35FEBC30E1" box="[144,369,386,410]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Bombus rubriventris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFB2B012FEF5FE34FC9F331F" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" type="description">
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<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B012FEF5FE34FC5C30C1" blockId="1.[144,1104,346,442]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
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was described originally as species number 23 on page 472 of Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau’ s (1835)
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FDBDFE14FC4730C1" box="[564,906,418,442]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Histoire Naturelle des Insectes</emphasis>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B012FF39FE53FC503348" blockId="1.[176,1072,484,564]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
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“
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FF32FE53FC503348" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Hirsutus, ater; thorace undique griseo hirto, pilis brevibus. Abdominis supra segmento primo nigro, secundo, tertio quartoque rubris, quinto anoque nigris; tibiis tarsisque fusce rufis, supra nigro villosis, subtus rufo hirtis. Alis fuscis, violaceo nitentibus.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B012FF39FDF9FC9F331F" blockId="1.[176,850,590,612]" box="[176,850,590,612]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FF39FDF9FC8D3318" box="[176,832,590,612]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Nigra si fuisset hirsuties thoracis, pro Bombo Carolino habuissem</emphasis>
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.”
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFB2B012FF19FD3BFD2C3238" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B012FF19FD3BFD2C3238" blockId="1.[144,1104,652,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
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[Hairy, dull black; with the thorax covered everywhere with grey bristly hair, the hairs shorter. With the first segment of the abdomen dorsally glossy black, the second, third and fourth red, the fifth and the anus glossy black; with the tibiae and tarsi dark reddish, black-haired above, with reddish bristly hairs below. With the wings dark, shining violet./Were the hair of the thorax glossy black, I would have taken it for
|
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<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FF19FC9BFEAD3238" ID-CoL="62H8K" authority="Carolinus." authorityName="Carolinus." box="[144,352,812,836]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FF19FC9BFE91323F" box="[144,348,812,836]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Bombus Carolinus</emphasis>
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.
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</taxonomicName>
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] (M.A. Alonso-Zarazaga,
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FD1CFC9BFD1C323F" box="[661,721,812,836]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">in litt</emphasis>
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.)
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFB2B011FF33FCFCFBB832C6" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="1161" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" type="discussion">
|
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<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B012FF33FCFCFDA53559" blockId="1.[144,1104,652,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
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The description is then repeated with slight elaboration in French, specifying that the specimen was a “
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FE1BFCDCFE2532F8" box="[402,488,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Femelle</emphasis>
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. Long. 11 lig.” The statement
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FCEBFCDBFECD32D8" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">pro Bombo Carolino habuissem</emphasis>
|
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is a reference to a species now known as
|
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<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FCB8FC3CFEF332B8" authority="Smith (Milliron 1962)" authorityName="Smith (Milliron" authorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FCB8FC3CFC3032D8" box="[817,1021,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Bombus excellens</emphasis>
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Smith (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB2B012FF1EFC1CFEF832B8" author="Milliron HE" box="[151,309,939,963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" pagination="728 - 735" refId="ref7230" refString="Milliron HE. 1962. Taxonomic notes on some American bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). Can Entomologist. 94: 728 - 735. doi: 10.4039 / Ent 94728 - 7" type="journal article" year="1962">Milliron 1962</bibRefCitation>
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)
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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not the
|
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<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FE2BFC1CFDFB32B8" box="[418,566,939,963]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolina">
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FE2BFC1CFDFB32B8" box="[418,566,939,963]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Apis carolina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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of Linnaeus. It is known from high elevations of the northern Andes (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB2B012FE2CFC7CFD8E3298" author="Milliron HE" box="[421,579,971,995]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" pagination="81 - 235" refId="ref7266" refString="Milliron HE. 1973. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). II. The genus Megabombus subgenus Megabombus. Memoirs Entomol Soc Can. 89: 81 - 235. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10589 fv" type="journal article" year="1973">Milliron 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
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) and has a colour pattern of the pubescence similar to
|
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<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FE83FC5BFE613578" box="[266,428,1003,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FE83FC5BFE613578" box="[266,428,1003,1027]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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. The last line of the description for
|
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<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FCD6FC5BFBCF3578" box="[863,1026,1003,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FCD6FC5BFBCF3578" box="[863,1026,1003,1027]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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reads: “
|
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<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB2B012FF14FBBCFF2D3558" box="[157,224,1035,1059]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Brésil</collectingCountry>
|
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. Musée de M. le compte Dejean”.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B012FF33FB9DFF2F35B9" blockId="1.[144,1104,652,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
|
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The date of Lepeletier’ s publication is given on the title page as 1836, but a note inserted into the copy in the Natural History Museum (NHM, London) library reads “This volume was published in the week ending
|
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<date id="E170AEA8FFB2B012FD4BFBDDFC9635F9" box="[706,859,1130,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" value="1835-12-26">26 Dec. 1835</date>
|
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/(Bibl.
|
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<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB2B012FC20FBDDFC3435F9" box="[937,1017,1130,1154]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">France</collectingCountry>
|
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) Ioanis Sherborn.” D. Baker (
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FE04FB3CFE1C35D9" box="[397,465,1162,1186]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">in litt.</emphasis>
|
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) confirmed this earlier date from the
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FCF7FB3DFF1135B9" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
|
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Bibliographie de la
|
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<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB2B012FF19FB1CFF1135B9" box="[144,220,1195,1218]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">France</collectingCountry>
|
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</emphasis>
|
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.
|
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|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B012FF19FAABFE44344F" blockId="1.[144,1104,1308,1691]" box="[144,393,1308,1332]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
|
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<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FF19FAABFE44344F" bold="true" box="[144,393,1308,1332]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Subsequent treatments</emphasis>
|
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|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B012FF19FAF3FBED34E7" blockId="1.[144,1104,1308,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB2B012FF19FAF3FEEF3427" author="Smith F" box="[144,290,1348,1372]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" refId="ref7552" refString="Smith F. 1854. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Apidae. London: Trustees of the British Museum." type="book" year="1854">Smith (1854)</bibRefCitation>
|
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on page 401 referred to a specimen in the J.O. Westwood collection as the
|
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|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB2B012FF4AFAD2FF3E3406" box="[195,243,1381,1405]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">type</typeStatus>
|
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specimen “(
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FE19FAD2FD713407" box="[400,700,1380,1404]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB2B012FE19FAD2FE723407" box="[400,447,1381,1404]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">type</typeStatus>
|
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|
|
sp. in Coll. Westw.
|
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|
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</emphasis>
|
|||
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)”. The collection worked on by Westwood is in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B012FF33FA13FD6E3740" blockId="1.[144,1104,1308,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB2B012FF33FA13FE9134C7" author="Greene JW" box="[186,348,1444,1468]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" pagination="168 - 176" refId="ref6733" refString="Greene JW. 1862. XXI. - Review of the American Bombidae, together with a description of several Species heretofore undescribed, being a synopsis of the species of this family of Hymenopterous insects thus far known to inhabit North America. Ann Lyceum Nat Hist N Y. 7: 168 - 176. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1862. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1862">Greene (1862)</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
compared the colour pattern of the pubescence of
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FC26FA12FB8234C7" box="[943,1103,1444,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FC26FA12FB8234C7" box="[943,1103,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
when discussing
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FEC7FA73FE2234A7" authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1860" box="[334,495,1476,1500]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huntii">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FEC7FA73FE2234A7" box="[334,495,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Bombus huntii</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(page 173) and then redescribed (page 174)
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FC66FA72FF153487" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FC66FA72FF153487" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
under the name “12.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FE5BFA53FC553487" authority="Carolinus. Auct. (St. Fargeau.)" box="[466,920,1508,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bombus Carolinus. Auct. (St. Fargeau.)</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
”, without using the name
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FE88F9B3FEB23767" box="[257,383,1540,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FE88F9B3FEB23767" box="[257,383,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
or having seen a specimen, but referring to [Lepeletier de] “St. Fargeau. See his work, Vol. I. p. 472,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FDCEF992FD4A3747" box="[583,647,1573,1596]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">et seq</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.”.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB2B011FF33F9F4FD6F319B" blockId="1.[144,1104,1308,1691]" lastBlockId="2.[212,1172,168,957]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="1161" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB2B012FF33F9F4FEA03720" author="Franklin HJ" box="[186,365,1603,1627]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" pagination="177 - 486" refId="ref6536" refString="Franklin HJ. 1913. The Bombidae of the New World. Trans Am Entomol Soc. 38: 177 - 486." type="journal article" year="1913">Franklin (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
on page 181 wrote that he believed that the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB2B012FCF8F9F3FC6C3727" box="[881,929,1604,1628]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
was “probably lost” and that: “I have seen no
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FE66F9D3FD8A3707" box="[495,583,1636,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FE66F9D3FD8A3707" box="[495,583,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">Bombus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
specimen which I could consider as representing this species.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FEDDF933FE1037E0" box="[340,477,1667,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FEDDF933FE1037E0" box="[340,477,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">B. carolinus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
[of authors, =
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB2B012FD12F933FCE937E0" authorityName="Smith (Milliron" authorityYear="1962" box="[667,804,1667,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB2B012FD12F933FCE937E0" box="[667,804,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1160">B. excellens</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
] comes nearest to it and [Lepeletier de] St. Fargeau probably made his description from a freak specimen of that species” (my insertions in brackets).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB1B011FF77FF5FFE723044" blockId="2.[212,1172,168,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FF77FF5FFE75307B" author="Cockerell TDA" box="[254,440,232,256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="359 - 368" refId="ref6227" refString="Cockerell TDA. 1921. XXXV. - Descriptions and records of bees. - XCI. Ann Magazine Nat Hist. 8: 359 - 368. doi: 10.1080 / 00222932108632595" type="journal article" year="1921">Cockerell (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
on page 364 described a specimen of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FCEAFF5EFBCF307B" box="[867,1026,232,256]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB1B011FCEAFF5EFBCF307B" box="[867,1026,232,256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
labelled “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FBFCFF5FFE82305B" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” in the Hope collection (OUMNH) and stated that he regarded it as “probably the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB1B011FEF2FE9FFE66303B" box="[379,427,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
”.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB1B011FF77FEFFFB9E30C4" blockId="2.[212,1172,168,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FF77FEFFFE50301B" author="Frison TH" box="[254,413,328,352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="137 - 165" refId="ref6610" refString="Frison TH. 1925. Contribution to the classification of the Bremidae (bumble-bees) of Central and South America. Trans Am Entomol Soc. 51: 137 - 165." type="journal article" year="1925">Frison (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
on page 154 referred to the note by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FCFDFEFFFBFA301B" author="Cockerell TDA" box="[884,1079,328,352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="359 - 368" refId="ref6227" refString="Cockerell TDA. 1921. XXXV. - Descriptions and records of bees. - XCI. Ann Magazine Nat Hist. 8: 359 - 368. doi: 10.1080 / 00222932108632595" type="journal article" year="1921">Cockerell (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
. Frison concluded: “Cockerell says that the malar space is moderate in length, ‘rather shorter than in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FEBCFE3FFE6030DB" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1835" box="[309,429,392,416]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB1B011FEBCFE3FFE6030DB" box="[309,429,392,416]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
’, and if it were not for this statement I would be inclined to consider
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FEB3FE1FFE7530BB" box="[314,440,424,448]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB1B011FEB3FE1FFE7530BB" box="[314,440,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as a synonym of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FD0FFE1FFD2430BB" box="[646,745,424,448]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB1B011FD0FFE1FFD2430BB" box="[646,745,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">carolinus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
…” [of authors, =
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FC49FE1FFB8830BB" authorityName="Smith (Milliron" authorityYear="1962" box="[960,1093,424,448]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB1B011FC49FE1FFB8830BB" box="[960,1093,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">B. excellens</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
].
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB1B011FF77FE70FE8F3344" blockId="2.[212,1172,168,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="25A68235FFB1B011FF77FE70FEF33344" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2850092301" location="Santo Domingo" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Santo Domingo">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FF77FE70FE7B30A4" author="Milliron HE" box="[254,438,455,479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref7196" refString="Milliron HE. 1960. Recognition of bumblebee type specimens, with notes on some dubious names (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Bull Brooklyn Entomol Soc. 55: 87 - 99." type="journal article" year="1960">Milliron (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
described a specimen in the Westwood Collection, Hope Department (OUMNH), to be “in good condition” and wrote that it was “Labelled as
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB1B011FF7DFDBFFEE9335B" box="[244,292,520,544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
by me”. He gave the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB1B011FDACFDBFFD98335B" box="[549,597,520,544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality as “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FD60FDB0FC4A3364" box="[745,903,519,543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
[
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="570A468AFFB1B011FC1EFDB0FB833364" box="[919,1102,519,543]" country="Dominican Republic" name="Santo Domingo" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">Santo Domingo</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
]” (his brackets)
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB1B011FF77FDF0FE5D3385" blockId="2.[212,1172,168,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="25A68235FFB1B011FF77FDF0FE443385" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2850092302" country="Brazil" location="He" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Goias">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FF77FDF0FE603324" author="Milliron HE" box="[254,429,583,607]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="81 - 235" refId="ref7266" refString="Milliron HE. 1973. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). II. The genus Megabombus subgenus Megabombus. Memoirs Entomol Soc Can. 89: 81 - 235. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10589 fv" type="journal article" year="1973">Milliron (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
on page 137 gave the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB1B011FD3CFDF0FD283324" box="[693,741,583,607]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality as “
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB1B011FCF0FDF0FC713324" box="[889,956,583,607]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(‘St. Dominique’), [São Domingos,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="570A468AFFB1B011FE1DFDD0FE1A3304" box="[404,471,615,639]" country="Brazil" name="Goias" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">Goiás</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
]” (his brackets), but on the next page (page 138) he reported what must have been the same label locality as “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FC9EFD31FC7633E5" box="[791,955,646,670]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” (as in his earlier paper) and then discussed the specimen’ s likely origins at length (see below).
|
|||
|
|
<location id="9011DEB3FFB1B011FBFBFD10FB5E33C5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D67397EFFB2B01AFF19FE35FBD2303B:9011DEB3FFB1B011FBFBFD10FB5E33C5" box="[1138,1171,679,702]" country="Brazil" name="He" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" stateProvince="Goias">He</location>
|
|||
|
|
suggested that the species is “either very rare and localized in highland areas or it is entirely extinct”
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB1B011FF77FCB1FDB23225" blockId="2.[212,1172,168,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FF77FCB1FE7A3265" author="Williams PH" box="[254,439,774,798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="79 - 152" refId="ref7729" refString="Williams PH. 1998. An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology). 67: 79 - 152. [cited 15 Oct 2014]. Available from: www. nhm. ac. uk / bombus /" type="journal article" year="1998">Williams (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
on page 112 reported the interpretations of
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FC53FCB1FB433265" author="Milliron HE" box="[986,1166,774,798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="81 - 235" refId="ref7266" refString="Milliron HE. 1973. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). II. The genus Megabombus subgenus Megabombus. Memoirs Entomol Soc Can. 89: 81 - 235. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10589 fv" type="journal article" year="1973">Milliron (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, adding comments on the condition of the specimen and diagnostic characters that separate it from other similar species.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB1B011FF77FCD1FBB832C6" blockId="2.[212,1172,168,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">
|
|||
|
|
Other references mention the species but without adding further information (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FF55FC31FE6332E5" author="Dalla Torre KWV" box="[220,430,902,926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" refId="ref6306" refString="Dalla Torre KWV. 1896. Catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Volumen X: Apidae (anthophila) Lipsiae." type="book" year="1896">Dalla Torre 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FE4DFC31FCC632E5" author="Moure JS & Sakagami SF" box="[452,779,902,926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="65 - 194" refId="ref7367" refString="Moure JS, Sakagami SF. 1962. As mamangabas sociais do Brasil (Bombus Latreille) (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Studia entomologica. 5: 65 - 194." type="journal article" year="1962">Moure and Sakagami 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FCABFC31FB4132E5" author="Abrahamovich AH & Diaz NB" box="[802,1164,902,926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="199 - 214" refId="ref5960" refString="Abrahamovich AH, Diaz NB. 2002. Bumble bees of the Neotropical Region (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Biota Colombiana. 3: 199 - 214." type="journal article" year="2002">Abrahamovich and Diaz 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FF5DFC12FDD732C6" author="Cameron SA & Williams PH" box="[212,538,933,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="552 - 563" refId="ref6172" refString="Cameron SA, Williams PH. 2003. Phylogeny of bumble bees in the New World subgenus Fervidobombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): congruence of molecular and morphological data. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 28: 552 - 563. doi: 10.1016 / S 1055 - 7903 (03) 00056 - 3" type="journal article" year="2003">Cameron and Williams 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FDA2FC12FC9E32C6" author="Abrahamovich AH & Diaz NB & Morrone JJ" box="[555,851,933,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="99 - 117" refId="ref5989" refString="Abrahamovich AH, Diaz NB, Morrone JJ. 2004. Distributional patterns of the Neotropical and Andean species of the genus Bombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Acta Zoologica Mexicana. 20: 99 - 117." type="journal article" year="2004">Abrahamovich et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FCEAFC11FBA832C6" author="Moure JS & Melo GAR" box="[867,1125,933,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="1802" refId="ref7312" refString="Moure JS, Melo GAR. 2012. Bombini Latreille, 1802. In: Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region - online version. [cited 15 Oct 2013]. Available from: http: // www. moure. cria. org. br / catalogue" type="book chapter" year="2012">Moure and Melo 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFB1B010FF5DFBAAFD7E35FF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="1162" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" type="multiple">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB1B011FF5DFBAAFD34354E" blockId="2.[212,1172,1053,1691]" box="[212,761,1053,1077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB1B011FF5DFBAAFD34354E" bold="true" box="[212,761,1053,1077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">Provenance and status of the OUMNH specimen</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB1B011FF5DFBF2FE8634A7" blockId="2.[212,1172,1053,1691]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">
|
|||
|
|
There is a specimen in the Westwood Collection, Hope Department (OUMNH), a large female, almost
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="5236258DFFB1B011FE4CFBD2FDDB3506" box="[453,534,1125,1149]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
in length (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="0DF594EDFFB1B011FD1EFBD2FD353506" box="[663,760,1125,1149]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[144,211,949,971]" captionTargetBox="[304,944,218,917]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[304,944,168,917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Dorsal aspect of the holotype female of Bombus rubriventris showing the ‘St. Domingue.’ label (photo: NHM photo unit). Scale divisions in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4006147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4006147/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), that appears to be a queen in the morphological sense. Although substantially smaller than as described by Lepeletier (11 French lines is
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="5236258DFFB1B011FE4EFB12FDFC35C7" box="[455,561,1189,1213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4699999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" unit="mm" value="24.7">24.7 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
in length), it agrees in the colour pattern of the pubescence with the original description, and is the only specimen known so to do.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FF5DFB53FEB53587" author="Milliron HE" box="[212,376,1252,1276]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="81 - 235" refId="ref7266" refString="Milliron HE. 1973. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). II. The genus Megabombus subgenus Megabombus. Memoirs Entomol Soc Can. 89: 81 - 235. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10589 fv" type="journal article" year="1973">Milliron (1973</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, 138) believed that “It is very unlikely that Lepeletier had before him more than this single specimen, which he indicated was from the Dejean collection (intensive search did not, however, disclose any
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FC85FA92FC143447" authority="(Lep.)" baseAuthorityName="Lep." box="[780,985,1316,1341]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB1B011FC85FA92FC473446" box="[780,906,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Lep.)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
among the few remaining recognizable specimens of the Dejean collection).” Milliron had examined F.W. Hope’ s copy of
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FE64FAD3FC423407" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau ALM" box="[493,911,1380,1404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" refId="ref7058" refString="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau ALM. 1835. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hymenopteres Paris (1836)." type="book" year="1835">Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau (1835)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and found notes by Westwood in the margin beside the description of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FCADFA32FC0834E7" box="[804,965,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB1B011FCADFA32FC0834E7" box="[804,965,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to the effect that the label “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FED3FA13FE7A34C7" box="[346,439,1444,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bombus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
”/“Rubriventris.”, reverse side “Carolinus”, was attached by Lepeletier.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB1B010FF77FA53FD7E35FF" blockId="2.[212,1172,1053,1691]" lastBlockId="3.[144,1104,1100,1666]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="1162" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">
|
|||
|
|
The labels on the OUMNH specimen are currently: (1) [female]; (2) “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FBABFA53FBB23487" box="[1058,1151,1508,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bombus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
”/ “Rubriventris.”, reverse side “Carolinus”; (3) “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FD63F9B4FC463760" box="[746,907,1539,1563]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” or possibly “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FBBFF9B3FED83740" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">st. domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.”; (4) “
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB1B011FEF9F993FE753740" box="[368,440,1572,1595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
HYM: 63”/“rubriventris”/“Lep.”/“HOPE DEPT. OXFORD”; (5) “
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB1B011FE84F9F3FE983720" box="[269,341,1604,1627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
[female]”/“
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB1B011FE55F9F4FDF43720" box="[476,569,1603,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bombus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
”/“rubriventris”/“Lep.”/“H. E.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB1B011FC2FF9F4FB8B3720" author="Milliron HE" box="[934,1094,1603,1627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1161" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref7196" refString="Milliron HE. 1960. Recognition of bumblebee type specimens, with notes on some dubious names (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Bull Brooklyn Entomol Soc. 55: 87 - 99." type="journal article" year="1960">Milliron 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
”. The second label matches the label described by Westwood and Milliron, while the third label matches the label described by Cockerell and Milliron. The pin appears to be of an early nineteenth century design, with a silver shaft and a head wrought from coiled brass wire (R. Thompson, NHM, pers. comm.).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="C1B1D8E0FFB0B010FF19FC02FCBC3293" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4006147" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4006147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4006147/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" startId="3.[144,211,949,971]" targetBox="[304,944,218,917]" targetPageId="3">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB0B010FF19FC02FCBC3293" blockId="3.[144,1103,949,1001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162">
|
|||
|
|
Figure 1. Dorsal aspect of the holotype female of
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="CE393F04FFB0B010FD6EFC01FC7432B0" box="[743,953,950,971]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB0B010FD6EFC01FC7432B0" box="[743,953,950,971]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB0B010FD6EFC01FC7432B0" box="[743,953,950,971]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162">Bombus rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
showing the ‘
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB0B010FF1FFC65FEEA3293" box="[150,295,978,1000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.’ label (photo: NHM photo unit). Scale divisions in mm.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFB0B017FF33FB3BFDDB3325" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="1163" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB0B010FF33FB3BFD1034D8" blockId="3.[144,1104,1100,1666]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB0B010FF33FB3BFE9235DF" author="Milliron HE" box="[186,351,1164,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" pagination="81 - 235" refId="ref7266" refString="Milliron HE. 1973. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). II. The genus Megabombus subgenus Megabombus. Memoirs Entomol Soc Can. 89: 81 - 235. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10589 fv" type="journal article" year="1973">Milliron (1973</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, 138) believed that P.A. Latreille had acquired the specimen now in the OUMNH possibly as early as 1800, although he does not record why he believed this. D. Baker (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB0B010FE4BFB7AFDC0359F" box="[450,525,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162">in litt.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) believed that it could have been acquired by Latreille at any time before his death in 1833. However, it was probably acquired by Latreille before 1826, when at least the bulk of Latreille’ s collection was purchased by P.F.M.A. Dejean (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB0B010FE19FA9CFD9F3438" author="Horn W & Kahle I & Friese G & Gaedike R" box="[400,594,1323,1347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" refId="ref6876" refString="Horn W, Kahle I, Friese G, Gaedike R. 1990. Collectiones entomologicae. Eine Kompendium uber den Verbleib entomologischer Sammlungen der Welt bis 1960. Berlin: Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik." type="book" year="1990">Horn et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), because it was while it was in the Dejean collection that the specimen came to the attention of Lepeletier.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB0B010FC1AFAFBFB9D3418" author="Papavero N" box="[915,1104,1355,1379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" refId="ref7399" refString="Papavero N. 1971. Essays on the history of Neotropical Dipterology, with special reference to collectors (1750 - 1905). Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo." type="book" year="1971">Papavero (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
gives an account of early collectors in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB0B010FDC3FADCFD5D34F8" box="[586,656,1387,1411]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, but there is no mention of an obvious direct connection with Latreille or Paris collections.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB0B010FF33FA1CFD093739" blockId="3.[144,1104,1100,1666]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB0B010FF33FA1CFE8634B8" author="Baker DB" box="[186,331,1451,1475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" pagination="1189 - 1204" refId="ref6028" refString="Baker DB. 1994. Type material in the University Museum, Oxford, of bees described by Comte Amedee Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau and Pierre Andre Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J Nat Hist. 28: 1189 - 1204. doi: 10.1080 / 00222939400770591" type="journal article" year="1994">Baker (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
documents that at some date after 1841 the Dejean collection passed in part to Westwood at Oxford via J.G. Audinet-Serville. Therefore it had neither originally belonged to the Hope Department and then “passed through the hands of Lepeletier” as stated by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB0B010FE16F9BCFD823758" author="Cockerell TDA" box="[415,591,1547,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" pagination="359 - 368" refId="ref6227" refString="Cockerell TDA. 1921. XXXV. - Descriptions and records of bees. - XCI. Ann Magazine Nat Hist. 8: 359 - 368. doi: 10.1080 / 00222932108632595" type="journal article" year="1921">Cockerell (1921</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, 364), nor had it been acquired by Westwood from Lepeletier as stated by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB0B010FE51F99DFDB13739" author="Milliron HE" box="[472,636,1578,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" pagination="81 - 235" refId="ref7266" refString="Milliron HE. 1973. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). II. The genus Megabombus subgenus Megabombus. Memoirs Entomol Soc Can. 89: 81 - 235. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10589 fv" type="journal article" year="1973">Milliron (1973</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, 138).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB0B017FF33F9FDFEEC301B" blockId="3.[144,1104,1100,1666]" lastBlockId="4.[212,1173,168,607]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="1163" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162">
|
|||
|
|
As reported previously (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB0B010FE69F9FDFD473719" author="Williams PH" box="[480,650,1610,1634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" pagination="79 - 152" refId="ref7729" refString="Williams PH. 1998. An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology). 67: 79 - 152. [cited 15 Oct 2014]. Available from: www. nhm. ac. uk / bombus /" type="journal article" year="1998">Williams 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), the specimen is not now “in good condition” (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB0B010FE90F9DDFE7537F9" author="Milliron HE" box="[281,440,1642,1666]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1162" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref7196" refString="Milliron HE. 1960. Recognition of bumblebee type specimens, with notes on some dubious names (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Bull Brooklyn Entomol Soc. 55: 87 - 99." type="journal article" year="1960">Milliron 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) but has had the metasoma glued back into place at the waist (tarsi on all legs and the terminal joints of the right antenna are incomplete). Nonetheless, the characters of both the head and the metasoma appear to be distinctive from other known bumblebee species (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB7B017FD52FF5FFCB1307B" author="Williams PH" box="[731,892,232,256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" pagination="79 - 152" refId="ref7729" refString="Williams PH. 1998. An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology). 67: 79 - 152. [cited 15 Oct 2014]. Available from: www. nhm. ac. uk / bombus /" type="journal article" year="1998">Williams 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), so there is no reason to believe that the specimen is a composite and not genuine. It is possible that damage and repair to the specimen have contributed to the discrepancy in measured body length.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB7B017FF77FEDFFDDB3325" blockId="4.[212,1173,168,607]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">
|
|||
|
|
I regard the female specimen (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="0DF594EDFFB7B017FDFDFED0FD163004" box="[628,731,359,383]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[144,211,949,971]" captionTargetBox="[304,944,218,917]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[304,944,168,917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Dorsal aspect of the holotype female of Bombus rubriventris showing the ‘St. Domingue.’ label (photo: NHM photo unit). Scale divisions in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4006147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4006147/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) in the Westwood Collection as the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB7B017FF5DFE30FEF730E4" box="[212,314,391,415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
by monotypy (the only specimen examined by Lepeletier when writing his description) of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB7B017FE38FE1FFD9A30BB" box="[433,599,424,448]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB7B017FE38FE1FFD9A30BB" box="[433,599,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB7B017FDEEFE10FD2230C4" author="ICZN" box="[615,751,423,447]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" refId="ref6915" refString="ICZN. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. 4 th ed. London: International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: Article 73.1.2), because: (1) only a single specimen is implied in the original description by the use of the singular “
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB7B017FF6BFE50FEF63084" box="[226,315,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">Femelle</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. Long. 11 lig.”; (2) the Westwood Collection female is the unique specimen to agree in colour pattern of the pubescence with the original description; and (3) this is the only specimen known to bear Lepeletier’ s label “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB7B017FF6BFDF0FE8F3324" box="[226,322,583,607]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bombus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
”/“Rubriventris.”.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFB7B015FF5DFD09FE723265" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="1165" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" type="materials_examined">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB7B017FF5DFD09FEAB33AD" blockId="4.[212,1173,702,1659]" box="[212,358,702,726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB7B017FF5DFD09FEAB33AD" bold="true" box="[212,358,702,726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB7B017FF5DFD09FEC133AD" box="[212,268,702,726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">Type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB7B017FF5DFD51FC733265" blockId="4.[212,1173,702,1659]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">
|
|||
|
|
The original description gives the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB7B017FDDAFD50FD4E3384" box="[595,643,743,767]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality as “
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB7B017FC9BFD51FC9F3385" box="[786,850,742,766]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">Brésil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
”, whereas the third label on the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB7B017FF76FCB0FEE23264" box="[255,303,775,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
specimen apparently gives its origin as “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB7B017FC8DFCB1FC6B3265" box="[772,934,774,798]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.”.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB7B017FF77FC91FE0C3546" blockId="4.[212,1173,702,1659]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB7B017FF77FC91FE6F3245" author="Milliron HE" box="[254,418,806,830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" pagination="81 - 235" refId="ref7266" refString="Milliron HE. 1973. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). II. The genus Megabombus subgenus Megabombus. Memoirs Entomol Soc Can. 89: 81 - 235. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10589 fv" type="journal article" year="1973">Milliron (1973</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, 138) had examined a copy of
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB7B017FC8AFC91FB433245" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau ALM" box="[771,1166,806,830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" refId="ref7058" refString="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau ALM. 1835. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hymenopteres Paris (1836)." type="book" year="1835">Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau (1835)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, originally owned by Hope and later used by Westwood, and found notes by Westwood in the margin beside the description of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB7B017FCADFCD0FC083205" box="[804,965,870,894]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB7B017FCADFCD0FC083205" box="[804,965,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to the effect that Westwood believed that the “St. Domingo.” label (Westwood’ s spelling) was written by Latreille. From a recent examination of this copy (OUMNH), Westwood’ s notes are written in pencil, which is now difficult to read. Milliron interpreted the label information in combination with the original description as referring to a São Domingos in the state of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="570A468AFFB7B017FE76FBB2FD883566" box="[511,581,1029,1053]" country="Brazil" name="Goias" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">Goiás</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB7B017FDDAFBB2FD5B3566" box="[595,662,1029,1053]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(one of many similar place names in South America, see below).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB7B017FF77FBF1FD3934A0" blockId="4.[212,1173,702,1659]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">
|
|||
|
|
I have examined a copy of a letter written by Latreille and the examples of his handwriting reproduced by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB7B017FDD1FBD2FD3B3506" author="Baker DB" box="[600,758,1125,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" pagination="1189 - 1204" refId="ref6028" refString="Baker DB. 1994. Type material in the University Museum, Oxford, of bees described by Comte Amedee Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau and Pierre Andre Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J Nat Hist. 28: 1189 - 1204. doi: 10.1080 / 00222939400770591" type="journal article" year="1994">Baker (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
. Intriguingly, although the handwritten characters of the locality label “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB7B017FD32FB32FCAB35E6" box="[699,870,1157,1181]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” are mostly simple (e.g. the cross-like “t”), there is a distinctive “S” elongated below the line and a complex flourish on the upper part of the “D” (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="0DF594EDFFB7B017FCBBFB73FC5635A7" box="[818,923,1220,1244]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[144,211,949,971]" captionTargetBox="[304,944,218,917]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[304,944,168,917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Dorsal aspect of the holotype female of Bombus rubriventris showing the ‘St. Domingue.’ label (photo: NHM photo unit). Scale divisions in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4006147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4006147/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). There is a similar “S” and “D” in Latreille’ s handwriting in Baker’ s figs 1a (“
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB7B017FC2DFB52FB853587" box="[932,1096,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">signatum fem.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
”) and 1d (“
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB7B017FE98FAB3FE613467" box="[273,428,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">dentipes. mas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.”). The latter is quite distinct from the formation of the letter “D” by Lepeletier (Baker’ s fig.
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="5236258DFFB7B017FDC2FA93FDA53447" box="[587,616,1316,1340]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" unit="g" value="1.0">1g</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
). The handwriting sample on the locality label is too small to be conclusive and a person’ s handwriting can change during their life, but it is quite possible that the locality label was written by Latreille. However, this does not prove that the label was added to this specimen by Latreille, or that it was added by anyone before the description of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB7B017FC64FA12FB5834C7" box="[1005,1173,1444,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB7B017FC64FA12FB5834C7" box="[1005,1173,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by Lepeletier, so it could be a later addition.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB7B016FF77FA53FEB13245" blockId="4.[212,1173,702,1659]" lastBlockId="5.[144,1105,168,1627]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1164" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="25A68235FFB7B016FF77FA53FEBA3245" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2850092303" collectorName="D. Baker & S. Domingo & Le Cap Francais" country="Haiti" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1164" location="South American" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163" specimenCount="6">
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="383BEDBEFFB7B017FF77FA53FEA03480" box="[254,365,1507,1531]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">D. Baker</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB7B017FE0AFA53FE0A3480" box="[387,455,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">in litt</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.) believed that the published
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB7B017FCB1FA53FCA73487" box="[824,874,1508,1532]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality, Brésil, and the specimen label, “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB7B017FE20F9B4FD9B3760" box="[425,598,1539,1563]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.”, are in conflict to such a degree that “it is unlikely to be the specimen on which Lepeletier based his description”. He argued that
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB7B017FEE6F9F4FDFD3720" box="[367,560,1603,1627]" name="Haiti" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">Saint-Domingue</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(“
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB7B017FDDCF9F4FC9F3720" box="[597,850,1603,1627]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, not necessarily the town of
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="383BEDBEFFB7B017FF71F9D4FE473700" box="[248,394,1635,1659]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">S. Domingo</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
”) and
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="383BEDBEFFB7B017FE6CF9D4FD7C3700" box="[485,689,1635,1659]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1163">Le Cap Français</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
à Saint-Domingue (now Cabo Francés Viejo,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB6B016FF56FF1FFE1A31BB" box="[223,471,168,192]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
) were localities well known to contemporary French entomologists. Indeed, Baker considered it unthinkable that Lepeletier would describe a bee that he knew to be labelled “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FD4BFF5FFCA2307B" box="[706,879,232,256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” as coming from “Brésil” (although, of 26 Lepeletier bee species’ names listed by Baker in his 1994 paper, three names apparently have published
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB6B016FC99FE9FFC8F303B" box="[784,834,296,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
localities in countries outside the distribution of the species as they are currently understood). Baker concluded that either the specimen is not the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB6B016FD2FFEDFFD1630FB" box="[678,731,360,384]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
, or the label does not belong to it. In fact there is another example in Baker’ s paper on the Lepeletier and Latreille
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB6B016FF77FE1FFEF730BB" box="[254,314,424,448]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">types</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
in the OUMNH (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB6B016FD96FE10FD6430C4" author="Baker DB" box="[543,681,423,447]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" pagination="1189 - 1204" refId="ref6028" refString="Baker DB. 1994. Type material in the University Museum, Oxford, of bees described by Comte Amedee Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau and Pierre Andre Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J Nat Hist. 28: 1189 - 1204. doi: 10.1080 / 00222939400770591" type="journal article" year="1994">Baker 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, 1192) for which Baker concluded that the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB6B016FF73FE7FFEE6309B" box="[250,299,456,480]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality published for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FDCDFE70FC2E30A4" authority="Lepeletier" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[580,995,455,479]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domingensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB6B016FDCDFE70FCAE30A4" box="[580,867,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">Anthophora domingensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Lepeletier
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(a synonym of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FF71FE50FDEA3084" authority="(Rossi)" baseAuthorityName="Rossi" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[248,551,487,511]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Amegilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garrula">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB6B016FF71FE50FE0F3084" box="[248,450,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">Amegilla garrula</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Rossi)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
?), the only bee listed in this publication as described from a specific Central or
|
|||
|
|
<location id="9011DEB3FFB6B016FDF0FDB0FC8C3364" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D67397EFFB2B01AFF19FE35FBD2303B:9011DEB3FFB6B016FDF0FDB0FC8C3364" box="[633,833,519,543]" country="Haiti" name="South American" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">South American</location>
|
|||
|
|
locality, of
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="383BEDBEFFB6B016FC66FDBFFF383344" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">Le Cap Français</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
à
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB6B016FEA9FD90FE293344" box="[288,484,551,575]" name="Haiti" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">Saint-Domingue</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, is in this case a “false locality”. Baker believed that it may have resulted either from a misreading of the label by Lepeletier (the label may have been read as “capf”) or from Lepeletier having been misinformed by Dejean. Baker goes on to write that this “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FC9CFD30FCB033E4" authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1897" box="[789,893,647,671]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Amegilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB6B016FC9CFD30FCB033E4" box="[789,893,647,671]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">Amegilla</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
does not occur in the West Indies” (
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FEE3FD10FDFD33C4" baseAuthorityName="Rossi" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[362,560,679,703]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Amegilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garrula">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB6B016FEE3FD10FDFD33C4" box="[362,560,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">Amegilla garrula</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is a European species). It seems to me likely that in the case of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FEE3FD70FD4833A4" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[362,645,711,735]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domingensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB6B016FEE3FD70FD4833A4" box="[362,645,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">Anthophora domingensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, the label referring to Saint-Domingue was added to the specimen in error before its description by Lepeletier in 1841. A similar fate could have befallen the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB6B016FDCAFCB0FDB83264" box="[579,629,775,799]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FD28FCB0FC863265" box="[673,843,774,798]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB6B016FD28FCB0FC863265" box="[673,843,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, but perhaps after its description in 1835
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB6B016FF33FCF1FE2C35E6" blockId="5.[144,1105,168,1627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">
|
|||
|
|
Exploring this avenue further, the Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle (MNHN, Paris) has multiple
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB6B016FE6CFCD1FDD83205" box="[485,533,870,894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
specimens of fish taxa with the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB6B016FC07FCD1FC733205" box="[910,958,870,894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FBB8FCD1FECE32E5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.”. These are regarded as referring to what is now
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB6B016FCBAFC31FC1632E5" box="[819,987,902,926]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
Republic, all collected by Dr Alexandre Ricord (
|
|||
|
|
<date id="E170AEA8FFB6B016FDC0FC12FD0A32C6" box="[585,711,933,957]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" value="1798" valueMax="1876">
|
|||
|
|
1798
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB6B016FD09FC11FD4032C6" box="[640,653,934,957]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">‒</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
1876
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
). Ricord was employed as a naval doctor, but was also a correspondent with the Paris museum. Another possibility for the “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FF4EFC52FEA53286" box="[199,360,997,1021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” label of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FE54FC51FDB13286" box="[477,636,997,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB6B016FE54FC51FDB13286" box="[477,636,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is that in the seventeenth, eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, it was common practice for specimens from continental interiors to be labelled with the name of the port of export from which they were bought or shipped, with little interest in their precise origin (Vane-Wright,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB6B016FC50FBF1FBD93526" box="[985,1044,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">in litt</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.). So it is even possible that Ricord purchased the specimen in what is now
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB6B016FC2EFBD2FB823506" box="[935,1103,1125,1149]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
Republic, whatever its origin.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB6B016FF33FB12FE4A3480" blockId="5.[144,1105,168,1627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">
|
|||
|
|
Intriguingly, there are similar flourishes for the letter “D” in Ricord’ s handwritten correspondence (e.g. letter to R. Pearle,
|
|||
|
|
<date id="E170AEA8FFB6B016FDD8FB73FCD635A7" box="[593,795,1220,1244]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" value="1822-02-10">10 February 1822</date>
|
|||
|
|
, Smithsonian archives, unit 7054 box 1 folder 14) to those noted above for the “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FCA5FB53FC193587" box="[812,980,1252,1276]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” label of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FF19FAB2FEFC3467" box="[144,305,1284,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB6B016FF19FAB2FEFC3467" box="[144,305,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. However, Ricord’ s “S” is usually much extended above rather than below the line. This appears to weaken the support for the “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FCD3FA93FC333447" box="[858,1022,1316,1340]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” label having been written by Ricord. The possibility that the specimen was nonetheless collected by Ricord in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB6B016FE15FAD3FD8A3407" box="[412,583,1380,1404]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
Republic and then passed to Latreille could remain, even if it is less likely. For the fish taxa described from the Ricord material by G. Cuvier in 1830,
|
|||
|
|
<date id="E170AEA8FFB6B016FEEFFA14FDC634C0" box="[358,523,1443,1467]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164" value="1831" valueMax="1832">1831 and 1832</date>
|
|||
|
|
, the date of collection of these specimens is given as 1827 (see Fishbase, MNHN), but this is after most of Latreille’ s collection was purchased by Dejean.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB6B015FF33F9B4FD50301B" blockId="5.[144,1105,168,1627]" lastBlockId="6.[212,1172,168,798]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="1165" pageId="5" pageNumber="1164">
|
|||
|
|
If we were nonetheless to take the specimen label “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB6B016FD77F9B4FC6D3760" box="[766,928,1539,1563]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” at face value, then a Dominican origin should at least be considered. Bumblebees are hitherto unknown from and have been presumed absent from the Caribbean islands. But if searches had not been made, then they might have been overlooked. If bumblebees were to occur there, then the most likely place would be on the highest mountain, which is Pico
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="570A468AFFB5B015FEFFFF5EFE0B307B" box="[374,454,233,256]" country="Dominican Republic" name="Duarte" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Duarte</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="5236258DFFB5B015FE5EFF5FFDE3307B" box="[471,558,232,256]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.175" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" unit="m" value="3175.0">3175 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
) in the Cordillera Central, behind the town of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="570A468AFFB5B015FBDAFF5FFE8E305B" country="Dominican Republic" name="Santo Domingo" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Santo Domingo</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
. However, repeated expeditions to the Cordillera Central to collect bees since 1988 (approximately 500 collector hours: J. Rawlins,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FCF6FE9EFC09303B" box="[895,964,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">in litt.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) and in 1999 (M. Ivie,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FE87FEFEFE9F301B" box="[270,338,328,352]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">in litt.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) have found no bumblebees.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB5B015FF77FED0FCCA3324" blockId="6.[212,1172,168,798]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="25A68235FFB5B015FF77FED0FCCF3324" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2850092305" collectorName="S. Domingos" country="Brazil" location="Bresil" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" specimenCount="3">
|
|||
|
|
Alternatively, if we take the published
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB5B015FD33FEDFFD2730FB" box="[698,746,360,384]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality “
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB5B015FCD2FED0FC563004" box="[859,923,359,383]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Brésil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
” at face value, and if we accept Baker’ s view that Lepeletier would not have written this if the specimen had borne a label “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FE58FE10FDB630C4" box="[465,635,423,447]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” at the time of description, then the “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FBFCFE10FE8230A4" pageId="6" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.” label should be discounted from giving the true
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB5B015FC7CFE7FFBE8309B" box="[1013,1061,456,480]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality. Consequently, Baker (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FE50FE5FFDD43084" box="[473,537,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">in litt</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.) wrote that [any] “attempts to identify the supposed
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB5B015FF5DFDBFFEC9335B" box="[212,260,520,544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FE1CFDB0FDDE3364" box="[405,531,519,543]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FE1CFDB0FDDE3364" box="[405,531,519,543]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
among the numerous
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="383BEDBEFFB5B015FCAFFDB0FC733364" box="[806,958,519,543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">S. Domingos</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
on the American mainland were doomed to failure” and there are indeed many similar names (e.g.
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation id="D84CBDD3FFB5B015FF5DFDF0FEE73324" box="[212,298,583,607]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[212,270,1339,1361]" captionText="Table 1. A selection of example places with names similar to ‘St. Domingue.’, especially in Brazil, among candidates for the type locality of Bombus rubriventris (coordinates for WGS84" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
; see others in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB5B015FE59FDF0FD3A3324" author="Paynter RA & Traylor MA" box="[464,759,583,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" refId="ref7435" refString="Paynter RA, Traylor MA. 1991. Ornithological gazetteer of Brazil. Cambridge (MA): Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University." type="book" year="1991">Paynter and Traylor 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB5B015FF77FDD0FE723265" blockId="6.[212,1172,168,798]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="25A68235FFB5B015FF77FDD0FE713265" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2850092304" country="Brazil" location="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" specimenCount="2">
|
|||
|
|
In summary, the “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FE47FDD0FDA63304" box="[462,619,615,639]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
” label may have been written by Latreille, but it may also have been added to the specimen by a third party, and perhaps after the description of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FEF7FD10FDED33C4" box="[382,544,679,703]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FEF7FD10FDED33C4" box="[382,544,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. This leaves the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB5B015FD64FD10FCD033C4" box="[749,797,679,703]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality “Brésil” in the original description as probably the most reliable evidence of its origin available at present. Any further resolution of the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFB5B015FD94FD50FD803384" box="[541,589,743,767]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality within
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB5B015FD72FD51FCF33385" box="[763,830,742,766]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
would have to rely on indirect or external evidence
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFB5B014FF5DFC37FCB230E4" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1166" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB5B015FF5DFC37FD7232E3" blockId="6.[212,1172,896,1280]" box="[212,703,896,920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FF5DFC37FD7232E3" bold="true" box="[212,703,896,920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Colour pattern and length of the pubescence</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB5B015FF5DFC1FFB59347B" blockId="6.[212,1172,896,1280]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
There could be other clues to the origin of the OUMNH specimen in the colour pattern and length of the pubescence. Bumblebee colour patterns often show close convergences in particular regions among unrelated but co-occurring species (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB5B015FF52FBBFFE4D355B" author="Williams PH" box="[219,384,1032,1056]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" pagination="97 - 118" refId="ref7791" refString="Williams PH. 2007. The distribution of bumblebee colour patterns world-wide: possible significance for thermoregulation, crypsis, and warning mimicry. Biol J Linnean Soc. 92: 97 - 118. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2007.00878. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Williams 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The black thorax and extensively red metasoma are characteristic of several species of the high Andes mountains, including
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FCD5FB9FFBD3353B" authorityName="Smith (Milliron" authorityYear="1962" box="[860,1054,1064,1088]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FCD5FB9FFBD3353B" box="[860,1054,1064,1088]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Bombus excellens</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(subgenus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FF5DFBFFFE49351B" box="[212,388,1096,1120]" class="Insecta" genus="Thoracobombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FF5DFBFFFE49351B" box="[212,388,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Thoracobombus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, like
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FE44FBFEFDBD351B" box="[461,624,1096,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FE44FBFEFDBD351B" box="[461,624,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FD04FBFFFC49351B" authority="Vachal" authorityName="Vachal" authorityYear="1904" box="[653,900,1096,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baeri">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FD04FBFFFCE5351B" box="[653,808,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Bombus baeri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Vachal
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FC4EFBFFFED53504" authority="Friese" authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccineus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FC4EFBFFFB59351B" box="[967,1172,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Bombus coccineus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Friese
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(both subgenus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FE5FFBDFFD6F35FB" authorityName="Vogt" authorityYear="1911" box="[470,674,1128,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Cullumanobombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FE5FFBDFFD6F35FB" box="[470,674,1128,1152]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Cullumanobombus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
). Some individuals with this colour pattern have been recorded from nearer to the northern coast of the continent in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB5B015FBADFB30FB5935E4" box="[1060,1172,1159,1183]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB5B015FE83FB10FEB035C4" box="[266,381,1191,1215]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB5B015FE18FB10FDFC35C4" author="Milliron HE" box="[401,561,1191,1215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" pagination="81 - 235" refId="ref7266" refString="Milliron HE. 1973. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). II. The genus Megabombus subgenus Megabombus. Memoirs Entomol Soc Can. 89: 81 - 235. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10589 fv" type="journal article" year="1973">Milliron 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). But neither the Andes (in a broad sense) nor the distribution ranges of any of these Andean bumblebee species fall within the boundaries of modern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB5B015FE19FB50FE1A3584" box="[400,471,1255,1279]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Even in the 1820s, the larger Empire of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB5B015FC26FB50FC3F3584" box="[943,1010,1255,1279]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
at its greatest
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="C1B1D8E0FFB5B015FF5DFA8CFB593414" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB5B015FF5DFA8CFB5E342A" blockId="6.[212,1172,1339,1420]" box="[212,1171,1339,1361]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
Table 1. A selection of example places with names similar to ‘
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FCE0FA8CFC31342A" box="[873,1020,1339,1361]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1161" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="domingue">St. Domingue</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.’, especially in
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB5B015FF5DFAEEFB593414" blockId="6.[212,1172,1339,1420]" box="[212,1172,1369,1391]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
Brazil, among candidates for the type locality of
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="CE393F04FFB5B015FD43FAEEFC5F3415" box="[714,914,1369,1390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB5B015FD43FAEEFC5F3415" box="[714,914,1369,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB5B015FD43FAEEFC5F3415" box="[714,914,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Bombus rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
(coordinates for WGS84
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB5B015FF5DFAC1FEE934F7" blockId="6.[212,1172,1339,1420]" box="[212,292,1398,1420]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">datum).</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB5B015FF5DFA10FB5E37F8" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<table id="E7CE7AC8FFB54FECFF5DFA10FB5937F8" box="[212,1172,1447,1667]" gridcols="6" gridrows="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="2BFE8A2AFFB54FECFF5DFA10FB5934C6" box="[212,1172,1447,1469]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFF5DFA10FEBA34C6" box="[212,375,1447,1469]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Place</th>
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFE16FA10FD8F34C6" box="[415,578,1447,1469]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Province/States</th>
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFDE2FA10FD1134C6" box="[619,732,1447,1469]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Country</th>
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFC82FA10FCA134C6" box="[779,876,1447,1469]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Elevation</th>
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFC1FFA10FBCD34C6" box="[918,1024,1447,1469]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Latitude</th>
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFBA0FA10FB5934C6" box="[1065,1172,1447,1469]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Longitude</th>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="2BFE8A2AFFB54FECFF5DFA73FB5934A1" box="[212,1172,1476,1498]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFC82FA73FCA134A1" box="[779,876,1476,1498]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">(m)</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="2BFE8A2AFFB54FECFF5DFA4FFB593775" box="[212,1172,1528,1550]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFF5DFA4FFEBA3775" box="[212,375,1528,1550]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Santo Domingo</th>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFE16FA4FFD8F3775" box="[415,578,1528,1550]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Santo Domingo</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFDE2FA4FFD113775" box="[619,732,1528,1550]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Dominican</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFC82FA4FFCA13775" box="[779,876,1528,1550]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">50</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFC1FFA4FFBCD3775" box="[918,1024,1528,1550]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">+18.49980</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFBA0FA4FFB593775" box="[1065,1172,1528,1550]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">−69.98171</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="2BFE8A2AFFB54FECFF5DF9A2FB593750" box="[212,1172,1557,1579]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFF5DF9A2FB593750" box="[212,1172,1557,1579]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Republic</th>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="2BFE8A2AFFB54FECFF5DF985FB593733" box="[212,1172,1586,1608]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFF5DF985FEBA3733" box="[212,375,1586,1608]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">São Domingos</th>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFE16F985FD8F3733" box="[415,578,1586,1608]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Goiás</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFDE2F985FD113733" box="[619,732,1586,1608]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Brazil</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFC82F985FCA13733" box="[779,876,1586,1608]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">672</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFC1FF985FBCD3733" box="[918,1024,1586,1608]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">−13.39822</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFBA0F985FB593733" box="[1065,1172,1586,1608]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">−46.32126</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="2BFE8A2AFFB54FECFF5DF9F8FB59371E" box="[212,1172,1615,1637]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFF5DF9F8FEBA371E" box="[212,375,1615,1637]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">São Domingues</th>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFE16F9F8FD8F371E" box="[415,578,1615,1637]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">São Paulo</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFDE2F9F8FD11371E" box="[619,732,1615,1637]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Brazil</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFC82F9F8FCA1371E" box="[779,876,1615,1637]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">776</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFC1FF9F8FBCD371E" box="[918,1024,1615,1637]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">−23.55654</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFBA0F9F8FB59371E" box="[1065,1172,1615,1637]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">−46.44947</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="2BFE8A2AFFB54FECFF5DF9DAFB5937F8" box="[212,1172,1645,1667]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="682FE356FFB54FECFF5DF9DAFEBA37F8" box="[212,375,1645,1667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">São Domingos</th>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFE16F9DAFD8F37F8" box="[415,578,1645,1667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Rio de Janeiro</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFDE2F9DAFD1137F8" box="[619,732,1645,1667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">Brazil</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFC82F9DAFCA137F8" box="[779,876,1645,1667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">37</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFC1FF9DAFBCD37F8" box="[918,1024,1645,1667]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">−22.88948</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="682FE356FFB54FECFBA0F9DAFB5937F8" box="[1065,1172,1645,1667]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="1165">−43.30304</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
</table>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB4B014FF19FF1EFB9D319B" blockId="7.[144,1104,168,415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">
|
|||
|
|
extent never included parts of the Andes. Nonetheless, no specimens resembling
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FF19FF7EFEE3319B" box="[144,302,200,224]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FF19FF7EFEE3319B" box="[144,302,200,224]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in morphology have been collected from the Andes (in a broad sense).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB4B014FF33FF5FFCB230E4" blockId="7.[144,1104,168,415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">
|
|||
|
|
Bumblebees of high elevations in the Andes (in a broad sense) often have long pubescence (e.g.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FEE9FEBEFE20305B" authorityName="Smith (Milliron" authorityYear="1962" box="[352,493,264,288]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FEE9FEBEFE20305B" box="[352,493,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. excellens</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FD8FFEBEFDA5305B" authorityName="Vachal" authorityYear="1904" box="[518,616,264,288]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baeri">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FD8FFEBEFDA5305B" box="[518,616,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. baeri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FD3DFEBEFC8A305B" authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1903" box="[692,839,265,288]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccineus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FD3DFEBEFC8A305B" box="[692,839,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. coccineus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
). They contrast with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FF19FE9EFEFF303B" box="[144,306,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FF19FE9EFEFF303B" box="[144,306,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, which has short pubescence, similar to the relatively low-elevation species from eastern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFB4B014FEF3FEFFFE0D301B" box="[378,448,328,352]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, such as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FDAFFEFEFCAA301B" authority="Franklin" authorityName="Franklin" authorityYear="1913" box="[550,871,328,352]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevivillus" subGenus="Th.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FDAFFEFEFD34301B" box="[550,761,328,352]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. (Th.) brevivillus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Franklin
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FCFAFEFEFECD3004" authority="Lepeletier" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis" subGenus="Th.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FCFAFEFEFB82301B" box="[883,1103,328,352]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. (Th.) brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Lepeletier
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FECFFEDEFDBB3004" authority="Franklin" authorityName="Franklin" authorityYear="1913" box="[326,630,359,384]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atratus" subGenus="Th.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FECFFEDEFDC830FB" box="[326,517,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. (Th.) atratus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Franklin
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(NHM collection). Hence, the indirect evidence from colour pattern and from hair length is inconsistent.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFB4B01BFF19FE68FEF8303B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1167" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB4B014FF19FE68FE70308C" blockId="7.[144,1104,479,1691]" box="[144,445,479,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FF19FE68FE70308C" bold="true" box="[144,445,479,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">Relationships to other taxa</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB4B014FF19FDBFFDD13385" blockId="7.[144,1104,479,1691]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="CE393F04FFB4B014FF19FDBFFEBF335B" box="[144,370,520,544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FF19FDBFFEBF335B" box="[144,370,520,544]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FF19FDBFFEBF335B" box="[144,370,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">Bombus rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
is superficially similar to queens of the Chinese
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FC37FDBFFE9F3344" authority="Morawitz" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyrosoma">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FC37FDBFFF1B3344" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">Bombus pyrosoma</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Morawitz
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, for example in the length and colour pattern of the pubescence, and in some aspects of morphology (including the shape of the oculo-malar area, sculpturing of the ocello-ocular area, and sculpturing of metasomal tergum 6). Some of the more obvious differences are that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FD07FD3FFCF833E4" box="[654,821,647,671]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FD07FD3FFCF833E4" box="[654,821,647,671]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has the pubescence of metasomal terga 5–6 black rather than red, the wings are slightly darker, and the distal posterior corner of the mid basitarsus is produced as a sharp spine, rather than forming nearly a right angle.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFB4B01BFF33FCB0FEF8303B" blockId="7.[144,1104,479,1691]" lastBlockId="8.[212,1172,168,320]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1167" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">
|
|||
|
|
From its morphology,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FE46FCB0FDB93264" box="[463,628,775,799]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FE46FCB0FDB93264" box="[463,628,775,799]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
belongs almost certainly to the former subgenus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FF76FC90FDD43245" authority="Skorikov" authorityName="Skorikov" authorityYear="1922" box="[255,537,806,831]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Fervidobombus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FF76FC90FE6B3244" box="[255,422,807,831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">Fervidobombus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Skorikov
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, most species of which are Neotropical (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB4B014FC63FC91FF083225" author="Williams PH" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" pagination="79 - 152" refId="ref7729" refString="Williams PH. 1998. An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology). 67: 79 - 152. [cited 15 Oct 2014]. Available from: www. nhm. ac. uk / bombus /" type="journal article" year="1998">Williams 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FF55FCF1FE4E3225" authorityName="Skorikov" authorityYear="1922" box="[220,387,838,862]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Fervidobombus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FF55FCF1FE4E3225" box="[220,387,838,862]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">Fervidobombus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has been revised more recently as part of the broader subgenus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FF19FCD1FD2D3205" authority="Dalla Torre (Williams et al. 2008)" box="[144,736,870,894]" class="Insecta" genus="Thoracobombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FF19FCD1FE8D3205" box="[144,320,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">Thoracobombus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Dalla Torre (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB4B014FE61FCD1FD183205" author="Williams PH & Cameron SA & Hines HM & Cederberg B & Rasmont P" box="[488,725,870,894]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" pagination="46 - 74" refId="ref7837" refString="Williams PH, Cameron SA, Hines HM, Cederberg B, Rasmont P. 2008. A simplified subgeneric classification of the bumblebees (genus Bombus). Apidologie. 39: 46 - 74." type="journal article" year="2008">Williams et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB4B014FD79FCD1FB9D3205" author="Cameron SA & Williams PH" box="[752,1104,870,894]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" pagination="552 - 563" refId="ref6172" refString="Cameron SA, Williams PH. 2003. Phylogeny of bumble bees in the New World subgenus Fervidobombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): congruence of molecular and morphological data. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 28: 552 - 563. doi: 10.1016 / S 1055 - 7903 (03) 00056 - 3" type="journal article" year="2003">Cameron and Williams (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB4B014FF4DFC31FE0C32E5" author="Cameron SA & Hines HM & Williams PH" box="[196,449,902,926]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" pagination="161 - 188" refId="ref6128" refString="Cameron SA, Hines HM, Williams PH. 2007. A comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees (Bombus). Biol J Linnean Soc. 91: 161 - 188. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2007.00784. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Cameron et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
used several genes to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among nearly all of the New World species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FD6EFC11FC5A32C5" box="[743,919,934,958]" class="Insecta" genus="Thoracobombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FD6EFC11FC5A32C5" box="[743,919,934,958]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">Thoracobombus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Unfortunately, these analyses did not include
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FE61FC70FD4A32A5" box="[488,647,966,990]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FE61FC70FD4A32A5" box="[488,647,966,990]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, because neither DNA nor morphological characters of the male genitalia were available for study. The female
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FC42FC50FF793566" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FC42FC50FF793566" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
can be distinguished from females of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FDF3FBB0FC853565" authorityName="Smith (Milliron" authorityYear="1962" box="[634,840,1030,1054]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens" subGenus="Th.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FDF3FBB0FC853565" box="[634,840,1030,1054]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. (Th.) excellens</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(which have a similar colour pattern of the pubescence) because
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FDF6FB91FCEC3545" box="[639,801,1062,1086]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FDF6FB91FCEC3545" box="[639,801,1062,1086]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has the pubescence much shorter and more even; the oculo-malar area is nearly square rather than nearly twice as long as the basal breadth of the mandible; and metasomal tergum 6 is weakly raised in a medial bump posteriorly, just before the apex (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB4B014FCBAFB32FC1535E6" author="Williams PH" box="[819,984,1157,1181]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" pagination="79 - 152" refId="ref7729" refString="Williams PH. 1998. An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology). 67: 79 - 152. [cited 15 Oct 2014]. Available from: www. nhm. ac. uk / bombus /" type="journal article" year="1998">Williams 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB4B014FC7BFB32FF1B35C6" author="Milliron HE" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" pagination="81 - 235" refId="ref7266" refString="Milliron HE. 1973. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). II. The genus Megabombus subgenus Megabombus. Memoirs Entomol Soc Can. 89: 81 - 235. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10589 fv" type="journal article" year="1973">Milliron (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
considered the female morphological characters of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FCAFFB11FC0B35C6" box="[806,966,1189,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FCAFFB11FC0B35C6" box="[806,966,1189,1213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to be “very much like those of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FEFEFB71FDAF35A6" authority="" Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[375,610,1221,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellicosus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FEFEFB71FDC835A6" box="[375,517,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. bellicosus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
” Smith
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, distinguishing
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FC93FB71FC7035A6" box="[794,957,1221,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FC93FB71FC7035A6" box="[794,957,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by its more evenly curved posterior edge of the hind basitarsus. He distinguished
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FC26FB51FB823586" box="[943,1103,1253,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FC26FB51FB823586" box="[943,1103,1253,1277]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FF5CFAB1FE103466" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1879" box="[213,477,1285,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opifex" subGenus="Th.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FF5CFAB1FE463466" box="[213,395,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. (Th.) opifex</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Smith
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by the shorter oculo-malar area of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FC2BFAB1FB853466" box="[930,1096,1285,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FC2BFAB1FB853466" box="[930,1096,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFB4B014FF19FA93FE8A3447" author="Williams PH" box="[144,327,1316,1340]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" pagination="79 - 152" refId="ref7729" refString="Williams PH. 1998. An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology). 67: 79 - 152. [cited 15 Oct 2014]. Available from: www. nhm. ac. uk / bombus /" type="journal article" year="1998">Williams (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
suggested that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FD8AFA91FD6B3446" box="[515,678,1317,1341]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FD8AFA91FD6B3446" box="[515,678,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
can be distinguished from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FC66FA91FF343426" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellicosus" subGenus="Th.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FC66FA91FF343426" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. (Th.) bellicosus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
because
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FED7FAF2FE313426" box="[350,508,1349,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FED7FAF2FE313426" box="[350,508,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has finer and more uniform punctures on the central area of the clypeus, and a distinct medial groove subapically on tergum 6. It was considered that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FECAFA32FE2C34E7" box="[323,481,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FECAFA32FE2C34E7" box="[323,481,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is slightly more similar in these characters to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FC6DFA32FB8534E7" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1879" box="[996,1096,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opifex">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FC6DFA32FB8534E7" box="[996,1096,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. opifex</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, although the difference between
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FD8EFA12FDA034C7" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1879" box="[519,621,1444,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opifex">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FD8EFA12FDA034C7" box="[519,621,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. opifex</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FD25FA12FCFA34C7" box="[684,823,1444,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellicosus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FD25FA12FCFA34C7" box="[684,823,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. bellicosus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is subtle.
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="CE393F04FFB4B014FC26FA13FF1534A7" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FC26FA13FF1534A7" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FC26FA13FF1534A7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">Bombus rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
can also be distinguished from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FDCAFA72FD6534A7" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1879" box="[579,680,1476,1500]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opifex">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FDCAFA72FD6534A7" box="[579,680,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. opifex</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FD6DFA72FCA334A7" box="[740,878,1476,1500]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellicosus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FD6DFA72FCA334A7" box="[740,878,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. bellicosus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by the band of fine punctures in the outer lateral part of the ocello-ocular area, which for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FC39FA52FB9D3487" box="[944,1104,1508,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FC39FA52FB9D3487" box="[944,1104,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is narrower (extending just less than half of the distance from the eye to the lateral ocellus), less dense (most of the punctures are spaced by more than their own breadths) so that it is shining, and where it extends anteriorly of the lateral ocellus it has a shallow but distinct longitudinal broad depression or groove.
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="CE393F04FFB4B014FC7EF9D4FEC337E0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFB4B014FC7EF9D4FEC337E0" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFB4B014FC7EF9D4FEC337E0" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1166">Bombus rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
has the corbicular fringes of the hind tibia short, the outer corbicular surface on the proximal two-thirds with many short very fine branched hairs, more like
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFBBB01BFE8DFF7EFE42319B" box="[260,399,200,224]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellicosus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBBB01BFE8DFF7EFE42319B" box="[260,399,200,224]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">B. bellicosus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFBBB01BFE5BFF7EFDFA319B" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1879" box="[466,567,200,224]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opifex">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBBB01BFE5BFF7EFDFA319B" box="[466,567,200,224]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">B. opifex</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Hence a particularly close relationship to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFBBB01BFBABFF7EFF38307B" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellicosus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBBB01BFBABFF7EFF38307B" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">B. bellicosus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
seems likely. In the future more information might be gleaned from a morphometric study of wing venation (cf.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFDFCFEBFFCAF305B" author="Wappler T & De Meulemeester & Aytekin AM & Michez D & Engel MS" box="[629,866,264,288]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="784 - 792" refId="ref7625" refString="Wappler T, De Meulemeester T, Aytekin AM, Michez D, Engel MS. 2012. Geometric morphometric analysis of a new Miocene bumble bee from the Randeck Maar of southwestern Germany (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Syst Entomol. 37: 784 - 792. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2012.00642. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Wappler et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) and this option is being pursued.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFBBB01BFF5DFE37FBB433E4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFBBB01BFF5DFE37FD5130E3" blockId="8.[212,1172,384,1691]" box="[212,668,384,408]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBBB01BFF5DFE37FD5130E3" bold="true" box="[212,668,384,408]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">Biogeography of New World bumblebees</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFBBB01BFF5DFE1FFBB433E4" blockId="8.[212,1172,384,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">
|
|||
|
|
A preliminary estimate of bumblebee phylogeny using male morphology concluded that bumblebees are likely to have reached South America after the northern and southern continents last re-connected, as part of the great “faunal interchange”, within the last 4 million years (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFDB3FDB0FD133364" author="Williams PH" box="[570,734,519,543]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="239 - 255" refId="ref7685" refString="Williams PH. 1985. A preliminary cladistic investigation of relationships among the bumble bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Syst Entomol. 10: 239 - 255. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1985. tb 00529. x" type="journal article" year="1985">Williams 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Re-analysis of the same distribution data but using molecular evidence from
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFD21FD90FC6B3344" author="Cameron SA & Hines HM & Williams PH" box="[680,934,551,575]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="161 - 188" refId="ref6128" refString="Cameron SA, Hines HM, Williams PH. 2007. A comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees (Bombus). Biol J Linnean Soc. 91: 161 - 188. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2007.00784. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Cameron et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
in a study by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFBDBFD90FED73324" author="Hines HM" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="58 - 75" refId="ref6837" refString="Hines HM. 2008. Historical biogeography, divergence times, and diversification patterns of bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus). Syst Biol. 57: 58 - 75. doi: 10.1080 / 10635150801898912" type="journal article" year="2008">Hines (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
suggested a date for this colonization of South America having started before 15
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBBB01BFF67FDDFFF363304" box="[238,251,616,639]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">‒</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
7.5 million years ago. If the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFBBB01BFDBFFDDFFDAB33FB" box="[566,614,616,640]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFBBB01BFD6CFDDFFC4E3304" box="[741,899,615,639]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBBB01BFD6CFDDFFC4E3304" box="[741,899,615,639]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFBBB01BFC6BFDD0FBE53304" box="[994,1064,615,639]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, then this could be consistent with either of these phylogenetic and biogeographic estimates.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="DDD4DBE3FFBBB01AFF77FD10FBD2303B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1168" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFBBB01BFF77FD10FD233466" blockId="8.[212,1172,384,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">
|
|||
|
|
Alternatively, if the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFBBB01BFE7BFD10FDEF33C4" box="[498,546,679,703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality were in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFBBB01BFD7AFD10FC6C33C4" box="[755,929,679,703]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
Republic, then that would have dramatic consequences for reconstructions of the historical biogeography of bumblebees. Bumblebees are thought to be very poor at dispersing over sea and arriving in a fit state and in sufficient numbers to establish viable populations (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFBC8FCB1FE4D3245" author="Ito M & Sakagami SF" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="23 - 51" refId="ref6970" refString="Ito M, Sakagami SF. 1980. The bumblebee fauna of the Kurile Islands (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Low Temperature Sci (B). 38: 23 - 51." type="journal article" year="1980">Ito and Sakagami 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFE19FC90FE223245" author="Ito M" box="[400,495,806,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="188 - 201" refId="ref6937" refString="Ito M. 1987. Geographic variation of an eastern Asian bumble bee Bombus diversus in some morphometric characters (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Kontyu. 55: 188 - 201." type="journal article" year="1987">Ito 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFE76FC91FCFF3245" author="Macfarlane RP & Gurr L" box="[511,818,806,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="29 - 36" refId="ref7076" refString="Macfarlane RP, Gurr L. 1995. Distribution of bumble bees in New Zealand. N Z Entomologist. 18: 29 - 36. doi: 10.1080 / 00779962.1995.9721999" type="journal article" year="1995">Macfarlane and Gurr 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFCCBFC90FBDD3245" author="Estoup A & Solignac M & Cornuet J-M & Goudet J & Scholl A" box="[834,1040,806,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref6442" refString="Estoup A, Solignac M, Cornuet J-M, Goudet J, Scholl A. 1996. Genetic differentiation of continental and island populations of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Europe. Mol Ecol. 5: 19 - 31. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 1996. tb 00288. x" type="journal article" year="1996">Estoup et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Although queen bumblebees are sometimes able to fly long distances across sea (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFC6CFCF1FB493225" author="Haeseler V" box="[997,1156,838,862]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="123 - 136" refId="ref6804" refString="Haeseler V. 1974. Aculeate Hymenopteren uber Nord- und Ostsee nach Untersuchungen auf Feuerschiffen. Insect Syst Evol. 5: 123 - 136. doi: 10.1163 / 187631274 X 00155" type="journal article" year="1974">Haeseler 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), it is unclear whether they arrive in a fit physiological state to found colonies. Furthermore, because sex determination in bumblebees depends on heterozygosity at a single locus so that sibling matings will result in the rearing of many diploid males (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFEAEFC71FDE632A5" author="Duchateau MJ & Hoshiba H & Velthuis HHW" box="[295,555,966,990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="263 - 269" refId="ref6364" refString="Duchateau MJ, Hoshiba H, Velthuis HHW. 1994. Diploid males in the bumble bee Bombus terrestris. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 71: 263 - 269. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01793. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Duchateau et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), unless many different queens arrive in a new area together, then severe inbreeding depression is likely to result. Therefore if bumblebees were to have reached the area of the present
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFBBB01BFD4EFBB2FC783566" box="[711,949,1029,1053]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, then they are more likely to have had to have spread in larger numbers through suitable habitat across land when it was still part of the mainland of Central America. That would require bumblebees to have reached the Caribbean region before the end of the Cretaceous period (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFEA6FB32FE1735E6" author="Donnelly TW" box="[303,474,1157,1181]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="15 - 37" refId="ref6329" refString="Donnelly TW. 1988. Geologic constraints on Caribbean biogeography. In: Liebherr JK, editor. Zoogeography of Caribbean insects. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; p. 15 - 37." type="book chapter" year="1988">Donnelly 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFE67FB32FC5F35E6" author="Iturralde-Vinent MA & MacPhee RDE" box="[494,914,1157,1181]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref7004" refString="Iturralde-Vinent MA, MacPhee RDE. 1999. Palaeogeography of the Caribbean region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bull Am Museum Nat Hist. 238: 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1999">Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), long before what is currently accepted for the arrival of bumblebees in the New World (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFC61FB12FB4135C6" author="Williams PH" box="[1000,1164,1189,1213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="239 - 255" refId="ref7685" refString="Williams PH. 1985. A preliminary cladistic investigation of relationships among the bumble bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Syst Entomol. 10: 239 - 255. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1985. tb 00529. x" type="journal article" year="1985">Williams 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFF5DFB72FE9C35A6" author="Hines HM" box="[212,337,1221,1245]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="58 - 75" refId="ref6837" refString="Hines HM. 2008. Historical biogeography, divergence times, and diversification patterns of bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus). Syst Biol. 57: 58 - 75. doi: 10.1080 / 10635150801898912" type="journal article" year="2008">Hines 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Consequently, a Dominican
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="4A7536CAFFBBB01BFD23FB71FD1735A5" box="[682,730,1222,1246]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
locality would require a major revision of our understanding of the entire historical biogeography of bumblebees, which makes
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFBBB01BFEADFAB2FE003466" box="[292,461,1285,1309]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
interpretation less likely.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="95718868FFBBB01AFF77FA93FBD2303B" blockId="8.[212,1172,384,1691]" lastBlockId="9.[144,1104,168,320]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1168" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">
|
|||
|
|
There have been documented losses of some bee species (including
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFBBB01BFB97FA91FF3B3427" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellicosus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBBB01BFB97FA91FF3B3427" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">B. bellicosus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) from some parts of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFBBB01BFE7DFAF3FDF53427" box="[500,568,1348,1372]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFDC2FAF3FCEC3427" author="Freitas BM & Imperatriz-Fonseca VL & Medina LM & Kleinert AdM & Galetto L & Nates-Parra G & Quezada-Euan JJG" box="[587,801,1348,1372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="332 - 346" refId="ref6559" refString="Freitas BM, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Medina LM, Kleinert AdM P, Galetto L, Nates-Parra G, Quezada-Euan JJG. 2009. Diversity, threats and conservation of native bees in the Neotropics. Apidologie. 40: 332 - 346. doi: 10.1051 / apido / 2009012" type="journal article" year="2009">Freitas et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFCBAFAF3FBDE3427" author="Martins AC & Goncalves RB & Melo GAR" box="[819,1043,1348,1372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="157 - 176" refId="ref7107" refString="Martins AC, Goncalves RB, Melo GAR. 2013. Changes in wild bee fauna of a grassland in Brazil reveal negative effects associated with growing urbanization during the last 40 years. Zoologia (Curitiba). 30: 157 - 176. doi: 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702013000200006" type="journal article" year="2013">Martins et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). We have now no admissible direct information on where within
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFBBB01BFCEAFAD3FC653407" box="[867,936,1380,1404]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFBBB01BFC3AFAD2FB953406" box="[947,1112,1381,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBBB01BFC3AFAD2FB953406" box="[947,1112,1381,1405]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
may have been collected. But one of the most famous concentrations of high species endemism in South America is in the Atlantic Forest region of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFBBB01BFC41FA13FBDD34C7" box="[968,1040,1444,1468]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, which has suffered extensive habitat degradation (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFD25FA73FC8334A7" author="Fonseca GAB" box="[684,846,1476,1500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" pagination="17 - 34" refId="ref6503" refString="Fonseca GAB. 1985. The vanishing Brazilian Atlantic forest. Biol Conservation. 34: 17 - 34. doi: 10.1016 / 0006 - 3207 (85) 90055 - 2" type="journal article" year="1985">Fonseca 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBBB01BFCEBFA73FBFE34A7" author="Bibby CJ & Collar NJ & Crosby MJ & Heath MF & Imboden C & Johnson TH & Long AJ & Stattersfield AJ & Thirgood SJ" box="[866,1075,1476,1500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167" refId="ref6076" refString="Bibby CJ, Collar NJ, Crosby MJ, Heath MF, Imboden C, Johnson TH, Long AJ, Stattersfield AJ, Thirgood SJ. 1992. Putting biodiversity on the map: priority areas for global conservation. Cambridge (UK): International Council for Bird Preservation." type="book" year="1992">Bibby et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). When seeking an area of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFBBB01BFE59FA53FDD93487" box="[464,532,1508,1532]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
with exceptionally high levels of endemism where extinction of a short-haired bumblebee is likely to have occurred in the last 200 years, this would have to be a strong candidate. Any material from the Atlantic Forest being shipped to Europe in the eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries is very likely to have been exported via
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="570A468AFFBBB01BFD03F9D4FCF53700" box="[650,824,1635,1659]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, so “
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFBBB01BFCFCF9D4FC7B3700" box="[885,950,1635,1659]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="1167">Brésil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
” would be a likely given locality. The Atlantic Forest ecoregion is also adjacent in its southern part (wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/atlantic_forests, accessed 2014) to the distributions of those bumblebee species that are likely to be most closely related to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFBAB01AFE83FF5EFE63307B" box="[266,430,232,256]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBAB01AFE83FF5EFE63307B" box="[266,430,232,256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFBAB01AFE4BFF5EFD9D307B" box="[450,592,232,256]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellicosus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBAB01AFE4BFF5EFD9D307B" box="[450,592,232,256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168">B. bellicosus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBAB01AFD19FF5EFCCF307B" box="[656,770,232,256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFBAB01AFD19FF5EFD36307B" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1879" box="[656,763,232,256]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opifex">B. opifex</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
see maps in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBAB01AFC16FF5FFBF2307B" author="Milliron HE" box="[927,1087,232,256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168" pagination="81 - 235" refId="ref7266" refString="Milliron HE. 1973. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). II. The genus Megabombus subgenus Megabombus. Memoirs Entomol Soc Can. 89: 81 - 235. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10589 fv" type="journal article" year="1973">Milliron 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). However, the bumblebee fauna of southeastern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="EDD9C8F8FFBAB01AFD52FEBFFCD2305B" box="[731,799,264,288]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
is relatively well known (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F15FF599FFBAB01AFF1EFE9FFE6A303B" author="Silveira FA & Cure JR" box="[151,423,296,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168" pagination="47 - 55" refId="ref7510" refString="Silveira FA, Cure JR. 1993. High- Altitude bee fauna of southeastern Brazil: implications for biogeographic patterns (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Stud Neotropical Fauna Environ. 28: 47 - 55. doi: 10.1080 / 01650529309360887" type="journal article" year="1993">Silveira and Cure 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52CEF3EBFFBAB01AFE7EFE9EFD51303B" box="[503,668,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="A7BA547AFFBAB01AFE7EFE9EFD51303B" box="[503,668,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1168">B. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has so far remained undetected.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|