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<document id="2C8823C0A12ED3338B5446B7C4D588CB" ID-CLB-Dataset="293303" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2021.1960911" ID-GBIF-Dataset="53749253-12aa-41cc-9eec-e28c0b075738" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10949919" ID-ZooBank="F8991F09-B5FB-40EF-B4CC-474D925085B8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1711484962835" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gale, Andrew Scott" docDate="2021" docId="B9207C419A78FFEF0FF3FE8CFD29FC98" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.19.10.691-741.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 (10)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1960911" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Sphaeraster tabulatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="710" masterDocId="451904399A76FFFB0F0FFF8CFF93FF93" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and phylogeny of the ‘ football stars’ (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)" masterLastPageNumber="741" masterPageNumber="691" pageNumber="704" updateTime="1712755325394" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4E7DDBF376DEDF813B2692E4BE0F84AB">Taxonomy and phylogeny of the ‘ football stars’ (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E113D10C58DC6149DC9DF03DDB4D8369">Gale, Andrew Scott</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7E28957EDE9EFF0D1044293CA480D1CC">School of the Environment, Geography and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO 1 3 QL UK; & Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="3DC1C2955833191666ACDB17ABFFA1EE">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2D2E39829CBD32F260F32D6B5632598B">
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<mods:date id="8E9418ADDC98558537AFF1F347D19CB3">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D3D82C8745F995FFA5002E336A9C5441">2021-10-01</mods:number>
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<treatment id="B9207C419A78FFEF0FF3FE8CFD29FC98" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955095" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10955095" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B9207C419A78FFEF0FF3FE8CFD29FC98" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9207C419A78FFEF0FF3FE8CFD29FC98" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="710" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
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<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A78FFF50FF3FE8CFDDFFEC9" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50FF3FE8CFD3CFE84" blockId="14.[161,778,256,347]" box="[252,687,256,279]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
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<heading id="6A7E7A3B9A78FFF50FF3FE8CFD3CFE84" box="[252,687,256,279]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FF3FE8CFD3CFE84" authority="(Goldfuss, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[252,687,256,279]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FF3FE8CFE7CFE84" bold="true" box="[252,495,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
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(Goldfuss, 1833)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50FAEFEAEFDDFFEC9" blockId="14.[161,778,256,347]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
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(
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50FA5FEAEFEB6FEAA" box="[170,293,290,314]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Figs 3A–K</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50E3DFEAEFEE6FEAA" box="[306,373,290,314]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[159,226,1563,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-1@13.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Ambulacrals of sphaerasterids. A–D, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, B, proximal ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal aspects, respectively (NHMUK EE 17633); C, D, actinal views of ambulacrals from mid-radius (NHMUK EE 17623a, 17634). E, P, Q, Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980; E, enlargement of actinal view of base of ambulacral; P, Q, actinal and proximal/distal views of ambulacral, respectively (Mnhnl OPH176). F, G, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17635). H–K, N, O, Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907). H–K, proximal/distal views of ambulacral, note cavity replacing articulation facet (I); L, M, Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17636); N, O, actinal views of ambulacrals (NHMUK EE 17637a, b). Provenance: A–D are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, G are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. L, M are from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. H–K, N–O are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. E, P, Q are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, G, J–Q = 0.5mm; C = 1 mm; E, H, I = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949931/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">6A–D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50E8DFEAEFDBAFEAA" box="[386,553,290,314]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1574,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-1@15.[159,1466,187,1919]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Adambulacrals of sphaerasterids. A, B, Stauraster primaevus (von Zittel, 1880), adambulacrals in abactinal and proximal/ distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17638, 17632). C–H, L, N, Q, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1831); C, G, L, N, abactinal views (NHMUK EE 17623h–k); D, F, proximal/distal views (NHMUK EE 17623l, m); H, internal, Q, external views (NHMUK EE 17623n). I–K, M, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov.; I, J, proximal/distal and internal views (NHMUK EE 17639); K, M, proximal/distal views (NHMNUK EE 17640, 17641). O, S, T, Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, adambulacrals in proximal/distal, internal and actinal views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). P, R, Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), adambulacrals in abactinal and actinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637f, g). Provenance: A, B are from the lower Oxfordian, Cardioceras bukowskii ammonite Subzone, basal Couches de Passage, Andelot Morval, Jura, France. C–H, L, N, Q are from the upper Oxfordian, hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. I–K, M are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. P, R are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. O, S, T are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, C–E, L–O, Q–T = 0.5 mm; B, F–K = 1 mm; P = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955077/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">7C–H, L, N, Q</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50D38FEAEFDEBFEAA" box="[567,632,290,314]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">8A–E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50D8AFEAEFD5BFEAA" box="[645,712,290,314]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">9A–Q</figureCitation>
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, 10A, B, 11, 12,
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50ED9FECFFDD7FEC9" box="[470,580,323,347]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="24.[159,226,1587,1608]" captionTargetId="figure-1@23.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. A–H, P, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, actinal ossicle, to show crater-rimmed spine pits (NHMUK EE 17680); B, G, abactinal ossicles of small individuals which have smooth external faces (NHMUK EE 17682, 17683); C, D, abactinal ossicles of very small individuals (NHMUK EE 17684, 17685); E, lateral view of small abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17686); F, abactinal ossicle with weak radial sculpture (NHMUK EE 17681); H, enlargement of sculpture of abactinal ossicle A; P, lateral view of abactinal plates of small individual, to show lack of papular pores and articulation structures (compare with Fig. 9M, N; NHMUK EE 17687). I–O, Q–S, Pouzaster pocknotata gen. et sp. nov., abactinal ossicles; I–O, paratype abactinals (I, J, NHMUK EE 17689; K, NHMUK EE 17690; L, M, NHMUK EE 17691; N, NHMUK EE 17692; O, NHMUK EE 17693; R, S, NHMUK EE 17695). Q, holotype, abactinal (NHMUK EE 17688); S, enlargement of surface detail of K. Provenance: A–H, P are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. I–O, Q–S are from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La-Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. Scale bars: A, F, O = 1 mm; B–E, G, I–N, P–R = 0.5mm; H, S = 0.2mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955087/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">13A–H, P</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A78FFF50F92FEF0FE85FB19" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FEF0FEBFFE2F" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
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$1833
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FF5FE08FDDCFE08" authority="Goldfuss" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1833" box="[250,591,388,411]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FF5FE08FE5CFE08" box="[250,463,388,411]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Asterias tabulatus</emphasis>
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Goldfuss
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</taxonomicName>
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: 210, pl. 63, fig. 7c–q.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FE49FEA1FE6E" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
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1875
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FE7FE49FDCFFE4F" authority="Quenstedt" authorityName="Quenstedt" authorityYear="1875" box="[232,604,453,476]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeritidae" genus="Sphaerites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FE7FE49FE45FE4F" box="[232,470,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaerites punctatus</emphasis>
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Quenstedt
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</taxonomicName>
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: 651, pl. 80, figs 23–27.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FD8AFECDFDAC" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
1875
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FD0FD8AFD36FD8E" authority="Quenstedt" authorityName="Quenstedt" box="[223,677,518,541]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeritidae" genus="Sphaerites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctatus" subSpecies="juvensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FD0FD8AFDBBFD8E" box="[223,552,518,541]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaerites punctatus juvensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Quenstedt
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
: 650, pl. 80, figs 28–38.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FDCBFE12FD13" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
1875
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FEEFDCBFDDAFDCD" authority="(Goldfuss)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[225,585,583,606]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeritidae" genus="Sphaerites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FEEFDCBFE57FDCD" box="[225,452,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaerites tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Goldfuss)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; Quenstedt: 651, pl. 80, figs 39–47.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FD05FD57FD52" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
1906b
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FFDFD05FD13FD33" authority="(Quenstedt)" baseAuthorityName="Quenstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[242,640,649,672]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FFDFD05FE7EFD33" box="[242,493,649,672]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaeraster punctatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Quenstedt)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; Schondorf: 263, pl. 24, figs 1–4; pl. 25, figs 14–20, 29, 30.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FD46FE32FC91" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
1906b
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FF9FD46FDE8FD72" authority="(Quenstedt)" baseAuthorityName="Quenstedt" box="[246,635,714,737]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="juvensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FF9FD46FE77FD72" box="[246,484,714,737]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaeraster juvensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Quenstedt)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; Schondorf: 260, pl. 24, figs 5, 6.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FC80FEF0FCD7" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
1906b
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FFFFC80FD12FCB0" authority="(Quenstedt)" baseAuthorityName="Quenstedt" box="[240,641,780,803]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="annulosus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FFFFC80FE7DFCB0" box="[240,494,780,803]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaeraster annulosus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Quenstedt)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; Schondorf: 264, text-fig. 4.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FCC1FE12FC16" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
1906b
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FF9FCC1FDEFFCF7" authority="(Goldfuss)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[246,636,845,868]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FF9FCC1FE63FCF7" box="[246,496,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Goldfuss)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; Schondorf: 263, text-figs 2, 3.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FC02FE88FC55" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
1975
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FD2FC02FDDCFC36" authority="(Goldfuss)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[221,591,910,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FD2FC02FE5EFC36" box="[221,461,910,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Goldfuss)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; Hess: 37, pl. 7, figs 7, 8.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FC43FE91FB9B" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
1984
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FD0FC43FDC4FC75" authority="(Goldfuss)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" box="[223,599,975,998]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FD0FC43FE46FC75" box="[223,469,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaeraster punctatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Goldfuss)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; Blake: 76, fig. 1A, D.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FB9DFE54FBDA" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
1984
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FD2FB9DFDCBFBBB" authority="(Quenstedt)" baseAuthorityName="Quenstedt" box="[221,600,1041,1064]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FD2FB9DFE5FFBBB" box="[221,460,1041,1064]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Quenstedt)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; Blake: 76, figs 1H, 2C, 3, 4B–D, 5, 8D.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F92FBDEFE85FB19" blockId="14.[157,782,380,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
2009
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50FD1FBDEFDF3FBFA" authority="(Quenstedt)" baseAuthorityName="Quenstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[222,608,1106,1129]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FD1FBDEFE40FBFA" box="[222,467,1106,1129]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaeraster punctatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Quenstedt)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; Neumann: 92, figs 1–3.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A78FFF50F90FB5AFE8DFA44" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="materials_examined">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F90FB5AFE8DFA44" blockId="14.[159,781,1238,1495]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50F90FB5AFF4CFB7E" bold="true" box="[159,223,1238,1261]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Type.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The abactinal ossicle figured by Goldfuss (1833, pl. 63, fig. 7c–e) is here selected as
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="EE3273F59A78FFF50D34FB74FD33FA9C" box="[571,672,1272,1295]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
. The present whereabouts of this specimen are uncertain; possibly it is in the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="F34D03B59A78FFF50E8EFAB6FE57FAC2" box="[385,452,1338,1361]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Berlin</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
(MfB) or Munich (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50DCFFAB6FC96FAC2" box="[704,773,1338,1361]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">SNSB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
) collections. The synonymy proposed by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A78FFF50D73FAD0FC94FAE0" author="Hess, H." box="[636,775,1372,1395]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref28325" refString="Hess, H. 1975. Die fossilen Echinodermen des Schweizer Juras. Veroffentlichungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Basel, 8, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1975">Hess (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, who placed
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50E2BFAF1FE3AFA07" baseAuthorityName="Quenstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[292,425,1405,1428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50E2BFAF1FE3AFA07" box="[292,425,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">S. punctatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50EB6FAF1FDBFFA07" box="[441,556,1405,1428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="juvensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50EB6FAF1FDBFFA07" box="[441,556,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">S. juvensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50D6BFAF1FD7EFA07" box="[612,749,1405,1428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="annulosus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50D6BFAF1FD7EFA07" box="[612,749,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">S. annulosus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as subjective junior synonyms of Goldfuss’ species, is followed here.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A78FFF50C43FF31FB14FF47" box="[844,1159,189,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="diagnosis">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50C43FF31FB14FF47" blockId="14.[844,1159,189,212]" box="[844,1159,189,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50C43FF31FC52FF47" bold="true" box="[844,961,189,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
As for the genus.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A78FFF50C43FF61FBAEFB35" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="materials_examined">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50C43FF61FBAEFB35" blockId="14.[844,1467,237,1190]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50C43FF61FC24FE97" bold="true" box="[844,951,237,260]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Material.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Ossicles of the ambulacral groove (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50A83FF61FC03FEB7" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Figs 3A–K</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50CACFE81FC70FEB7" box="[931,995,268,292]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[159,226,1563,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-1@13.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Ambulacrals of sphaerasterids. A–D, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, B, proximal ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal aspects, respectively (NHMUK EE 17633); C, D, actinal views of ambulacrals from mid-radius (NHMUK EE 17623a, 17634). E, P, Q, Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980; E, enlargement of actinal view of base of ambulacral; P, Q, actinal and proximal/distal views of ambulacral, respectively (Mnhnl OPH176). F, G, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17635). H–K, N, O, Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907). H–K, proximal/distal views of ambulacral, note cavity replacing articulation facet (I); L, M, Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17636); N, O, actinal views of ambulacrals (NHMUK EE 17637a, b). Provenance: A–D are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, G are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. L, M are from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. H–K, N–O are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. E, P, Q are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, G, J–Q = 0.5mm; C = 1 mm; E, H, I = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949931/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">6A–D</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50CF7FE81FB96FEB7" box="[1016,1029,269,292]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1574,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-1@15.[159,1466,187,1919]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Adambulacrals of sphaerasterids. A, B, Stauraster primaevus (von Zittel, 1880), adambulacrals in abactinal and proximal/ distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17638, 17632). C–H, L, N, Q, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1831); C, G, L, N, abactinal views (NHMUK EE 17623h–k); D, F, proximal/distal views (NHMUK EE 17623l, m); H, internal, Q, external views (NHMUK EE 17623n). I–K, M, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov.; I, J, proximal/distal and internal views (NHMUK EE 17639); K, M, proximal/distal views (NHMNUK EE 17640, 17641). O, S, T, Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, adambulacrals in proximal/distal, internal and actinal views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). P, R, Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), adambulacrals in abactinal and actinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637f, g). Provenance: A, B are from the lower Oxfordian, Cardioceras bukowskii ammonite Subzone, basal Couches de Passage, Andelot Morval, Jura, France. C–H, L, N, Q are from the upper Oxfordian, hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. I–K, M are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. P, R are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. O, S, T are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, C–E, L–O, Q–T = 0.5 mm; B, F–K = 1 mm; P = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955077/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">7</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) and mouth frame (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50BF6FE81FAFCFEB7" box="[1273,1391,268,292]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Fig. 8A–E</figureCitation>
|
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|
) were found in associated material from the Oxfordian of Plettenberg, which also yielded abactinal ossicles (
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50A9FFEC1FCC9FE17" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
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|
). Large abactinal ossicles are found in the collections at Stuttgart and Tubingen and in private collections. Several specimens show the construction of the abactinal surface, with 10–20 ossicles
|
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|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50BC3FE41FA85FE77" box="[1228,1302,461,484]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">in situ</emphasis>
|
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(
|
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50A23FE41FA38FE77" box="[1324,1451,461,485]" captionStart-0="Figure 10" captionStart-1="Figure 11" captionStart-2="Figure 12" captionStartId-0="21.[159,226,1093,1114]" captionStartId-1="22.[159,226,1054,1075]" captionStartId-2="22.[159,226,1597,1618]" captionTargetBox-0="[186,1435,224,1040]" captionTargetBox-1="[202,1420,224,1028]" captionTargetBox-2="[507,1125,1179,1567]" captionTargetId-0="figure-391@21.[159,1466,188,1076]" captionTargetId-1="figure-132@22.[176,1449,188,1037]" captionTargetId-2="figure-166@22.[486,1140,1160,1579]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionText-0="Figure 10. A, B, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833), partly articulated individual, with interpretative drawing (B) (NHMUK EE 17655). C, D, Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833), fragmentary specimen, with interpretative drawing (D) (GPIT/2460). Provenance: A, B are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. C, D are from the upper Oxfordian, southern Germany. Colours as in Figure 1." captionText-1="Figure 11. Reconstruction of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show morphology. A, cross section; B, primary radial plate, to show position of papular pores; C, abactinal reconstruction. Colours as in Figure 1." captionText-2="Figure 12. Outlines of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show positions of various fragmentary specimens referred to in the text." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949933" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949935" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949937" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10949933/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10949935/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10949937/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Figs 10–12</figureCitation>
|
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). The best of these individuals was figured by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A78FFF50A41FE61FC19FDB6" author="Quenstedt, F. A." pageId="14" pageNumber="704" refId="ref29060" refString="Quenstedt, F. A. 1875. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, 1. Abteilung 4. Echinodermen (Asteriden und Encriniden). L. F. Fuess, Leipzig, 742 pp." type="book" year="1875">Quenstedt (1875</bibRefCitation>
|
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, pl. 80), Schondorf (1906a, pl. 24, figs 1, 2) and
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A78FFF50C42FDA2FC47FDD6" author="Blake, D. B." box="[845,980,558,581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" pagination="74 - 101" refId="ref27486" refString="Blake, D. B. 1984. Constructional morphology and life habits of the Jurassic sea star Sphaeraster Quenstedt. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 169, 74 - 101." type="journal article" year="1984">Blake (1984</bibRefCitation>
|
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, fig. 1D); this is an undistorted upper portion of the disc including pi and pir and inner calycinal plates with periproct and madreporite (
|
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|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50A0AFDE2FAD0FD16" box="[1285,1347,622,645]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b26r-wc8g" name="Institut und Museum fur Geologie und Palaeontologie, Universitat Tuebingen" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">GPIT</collectionCode>
|
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/67882). A further specimen showing in-place abactinal plating from the Kimmeridgian (Malm
|
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|
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50BBCFD21FB51FD56" bold="true" box="[1203,1218,685,709]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Χ</emphasis>
|
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|
) of Geisingen (southern
|
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<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A78FFF50C8AFD42FC79FD76" box="[901,1002,718,741]" name="Germany" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
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|
|
) is in the private collection of G. Heinssen-Levens at Haseldorf (
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A78FFF50BB5FD62FAFAFC96" author="Neumann, C." box="[1210,1385,750,773]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" pagination="92 - 97" refId="ref28892" refString="Neumann, C. 2009. Bemerkungen ¨ uber Sphaeraster, einen Seestern aus dem Oberen Jura. Arbeitskreis Palaontologie Hannover, 37, 92 - 97." type="journal article" year="2009">Neumann 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
).
|
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<specimenCount id="278F06DE9A78FFF50A85FD62FC2FFCB6" count="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="generic">Two specimens</specimenCount>
|
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|
from the upper Oxfordian (
|
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|
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50BF8FC82FAC4FCB6" box="[1271,1367,782,805]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">hypsilum</emphasis>
|
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ammonite Zone of Plettenberg, southern
|
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|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A78FFF50BDFFCA2FAA6FCD6" box="[1232,1333,814,837]" name="Germany" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
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|
|
) have been particularly important for the present paper. One of these (
|
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<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50C92FCE2FB97FC16" box="[925,1028,878,901]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
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|
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EE 17655) shows articulated distal abactinal ossicles, down to R7, while the other comprises about 500 associated ossicles including abactinals, actinals, ambulacral, adambulacral, circumoral and oral ossicles (
|
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|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50CBCFC63FB89FB95" box="[947,1050,1007,1030]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
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|
|
EE 17623). Other ossicles from the same locality include juveniles (
|
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|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50A1EFB83FAEBFBB5" box="[1297,1400,1039,1062]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
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|
|
EE 17648–17653; 17680–17687). The species is also known from
|
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|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A78FFF50C98FBC3FB85FBF5" box="[919,1046,1103,1126]" name="Switzerland" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
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|
|
(
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A78FFF50B3AFBC3FB24FBF5" author="Hess, H." box="[1077,1207,1103,1126]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref28325" refString="Hess, H. 1975. Die fossilen Echinodermen des Schweizer Juras. Veroffentlichungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Basel, 8, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1975">Hess 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
) and
|
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|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A78FFF50A1AFBC3FACDFBF5" box="[1301,1374,1103,1126]" name="France" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">France</collectingCountry>
|
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|
|
(lower Oxfordian at Andelot-Morvan, French Jura, two ossicles, pers. obs.
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A78FFF50CB2FB03FBBEFB35" author="Gale, A. S." box="[957,1069,1167,1190]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" pagination="279 - 318" refId="ref28106" refString="Gale, A. S. 2019. Origin and phylogeny of the velatid asteroids (Echinodermata, Neoasteroidea) - new evidence from the Jurassic. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 137, 279 - 318." type="journal article" year="2019">Gale 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
).
|
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|
|
</paragraph>
|
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|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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|
|
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A78FFEF0C42FB33FD29FC98" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="710" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="description">
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFEB0C42FB33FD48FC91" blockId="14.[845,1467,1215,1495]" lastBlockId="16.[159,782,189,1490]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="706" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50C42FB33FC44FB45" bold="true" box="[845,983,1215,1238]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Description.</emphasis>
|
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|
|
The overall form of the abactinal surface was reconstructed and well described by Schondorf (1906b, fig. 16). The upper part of the abactinal surface is strongly domed (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A78FFF50B38FA93FB0EFAA5" box="[1079,1181,1311,1334]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[159,226,1054,1075]" captionTargetBox="[202,1420,224,1028]" captionTargetId="figure-132@22.[176,1449,188,1037]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Reconstruction of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show morphology. A, cross section; B, primary radial plate, to show position of papular pores; C, abactinal reconstruction. Colours as in Figure 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949935/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
; precisely as shown by Schondorf 1906b, pl. 25) and the arrangement of the ossicles is clearly shown. Twelve inner calycinal ossicles (ico) are present. The ce is small and pentagonal, and in four interradii (A-B, C-D, D-E, E-A) it articulates with a single, slightly elongated hexagonal ico. In the B-C interradius, however, it articulates with two elongated plates, and these plates and the centrale are notched to form the periproct, and the rim adjacent to the periproct is raised and thickened. The ico are proportionately small and lack spine pits. The pir are large, gently convex and heptagonal in outline, and articulate distally with two hexagonal, slightly asymmetrical plates. In the madreporic interradius, a small triangular madreporite is present (
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0EA6FE4FFE6CFE49" box="[425,511,451,474]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
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) and triangular grooves adjacent to this ossicle run across the three plates. Each more distal row of interradial plates is hexagonal and these decrease in size progressively towards the ambitus. The pr (
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0E05FDCBFE1EFDCD" box="[266,397,583,606]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9P, Q</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
) are large and hexagonal, with strongly notched proximal and distal articular faces. More distal radials are also hexagonal and decrease progressively in width and proportional height towards the ambitus (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0E09FD46FECAFD72" box="[262,345,714,737]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
). The distal radials and interradials are thickened and imbricate proximally (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0D3CFD67FD58FC91" box="[563,715,747,770]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9C, D, G</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
).
|
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|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="65F69DDF9A78FFF50F90F997FB38F8C6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949931" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10949931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949931/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" startId="14.[159,226,1563,1584]" targetBox="[159,1466,188,1920]" targetPageId="13">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A78FFF50F90F997FB38F8C6" blockId="14.[159,1468,1562,1877]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50F90F997FF6CF9A3" bold="true" box="[159,255,1563,1584]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Ambulacrals of sphaerasterids.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50D4BF997FDEBF9A3" bold="true" box="[580,632,1562,1584]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">A–D,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50D8CF997FB98F9A3" authority="(Goldfuss, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[643,1035,1563,1584]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50D8CF997FCCBF9A3" box="[643,856,1563,1584]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Goldfuss, 1833)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50B15F997FBC1F9A3" bold="true" box="[1050,1106,1563,1584]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">A, B,</emphasis>
|
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|
|
proximal ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal aspects, respectively (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50D16F9B9FDE6F9D9" box="[537,629,1589,1610]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17633);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50C0CF9B9FCACF9D9" bold="true" box="[771,831,1589,1610]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">C, D,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
actinal views of ambulacrals from mid-radius (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50A3BF9B9FA03F9D9" box="[1332,1424,1589,1610]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17623a, 17634).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50E4AF9DCFE0BF9F6" bold="true" box="[325,408,1616,1637]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">E, P, Q,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50EAEF9DCFC0AF9F6" authority="Rowe & Nichols, 1980" authorityName="Rowe & Nichols" authorityYear="1980" box="[417,921,1616,1637]" class="Asteroidea" family="Podosphaerasteridae" genus="Podosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvinatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50EAEF9DCFD3DF9F6" box="[417,686,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Podosphaeraster pulvinatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A78FFF50DB8F9DCFC0AF9F6" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Nichols, D." box="[695,921,1616,1637]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" pagination="289 - 295" refId="ref29223" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Nichols, D. 1980. A new species of Podosphaeraster Clark & Wright 1962 (Echinodermata; Asteroidea) from the Pacific. Micronesia, 16, 289 - 295." type="journal article" year="1980">Rowe & Nichols, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50CA6F9DCFC2CF9F6" bold="true" box="[937,959,1616,1637]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">E,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
enlargement of actinal view of base of ambulacral;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50F90F9E7FF46F913" bold="true" box="[159,213,1643,1664]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">P, Q,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
actinal and proximal/distal views of ambulacral, respectively (Mnhnl
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50C80F9E7FC50F913" box="[911,963,1643,1664]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">OPH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
176).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50CF5F9E7FBA2F913" bold="true" box="[1018,1073,1643,1664]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">F, G,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50B35F9E7FAD9F913" authority="Gale, 2021" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2021" box="[1082,1354,1643,1664]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Eosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="amellagensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50B35F9E7FAD9F913" box="[1082,1354,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Eosphaeraster amellagensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="18CEAC3E9A78FFF50A5CF9E7FF58F909" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
, ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50C4AF909FC32F909" box="[837,929,1669,1690]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17635).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50B28F909FB30F909" bold="true" box="[1063,1187,1669,1691]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">H–K, N, O,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50BA2F909FF4BF926" authority="(Spencer, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Spencer" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Valettaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="argus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50BA2F909FAC6F909" box="[1197,1365,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Valettaster argus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A78FFF50A68F909FF5DF926" author="Spencer, W. K." pageId="14" pageNumber="704" pagination="91 - 132" refId="ref29488" refString="Spencer, W. K. 1907. A monograph of the British fossil Echinodermata from the Cretaceous formations. Volume 2. The Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 4, 91 - 132." type="journal article" year="1907">Spencer, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50FEBF92CFE8FF926" bold="true" box="[228,284,1695,1717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">H–K,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
proximal/distal views of ambulacral, note cavity replacing articulation facet (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50B19F92CFB8CF926" bold="true" box="[1046,1055,1696,1717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">I</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50B39F92CFBE2F926" bold="true" box="[1078,1137,1696,1717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">L, M,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50B76F92CFAE3F926" authority="Gale, 2021" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2021" box="[1145,1392,1696,1717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Bulbosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="valettei" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50B76F92CFAE3F926" box="[1145,1392,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Bulbosphaeraster valettei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="18CEAC3E9A78FFF50A76F92CFF61F943" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
, ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50C7EF937FC5EF943" box="[881,973,1723,1744]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17636);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50B59F937FB02F943" bold="true" box="[1110,1169,1723,1744]" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">N, O,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
actinal views of ambulacrals (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A78FFF50FAAF959FE92F979" box="[165,257,1749,1770]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17637a, b). Provenance: A–D are from the upper Oxfordian,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50C90F959FC69F979" box="[927,1018,1749,1770]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Hypsilum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A78FFF50F90F97CFF68F896" box="[159,251,1776,1797]" name="Germany" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. F, G are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A78FFF50D3EF887FD19F8B3" box="[561,650,1803,1824]" name="Morocco" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. L, M are from the lower Bathonian,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A78FFF50B1CF887FB46F8B3" box="[1043,1237,1803,1824]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Perisphinctidae" genus="Zigzagiceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="zigzag">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50B1CF887FB46F8B3" box="[1043,1237,1803,1824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Zigzagiceras zigzag</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A78FFF50D57F8A9FD0FF8A9" box="[600,668,1829,1850]" name="France" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">France</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. H–K, N–O are from the
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A78FFF50CADF8A9FBB2F8A9" box="[930,1057,1829,1850]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">coranguinum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="F34D03B59A78FFF50A5BF8A9FA16F8A9" box="[1364,1413,1829,1850]" country="United Kingdom" name="Kent" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Kent</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A78FFF50A9DF8A9FA2BF8A9" box="[1426,1464,1829,1850]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">UK</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. E, P, Q are Recent,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A78FFF50E6BF8CCFE41F8C6" box="[356,466,1856,1877]" name="Philippines" pageId="14" pageNumber="704">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, G, J–Q = 0.5 mm; C =
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="F67160B29A78FFF50CBBF8CCFC7FF8C6" box="[948,1004,1856,1877]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="704" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
; E, H, I = 0.2 mm.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A66FFEB0FB6FC87FEC7FBBB" blockId="16.[159,782,189,1490]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">
|
|||
|
|
Differentiated marginals are not discernable in this species, nor in any other sphaerasterid, even though shown by Schondorf (1909b) in his reconstruction of this species. It was subsequently demonstrated by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A66FFEB0DD6FCE1FF75FC36" author="Hess, H." pageId="16" pageNumber="706" pagination="873 - 891" refId="ref28390" refString="Hess, H. 1991. Neue Seesterne aus dem mittleren Oxford von Reuchnette (Berner Jura). Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae, 84, 873 - 891." type="journal article" year="1991">Hess (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
that Schondorf’ s marginals actually belonged to the asteroid genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A66FFEB0E85FC23FD82FC55" authorityName="Valette" authorityYear="1932" box="[394,529,943,966]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Asteriaceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0E85FC23FD82FC55" box="[394,529,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Asteriaceros</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. The interradial and radial abactinal ossicles taper distally to the ambitus, and up to 15 rows were probably present in the adult form (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0FEBFB9DFED7FBBB" box="[228,324,1041,1064]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[159,226,1054,1075]" captionTargetBox="[202,1420,224,1028]" captionTargetId="figure-132@22.[176,1449,188,1037]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Reconstruction of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show morphology. A, cross section; B, primary radial plate, to show position of papular pores; C, abactinal reconstruction. Colours as in Figure 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949935/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A66FFEB0FB6FBBDFD3BFA41" blockId="16.[159,782,189,1490]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">
|
|||
|
|
The tabular, polygonal (usually hexagonal) abactinal ossicles of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A66FFEB0E11FBDEFE0CFBFA" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[286,415,1106,1129]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0E11FBDEFE0CFBFA" box="[286,415,1106,1129]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are the most common and conspicuous elements in collections. The external surfaces of these from smaller individuals may possess an even covering of fine granule pits, which are rarely seen to carry spherical granular spines (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0EC4FB59FDB3FB7F" box="[459,544,1237,1260]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9L</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Mature individuals carry six, or rarely more, enlarged crater-rimmed spine bases, situated adjacent to the corners of the ossicles (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0FA8FAB4FEB7FADC" box="[167,292,1336,1359]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9P, Q</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The spines, which articulated within the pits, are rarely present in residues; these have bulbous bases and rapidly tapering, short and round shafts (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0DECFAF5FF47FA22" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9I, J</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Distal abactinal ossicles also carried irregularly developed conical and granular spines (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0D47FA37FD0BFA41" box="[584,664,1467,1490]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A66FFEB0C68FF31FA25FD0C" blockId="16.[844,1467,189,1490]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">
|
|||
|
|
The first two or four papular pores adjacent to the angled margins of the large abactinal plates (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0A55FF51FA21FF67" box="[1370,1458,221,244]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9Q</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) arise by division of a single internal groove that splits towards the external surface. Between five and 10 notches for papulae are present along the margins of the abactinal plates; these produce a regular crenulation to the borders of the plates (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0B7FFE0EFAA1FE0A" box="[1136,1330,386,409]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9M, N, P, Q</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The pores may be vertical or oblique in orientation when viewed laterally. The intervening articular ridges comprise simple vertical or inclined struts of stereom, but larger triangular surfaces are sometimes present in the centres of the plate sides. The narrower articular ridges each carry a single, small round concavity close to the external borders of the plates, but the larger surfaces have three or more of these structures positioned in a vertical column.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A66FFEB0C68FD24FC76FCD1" blockId="16.[844,1467,189,1490]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">
|
|||
|
|
The actinal ossicles are preserved both in articulated groups and as isolated plates. They formed alternating rows of weakly imbricated, thickened ossicles which carried granular spines of diverse sizes, set in crater-like pits (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0C8AFCA7FC46FCD1" box="[901,981,811,834]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A66FFE90C68FCC7FDDCFE86" blockId="16.[844,1467,189,1490]" lastBlockId="18.[159,782,189,1032]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="708" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">
|
|||
|
|
Ambulacral groove ossicles of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A66FFEB0BC9FCC7FADAFCF1" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1222,1353,843,866]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0BC9FCC7FADAFCF1" box="[1222,1353,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were figured by Schondorf (1906b), and new material is now known from Plettenberg (southern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A66FFEB0A01FC01FAE0FC37" box="[1294,1395,909,932]" name="Germany" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
) and Trimbach (
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A66FFEB0CC1FC22FBC1FC56" box="[974,1106,942,965]" name="Switzerland" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
; H. Hess Collection,
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A66FFEB0A6BFC22FA24FC56" box="[1380,1463,942,965]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/1d5a-4efs" name="Natural History Museum Bucharest" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">NHMB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
, unregistered). The adambulacrals are very tall (2–3 times taller than broad), the adradial face is convex and the abradial face is gently concave (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0BEEFB9CFACEFBB4" box="[1249,1373,1040,1064]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Figs 3D–G</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0A64FB9CFA3CFBB4" box="[1387,1455,1040,1064]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1574,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-1@15.[159,1466,187,1919]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Adambulacrals of sphaerasterids. A, B, Stauraster primaevus (von Zittel, 1880), adambulacrals in abactinal and proximal/ distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17638, 17632). C–H, L, N, Q, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1831); C, G, L, N, abactinal views (NHMUK EE 17623h–k); D, F, proximal/distal views (NHMUK EE 17623l, m); H, internal, Q, external views (NHMUK EE 17623n). I–K, M, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov.; I, J, proximal/distal and internal views (NHMUK EE 17639); K, M, proximal/distal views (NHMNUK EE 17640, 17641). O, S, T, Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, adambulacrals in proximal/distal, internal and actinal views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). P, R, Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), adambulacrals in abactinal and actinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637f, g). Provenance: A, B are from the lower Oxfordian, Cardioceras bukowskii ammonite Subzone, basal Couches de Passage, Andelot Morval, Jura, France. C–H, L, N, Q are from the upper Oxfordian, hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. I–K, M are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. P, R are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. O, S, T are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, C–E, L–O, Q–T = 0.5 mm; B, F–K = 1 mm; P = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955077/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">7C–H</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The abactinal face is approximately square, and well-defined articulation structures for the ambulacrals are present. These define the corners of the face, and ada1a and ada1b are smaller than ada2 and ada3 (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A66FFEB0A6CFB18FA38FB38" box="[1379,1451,1172,1195]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Clear oval insertion sites for padam and dadam muscles are present; padam is shorter and transversely broad, dadam smaller. The construction of the ambulacral-adambulacral articulation is thus typically valvatid (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A66FFEB0A88FA9BFC11FADC" author="Gale, A. S." pageId="16" pageNumber="706" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref28075" refString="Gale, A. S. 2011. The phylogeny of the post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology, 85, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). An irregularly oval insertion site for adadm is present on the distal actinal face of the adambulacral, and a corresponding pit is present on the proximal face. The actinal, abradial margin of the adambulacral carries a row of four to five small pits for furrow spines, and on the rounded actinal portion of the external face, there are two poorly defined rows of concave attachment sites for five to six sub-adambulacral spines.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="65F69DDF9A66FFEB0F90F9AAFDA9F8F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955077" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10955077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955077/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" startId="16.[159,226,1574,1595]" targetBox="[159,1466,187,1919]" targetPageId="15">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A66FFEB0F90F9AAFDA9F8F2" blockId="16.[159,1467,1574,1889]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0F90F9AAFF6EF9A8" bold="true" box="[159,253,1574,1595]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Adambulacrals of sphaerasterids.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0D5CF9AAFD1AF9A8" bold="true" box="[595,649,1574,1595]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">A, B,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A66FFEB0D9DF9AAFB89F9A8" authority="(von Zittel, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="von Zittel" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[658,1050,1574,1595]" class="Asteroidea" family="Stauranderasteridae" genus="Stauraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="primaevus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0D9DF9AAFCF2F9A8" box="[658,865,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Stauraster primaevus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(von Zittel, 1880)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, adambulacrals in abactinal and proximal/ distal views, respectively (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A66FFEB0EA0F9CDFD98F9C5" box="[431,523,1601,1622]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17638, 17632).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0DE8F9CDFC1AF9C5" bold="true" box="[743,905,1600,1622]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">C–H, L, N, Q,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A66FFEB0C99F9CDFAB6F9C5" authority="(Goldfuss, 1831)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[918,1317,1601,1622]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0C99F9CDFBFDF9C5" box="[918,1134,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Goldfuss, 1831)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0A39F9CDFA28F9C5" bold="true" box="[1334,1467,1601,1622]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">C, G, L, N,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
abactinal views (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A66FFEB0E46F9D7FE36F9E3" box="[329,421,1627,1648]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17623h–k);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0D5DF9D7FD1AF9E3" bold="true" box="[594,649,1627,1648]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">D, F,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
proximal/distal views (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A66FFEB0C76F9D7FC46F9E3" box="[889,981,1627,1648]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17623l, m);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0B86F9D7FB31F9E3" bold="true" box="[1161,1186,1627,1648]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">H,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
internal,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0A08F9D7FAB3F9E3" bold="true" box="[1287,1312,1627,1648]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Q,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
external views (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A66FFEB0FAAF9FAFE92F918" box="[165,257,1654,1675]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17623n).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0E81F9FAFE72F918" bold="true" box="[398,481,1654,1676]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">I–K, M,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A66FFEB0EE5F9FAFD6AF918" authority="Gale, 2021" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2021" box="[490,761,1654,1675]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Eosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="amellagensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0EE5F9FAFD6AF918" box="[490,761,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Eosphaeraster amellagensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="18CEAC3E9A66FFEB0C0DF9FAFC0DF918" box="[770,926,1654,1675]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0CA5F9FAFC47F918" bold="true" box="[938,980,1654,1675]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">I, J,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
proximal/distal and internal views (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A66FFEB0A36F9FAFA06F918" box="[1337,1429,1654,1675]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17639);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0FFDF91DFEA2F935" bold="true" box="[242,305,1681,1702]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">K, M,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
proximal/distal views (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A66FFEB0D14F91DFD1BF935" box="[539,648,1681,1702]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">NHMNUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17640, 17641).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0C58F91DFC3FF935" bold="true" box="[855,940,1681,1702]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">O, S, T,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A66FFEB0CBAF91DFA27F935" authority="Rowe & Nichols, 1980" authorityName="Rowe & Nichols" authorityYear="1980" box="[949,1460,1681,1702]" class="Asteroidea" family="Podosphaerasteridae" genus="Podosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvinatus">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0CBAF91DFB57F935" box="[949,1220,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Podosphaeraster pulvinatus</emphasis>
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A66FFEB0BC1F91DFA27F935" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Nichols, D." box="[1230,1460,1681,1702]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" pagination="289 - 295" refId="ref29223" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Nichols, D. 1980. A new species of Podosphaeraster Clark & Wright 1962 (Echinodermata; Asteroidea) from the Pacific. Micronesia, 16, 289 - 295." type="journal article" year="1980">Rowe & Nichols, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
</taxonomicName>
|
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|
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, adambulacrals in proximal/distal, internal and actinal views, respectively (MhnhL
|
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|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A66FFEB0CDBF927FB96F953" box="[980,1029,1707,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">OPH</collectionCode>
|
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|
|
174–176).
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0B61F927FB37F953" bold="true" box="[1134,1188,1707,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">P, R,</emphasis>
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A66FFEB0BA1F927FF44F948" authority="(Spencer, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Spencer" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Valettaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="argus">
|
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|
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0BA1F927FAC5F953" box="[1198,1366,1707,1728]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Valettaster argus</emphasis>
|
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|
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(
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A66FFEB0A68F927FF5DF948" author="Spencer, W. K." pageId="16" pageNumber="706" pagination="91 - 132" refId="ref29488" refString="Spencer, W. K. 1907. A monograph of the British fossil Echinodermata from the Cretaceous formations. Volume 2. The Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 4, 91 - 132." type="journal article" year="1907">Spencer, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
)
|
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|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, adambulacrals in abactinal and actinal views, respectively (
|
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|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A66FFEB0C35F94AFC05F948" box="[826,918,1734,1755]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
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|
|
EE 17637f, g). Provenance: A, B are from the lower Oxfordian,
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A66FFEB0E1FF96DFE7CF965" box="[272,495,1761,1782]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Cardioceratidae" genus="Cardioceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bukowskii">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0E1FF96DFE7CF965" box="[272,495,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Cardioceras bukowskii</emphasis>
|
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|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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|
ammonite Subzone, basal Couches de Passage, Andelot Morval, Jura,
|
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|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A66FFEB0BB8F96DFB68F965" box="[1207,1275,1761,1782]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">France</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. C–H, L, N, Q are from the upper Oxfordian,
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0EA7F977FE6DF883" box="[424,510,1787,1808]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">hypsilum</emphasis>
|
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|
|
ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A66FFEB0CB4F977FB84F883" box="[955,1047,1787,1808]" name="Germany" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. I–K, M are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A66FFEB0A4CF89AFA0FF8B8" box="[1347,1436,1814,1835]" name="Morocco" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. P, R are from the
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A66FFEB0E38F8BDFE25F8D5" box="[311,438,1841,1862]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">coranguinum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="F34D03B59A66FFEB0DEDF8BDFC80F8D5" box="[738,787,1841,1862]" country="United Kingdom" name="Kent" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Kent</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A66FFEB0C11F8BDFCD0F8D5" box="[798,835,1841,1862]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">UK</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. O, S, T are Recent,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A66FFEB0B1BF8BDFB11F8D5" box="[1044,1154,1841,1862]" name="Philippines" pageId="16" pageNumber="706">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Scale bars: A, C–E, L–O, Q–T = 0.5 mm; B, F–K =
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="F67160B29A66FFEB0E76F8C0FE22F8F2" box="[377,433,1868,1889]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="706" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
; P = 0.2 mm.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A64FFE90FB6FE92FEA8FD53" blockId="18.[159,782,189,1032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">
|
|||
|
|
The ambulacrals are stout ossicles in which head, shaft and base are clearly distinguished (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90D63FEB3FC95FEC5" box="[620,774,319,342]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Figs 3A, H, I</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90F90FEECFF70FEE4" box="[159,227,352,376]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[159,226,1563,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-1@13.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Ambulacrals of sphaerasterids. A–D, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, B, proximal ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal aspects, respectively (NHMUK EE 17633); C, D, actinal views of ambulacrals from mid-radius (NHMUK EE 17623a, 17634). E, P, Q, Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980; E, enlargement of actinal view of base of ambulacral; P, Q, actinal and proximal/distal views of ambulacral, respectively (Mnhnl OPH176). F, G, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17635). H–K, N, O, Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907). H–K, proximal/distal views of ambulacral, note cavity replacing articulation facet (I); L, M, Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17636); N, O, actinal views of ambulacrals (NHMUK EE 17637a, b). Provenance: A–D are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, G are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. L, M are from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. H–K, N–O are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. E, P, Q are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, G, J–Q = 0.5mm; C = 1 mm; E, H, I = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949931/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">6A–D</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The head is slightly asymmetrical in actinal aspect, with an enlarged proximal extension. Dentition and sites of the transverse abtam and actam are well developed, as are sites for longitudinal ambulacral structures lim and lia. The waist is slightly narrowed, and an actinal ridge separates adjacent podial basins. The base is poorly preserved on the available material, but the adradial articulation surfaces ada1a and ada2 are clear. The overall form of the ambulacral is similar to that of goniasterids and stauranderasterids (compare
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90DBEFD04FC9EFD0C" box="[689,781,648,671]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
with
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90FD8FD25FEB9FD53" box="[215,298,681,704]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[159,226,1805,1826]" captionTargetBox="[227,1396,201,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[159,1467,188,1784]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Cladogram of possible relationships of sphaerasterids and podosphaerasterids; a consensus tree based on a heuristic analysis of 30 characters (Supplemental material, Tables S1, S2), with support values given (Bremer/bootstrap)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949927/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A64FFE90FB6FD45FDDFFB9B" blockId="18.[159,782,189,1032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">
|
|||
|
|
Mouth frame ossicles include oral (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90D77FD45FC95FD73" box="[632,774,713,736]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Figs 3B, C</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90F90FD66FF4DFC92" box="[159,222,745,769]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">8A–E</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
) and circumoral plates (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90EF4FD66FDE2FC92" box="[507,625,746,769]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Fig. 3J, K</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
). Small orals (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90FA7FC87FEFAFCB1" box="[168,361,779,802]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Fig. 8A, B, D, E</figureCitation>
|
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) are proportionately low, and the pb is blunt. Larger specimens (
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90ED1FCA7FDCFFCD1" box="[478,604,811,834]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Figs 3B, C</figureCitation>
|
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,
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90D61FCA7FD1DFCD1" box="[622,654,811,834]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">8C</figureCitation>
|
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) are taller, with a proportionately large oradm and a nearly vertical orada. Well-defined oral spine (osp) sites are present. The radial face is flat (
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90EABFC02FE6BFC36" box="[420,504,910,933]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
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) and the abactinal interradial interoral muscle (abiim) insertion site is large. The circumoral (
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90E54FC5CFE5EFC74" box="[347,461,976,999]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[159,226,1479,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949925/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Fig. 3J, K</figureCitation>
|
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) is robust, with a triangular actam site, and a vertical proximal bar.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A64FFE90F90FBADFC56FEE5" blockId="18.[159,781,1057,1474]" lastBlockId="18.[844,1467,189,697]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">
|
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90F90FBADFEC0FBAB" bold="true" box="[159,339,1057,1080]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Reconstruction.</emphasis>
|
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Schondorf (1906b) used articulated fragments and isolated ossicles to reconstruct the overall form of
|
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90FF3FBEFFEEEFBE9" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[252,381,1123,1146]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90FF3FBEFFEEEFBE9" box="[252,381,1123,1146]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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|
. However, the reconstruction of the margin and actinal surface of the species was highly inferential, and based on the interpretation of ossicles called
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90FE6FB49FEEAFB4F" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1833" box="[233,377,1221,1244]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pustulosus">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90FE6FB49FEEAFB4F" box="[233,377,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">S. pustulosus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
|||
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|
as marginals of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90D35FB49FD28FB4F" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[570,699,1221,1244]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90D35FB49FD28FB4F" box="[570,699,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. These came from a different locality (Nattheim, southern
|
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|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A64FFE90F90FA8BFE97FA8D" box="[159,260,1287,1310]" name="Germany" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
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|
|
) to the other material. Schondorf (1906b) also interpreted ossicles that he called
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90D18FAA4FF4EFAF3" authority="(Goldfuss, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stellifera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90D18FAA4FD00FAAC" box="[535,659,1320,1343]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">S. stellifera</emphasis>
|
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|
(Goldfuss, 1875)
|
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|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as worn inferomarginals of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90D7CFAC5FE0BFA13" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90D7CFAC5FC99FAF3" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[627,778,1353,1376]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">S. tabulatus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90F90FAE5FE0BFA13" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[159,408,1385,1408]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stellifera">Sphaeraster stellifera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
was subsequently placed in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90F90FA06FEB5FA32" authorityName="Valette" authorityYear="1932" box="[159,294,1418,1441]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Asteriaceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90F90FA06FEB5FA32" box="[159,294,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Asteriaceros</emphasis>
|
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|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A64FFE90E59FA06FE65FA32" author="Valette, A." box="[342,502,1418,1441]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" pagination="207 - 215" refId="ref29694" refString="Valette, A. 1932. L' Asteriaceros stelliferus Goldfuss, fossile probl´ematique d' Allemagne rencontre en France dans le D´epartment de l' Yonne. Bulletin de la Soci´et´e des Sciences historiques et naturelles de l' Yonne, 86, 207 - 215." type="journal article" year="1932">Valette (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, a genus assigned to the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90F90FA27FEE2FA51" authorityName="Spencer" authorityYear="1913" box="[159,369,1451,1474]" class="Asteroidea" family="Stauranderasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Stauranderasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A64FFE90EB4FA27FDC3FA51" author="Hess, H." box="[443,592,1451,1474]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" pagination="873 - 891" refId="ref28390" refString="Hess, H. 1991. Neue Seesterne aus dem mittleren Oxford von Reuchnette (Berner Jura). Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae, 84, 873 - 891." type="journal article" year="1991">Hess (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
. None of the subsequently collected specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90BF8FF31FAEFFF47" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1271,1404,189,212]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90BF8FF31FAEFFF47" box="[1271,1404,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(e.g.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A64FFE90C43FF51FC64FF67" author="Neumann, C." box="[844,1015,221,244]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" pagination="92 - 97" refId="ref28892" refString="Neumann, C. 2009. Bemerkungen ¨ uber Sphaeraster, einen Seestern aus dem Oberen Jura. Arbeitskreis Palaontologie Hannover, 37, 92 - 97." type="journal article" year="2009">Neumann 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) show enlarged marginal ossicles, and the new specimens figured here (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90BDDFF71FABAFE87" box="[1234,1321,253,276]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) definitively demonstrate that the abactinals simply decrease in size to the ambitus, without differentiated marginals (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90C5AFED3FC26FEE5" box="[853,949,351,374]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[159,226,1054,1075]" captionTargetBox="[202,1420,224,1028]" captionTargetId="figure-132@22.[176,1449,188,1037]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Reconstruction of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show morphology. A, cross section; B, primary radial plate, to show position of papular pores; C, abactinal reconstruction. Colours as in Figure 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949935/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A64FFE90C68FEF3FC59FD2A" blockId="18.[844,1467,189,697]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">
|
|||
|
|
The upper part of the body of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90BDAFEF3FACAFE05" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1237,1369,383,406]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90BDAFEF3FACAFE05" box="[1237,1369,383,406]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
had the form of a tapered dome, as shown by Schondorf (1906b), but the articulation of the thickened, imbricating distal radials and interradials indicates outward curvature of the sides to the ambitus (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90A01FD8CFAE7FD84" box="[1294,1396,512,535]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[159,226,1054,1075]" captionTargetBox="[202,1420,224,1028]" captionTargetId="figure-132@22.[176,1449,188,1037]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Reconstruction of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show morphology. A, cross section; B, primary radial plate, to show position of papular pores; C, abactinal reconstruction. Colours as in Figure 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949935/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The actinal ossicles indicate that the actinal surface was essentially flat, but probably curved upwards at the ambitus, as in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90B0EFDEEFB01FDEA" authorityName="Hess" authorityYear="1983" box="[1025,1170,610,633]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Testudinaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90B0EFDEEFB01FDEA" box="[1025,1170,610,633]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Testudinaster</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. The distinction between the distalmost abactinals and lateral actinals would not be obvious.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A64FFE90C43FD5EFB8EFAC2" blockId="18.[844,1467,722,1361]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90C43FD5EFC50FD7A" bold="true" box="[844,963,722,745]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Ontogeny.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90CD1FD5EFB4EFD7A" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[990,1245,722,745]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90CD1FD5EFB4EFD7A" box="[990,1245,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has a complex ontogeny, particularly in terms of the development of external sculpture and papular notches. The diversity of sculpture in particular led
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A64FFE90B7BFCB8FAA1FCD8" author="Quenstedt, F. A." box="[1140,1330,820,843]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" refId="ref29060" refString="Quenstedt, F. A. 1875. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, 1. Abteilung 4. Echinodermen (Asteriden und Encriniden). L. F. Fuess, Leipzig, 742 pp." type="book" year="1875">Quenstedt (1875)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
to coin different names (
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90CE0FCD8FB40FCF8" box="[1007,1235,852,875]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="tabulatus" subSpecies="juvensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90CE0FCD8FB40FCF8" box="[1007,1235,852,875]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">S. tabulatus juvensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90BE9FCD8FAFBFCF8" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1254,1384,852,875]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90BE9FCD8FAFBFCF8" box="[1254,1384,852,875]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90AA9FCD8FC27FC1F" baseAuthorityName="Quenstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90AA9FCD8FC27FC1F" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">S. punctatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) for successive growth stages. Assessment of abundant new material from Plettenberg and elsewhere in southern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A64FFE90CD8FC39FBA9FC5F" box="[983,1082,949,972]" name="Germany" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
shows that all these forms intergrade continuously in an ontogenetic series, confirming the conclusions of
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A64FFE90B22FC7AFB2AFB9E" author="Hess, H." box="[1069,1209,1014,1037]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref28325" refString="Hess, H. 1975. Die fossilen Echinodermen des Schweizer Juras. Veroffentlichungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Basel, 8, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1975">Hess (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
. In residues from the
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90C43FB9BFC3FFBBD" box="[844,940,1047,1070]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">hypsilum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
ammonite Subzone (Oxfordian) at Plettenberg, ossicles down to 0.5 mm are present originating in individuals with a diameter of less than
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="F67160B29A64FFE90BEFFBD4FABBFBFC" box="[1248,1320,1112,1135]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90A34FBD4FCCCFB1C" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Figs 9H, L, O</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A64FFE90C7AFBF4FC55FB1C" box="[885,966,1143,1167]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="24.[159,226,1587,1608]" captionTargetId="figure-1@23.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. A–H, P, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, actinal ossicle, to show crater-rimmed spine pits (NHMUK EE 17680); B, G, abactinal ossicles of small individuals which have smooth external faces (NHMUK EE 17682, 17683); C, D, abactinal ossicles of very small individuals (NHMUK EE 17684, 17685); E, lateral view of small abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17686); F, abactinal ossicle with weak radial sculpture (NHMUK EE 17681); H, enlargement of sculpture of abactinal ossicle A; P, lateral view of abactinal plates of small individual, to show lack of papular pores and articulation structures (compare with Fig. 9M, N; NHMUK EE 17687). I–O, Q–S, Pouzaster pocknotata gen. et sp. nov., abactinal ossicles; I–O, paratype abactinals (I, J, NHMUK EE 17689; K, NHMUK EE 17690; L, M, NHMUK EE 17691; N, NHMUK EE 17692; O, NHMUK EE 17693; R, S, NHMUK EE 17695). Q, holotype, abactinal (NHMUK EE 17688); S, enlargement of surface detail of K. Provenance: A–H, P are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. I–O, Q–S are from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La-Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. Scale bars: A, F, O = 1 mm; B–E, G, I–N, P–R = 0.5mm; H, S = 0.2mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955087/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">13B–G</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). In contrast, large abactinal plates have a maximum dimension of
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="F67160B29A64FFE90B69FB14FB22FB3C" box="[1126,1201,1176,1199]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, and fully grown individuals have an estimated diameter of
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="F67160B29A64FFE90BFCFB35FADEFB43" box="[1267,1357,1209,1232]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
. The general features of this ontogenetic series include changes in sculpture, with progressive acquisition of granular and conical spines, and the increase in number and size of papular notches.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A64FFEF0C43FAE6FE4BFEA6" blockId="18.[844,1467,1386,1474]" lastBlockId="20.[159,781,189,309]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="710" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90C43FAE6FC3BFA12" bold="true" box="[844,936,1386,1409]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Stage 1.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Abactinal ossicle diameter 0.5–
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="F67160B29A64FFE90A07FAE6FAD4FA12" box="[1288,1351,1386,1409]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
. Abactinal ossicles (upper part of abactinal surface) carry a central area of raised anastomosing ridges and intervening pits, surrounded by a dense smooth zone of imperforate stereom, resembling a coat of glossy paint (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A62FFEF0D74FF51FD6EFF67" box="[635,765,221,245]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="24.[159,226,1587,1608]" captionTargetId="figure-1@23.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. A–H, P, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, actinal ossicle, to show crater-rimmed spine pits (NHMUK EE 17680); B, G, abactinal ossicles of small individuals which have smooth external faces (NHMUK EE 17682, 17683); C, D, abactinal ossicles of very small individuals (NHMUK EE 17684, 17685); E, lateral view of small abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17686); F, abactinal ossicle with weak radial sculpture (NHMUK EE 17681); H, enlargement of sculpture of abactinal ossicle A; P, lateral view of abactinal plates of small individual, to show lack of papular pores and articulation structures (compare with Fig. 9M, N; NHMUK EE 17687). I–O, Q–S, Pouzaster pocknotata gen. et sp. nov., abactinal ossicles; I–O, paratype abactinals (I, J, NHMUK EE 17689; K, NHMUK EE 17690; L, M, NHMUK EE 17691; N, NHMUK EE 17692; O, NHMUK EE 17693; R, S, NHMUK EE 17695). Q, holotype, abactinal (NHMUK EE 17688); S, enlargement of surface detail of K. Provenance: A–H, P are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. I–O, Q–S are from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La-Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. Scale bars: A, F, O = 1 mm; B–E, G, I–N, P–R = 0.5mm; H, S = 0.2mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955087/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Fig. 13B–E</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The more actinally positioned ossicles are entirely smooth. No papular notches.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="65F69DDF9A64FFE90F90F98AFBD5F8C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" startId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" targetBox="[159,1466,188,1920]" targetPageId="17">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A64FFE90F90F98AFBD5F8C8" blockId="18.[159,1468,1542,1884]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90F90F98AFF6DF988" bold="true" box="[159,254,1542,1563]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90D48F98AFDE9F988" bold="true" box="[583,634,1542,1564]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">A–E,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90D8BF98AFB98F988" authority="(Goldfuss, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[644,1035,1542,1563]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90D8BF98AFCCAF988" box="[644,857,1542,1563]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Goldfuss, 1833)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90B16F98AFBC1F988" bold="true" box="[1049,1106,1542,1563]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">A, D,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A64FFE90E16F9ADFEE6F9A5" box="[281,373,1569,1590]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17642, 17643);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90D49F9ADFDEEF9A5" bold="true" box="[582,637,1569,1590]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">B, E,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
interradial (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90DF5F9ADFC99F9A5" bold="true" box="[762,778,1569,1590]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">B</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) and radial (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90C9DF9ADFC31F9A5" bold="true" box="[914,930,1569,1590]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">E</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) views of small oral (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A64FFE90B87F9ADFB77F9A5" box="[1160,1252,1569,1590]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17644);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90A66F9ADFA12F9A5" bold="true" box="[1385,1409,1569,1590]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">C,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
large oral, interradial view (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A64FFE90E74F9B0FE44F9C2" box="[379,471,1596,1617]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17623b).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90D6AF9B0FD01F9C2" bold="true" box="[613,658,1596,1617]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">F, I,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90D94F9B0FC38F9C2" authority="Gale, 2021" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2021" box="[667,939,1596,1617]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Eosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="amellagensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90D94F9B0FC38F9C2" box="[667,939,1596,1617]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Eosphaeraster amellagensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="18CEAC3E9A64FFE90CBBF9B0FBC2F9C2" box="[948,1105,1596,1617]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
, oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A64FFE90E2EF9DAFEEEF9F8" box="[289,381,1622,1643]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17645).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90EF1F9DAFD84F9F8" bold="true" box="[510,535,1622,1643]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">G,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A64FFE90A56F9DAFA1EF9F8" box="[1369,1421,1622,1643]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">OPH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
173).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90F90F9FDFF24F915" bold="true" box="[159,183,1649,1670]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">H,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
oral ossicle, probably from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90EDFF9FDFD54F915" authority="Gale, 2021" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2021" box="[464,711,1649,1670]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Bulbosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="valettei" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90EDFF9FDFD54F915" box="[464,711,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Bulbosphaeraster valettei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="18CEAC3E9A64FFE90DC0F9FDFCF9F915" box="[719,874,1649,1670]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
, interradial view (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A64FFE90B13F9FDFBEBF915" box="[1052,1144,1649,1670]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17646).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90BF8F9FDFABBF915" bold="true" box="[1271,1320,1649,1670]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">J, L,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
oral ossicle of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90F90F900FD09F932" authority="Rowe & Nichols, 1980" authorityName="Rowe & Nichols" authorityYear="1980" box="[159,666,1676,1697]" class="Asteroidea" family="Podosphaerasteridae" genus="Podosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvinatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90F90F900FE3EF932" box="[159,429,1676,1697]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Podosphaeraster pulvinatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A64FFE90EB9F900FD09F932" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Nichols, D." box="[438,666,1676,1697]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" pagination="289 - 295" refId="ref29223" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Nichols, D. 1980. A new species of Podosphaeraster Clark & Wright 1962 (Echinodermata; Asteroidea) from the Pacific. Micronesia, 16, 289 - 295." type="journal article" year="1980">Rowe & Nichols, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A64FFE90BBAF900FB75F932" box="[1205,1254,1676,1697]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">OPH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
174–176).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90A41F900FA1EF932" bold="true" box="[1358,1421,1676,1697]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">K, M,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
oral ossicle of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90E0AF92AFDC2F928" authority="(Spencer, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Spencer" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[261,593,1702,1723]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Valettaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="argus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90E0AF92AFE3FF928" box="[261,428,1702,1723]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Valettaster argus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A64FFE90EB3F92AFDDBF928" author="Spencer, W. K." box="[444,584,1702,1723]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" pagination="91 - 132" refId="ref29488" refString="Spencer, W. K. 1907. A monograph of the British fossil Echinodermata from the Cretaceous formations. Volume 2. The Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 4, 91 - 132." type="journal article" year="1907">Spencer, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, in interradial and radial views, respectively (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A64FFE90B17F92AFBE7F928" box="[1048,1140,1702,1723]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17637h).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90A0EF92AFA8AF928" bold="true" box="[1281,1305,1702,1723]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">N,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
interradial view of oral ossicle of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90E5AF94DFD49F945" authority="(Forbes, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[341,730,1729,1750]" class="Asteroidea" family="Stauranderasteridae" genus="Manfredaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bulbiferus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90E5AF94DFDD3F945" box="[341,576,1729,1750]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Manfredaster bulbiferus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A64FFE90D5EF94DFD41F945" author="Forbes, E." box="[593,722,1729,1750]" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" pagination="457 - 482" refId="ref27876" refString="Forbes, E. 1848. On the Asteriadae found fossil in British strata. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and of the Museum of Practical Geology in London, 2, 457 - 482." type="journal article" year="1848">Forbes, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="579855929A64FFE90DE4F94DFCD4F945" box="[747,839,1729,1750]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90F90F950FF69F962" box="[159,250,1756,1777]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Hypsilum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A64FFE90DB9F950FC81F962" box="[694,786,1756,1777]" name="Germany" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A64FFE90B28F97AFB13F898" box="[1063,1152,1782,1803]" name="Morocco" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’ Ampezzo,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A64FFE90ED8F89DFD95F8B5" box="[471,518,1809,1830]" name="Italy" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. H is from the lower Bathonian,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A64FFE90C68F89DFBB9F8B5" box="[871,1066,1809,1830]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Perisphinctidae" genus="Zigzagiceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="zigzag">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90C68F89DFBB9F8B5" box="[871,1066,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Zigzagiceras zigzag</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A64FFE90EB4F8A0FE6CF8D2" box="[443,511,1836,1857]" name="France" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">France</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. K, M, N are from the
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A64FFE90DFBF8A0FCE0F8D2" box="[756,883,1836,1857]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">coranguinum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="F34D03B59A64FFE90BA6F8A0FB49F8D2" box="[1193,1242,1836,1857]" country="United Kingdom" name="Kent" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Kent</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A64FFE90BE8F8A0FA9EF8D2" box="[1255,1293,1836,1857]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">UK</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. J, L are Recent,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A64FFE90F90F8CAFE9EF8C8" box="[159,269,1862,1883]" name="Philippines" pageId="18" pageNumber="708">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5 mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N =
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="F67160B29A64FFE90B05F8CAFBD1F8C8" box="[1034,1090,1862,1883]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="708" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0F90FEC2FEA8FE35" blockId="20.[159,781,334,422]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0F90FEC2FE92FEF6" bold="true" box="[159,257,334,357]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Stage 2.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0E13FEC2FEE8FEF6" box="[284,379,334,358]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="juvensis">
|
|||
|
|
‘
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0E2AFEC2FEE8FEF6" box="[293,379,334,357]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">juvensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
’ form) Ossicle diameter
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="F67160B29A62FFEF0DA0FEC2FC9AFEF6" box="[687,777,334,358]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
; external surface smooth, or irregularly marked with tiny pits (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A62FFEF0FD8FE03FEB8FE35" box="[215,299,399,422]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Fig. 9O</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0F90FE33FDE6FE64" blockId="20.[159,780,447,503]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0F90FE33FF6DFE45" bold="true" box="[159,254,447,470]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Stage 3.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0E1AFE33FE12FE45" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[277,385,447,471]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
|||
|
|
‘
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0E11FE33FE12FE45" box="[286,385,447,470]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">tabulatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
’ form) Smooth, or with indistinct spine pits (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A62FFEF0E17FE6CFE18FE64" box="[280,395,480,503]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Fig. 9H, L</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), diameter
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="F67160B29A62FFEF0D05FE6CFDE2FE64" box="[522,625,479,503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0F90FD9CFD29FC98" blockId="20.[159,781,527,779]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0F90FD9CFF6CFDB4" bold="true" box="[159,255,528,551]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Stage 4.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0E17FD83FE1AFDB4" baseAuthorityName="Quenstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[280,393,527,551]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
|||
|
|
‘
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0E2EFD9CFE1AFDB4" box="[289,393,528,551]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">punctatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
’ form) Largest abactinal ossicles carry an external sculpture comprising, typically, six large crater-rimmed spine bases adjacent to each corner of the plates. A scatter of variably sized smaller pits is commonly present on the central part of the plates (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A62FFEF0DECFD1EFEA1FD59" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Fig. 9M, N, P, Q</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The papular notches are evenly distributed along the margins of the plates (5–11 per side) and are separated by vertical to slanted articular bars.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|