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<document id="1B2148A72F0B0824F6E8710E7C0C1006" ID-CLB-Dataset="45492" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.279989" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4657bda3-51b4-4a8c-ae92-3b2c390d879e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="279989" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460436364267" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Khalaim, Andrey I. &amp; Broad, Gavin R." docDate="2012" docId="03F5878CE972FFBCFF03FB3F27F5FEB2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03185p052.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3185" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Allophrys Forster 1869" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="FFCCFFF4E973FFBEFF94FFD0256FFD5E" masterDocTitle="Tersilochinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Costa Rica, part 1. Genera Allophrys Förster, Barycnemis Förster and Meggoleus To w ne s" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="36" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1698332307418" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="0E6B0D7D455B4A2B88524EFFA2AA13CE">Tersilochinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Costa Rica, part 1. Genera Allophrys Förster, Barycnemis Förster and Meggoleus To w ne s</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="215DD74CAECC1F5A6C2E4A14DD788006">Khalaim, Andrey I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="64D76266DB4E8DACEA364C54B1C1DB8B">Broad, Gavin R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1311512499EF2C43846CFDA70DAFDE43">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date id="CDBE3C3729A10DCE4CAD253CB1AB92B0">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8D6051F13C9E3162BA2B4BA556BF831F">3185</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="D0FCC7D2B17541AA5128332CDA564217">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B54FCA911F169647C9E02C2056CF6065" type="CLB-Dataset">45492</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="03A71840AE1CDBB618F747D7F3C7258A" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.279989</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F5878CE972FFBCFF03FB3F27F5FEB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6176642" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119432031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6176642" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5878CE972FFBCFF03FB3F27F5FEB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5878CE972FFBCFF03FB3F27F5FEB2" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
<subSubSection id="C3466511E972FFBFFF03FB3F24D8F857" box="[151,439,1263,1289]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE3369AE972FFBFFF03FB3F24D8F857" blockId="1.[151,439,1263,1289]" box="[151,439,1263,1289]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
<heading id="D0AB81F6E972FFBFFF03FB3F24D8F857" bold="true" box="[151,439,1263,1289]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E972FFBFFF03FB3F24D8F857" ID-CoL="SH5" ID-ENA="288223" authority="Forster, 1869" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[151,439,1263,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFF03FB3F24D8F857" bold="true" box="[151,439,1263,1289]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFF03FB3F2463F857" bold="true" box="[151,268,1263,1289]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Allophrys</emphasis>
Förster, 1869
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3466511E972FFBCFF03FAE727F5FEB2" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE3369AE972FFBFFF03FAE727DEF812" blockId="1.[151,689,1334,1357]" box="[151,689,1334,1357]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
<typeStatus id="54E78838E972FFBFFF03FAE725A7F812" box="[151,200,1335,1356]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E972FFBFFEB2FAE727C3F812" authority="Ashmead, 1895" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1895" box="[294,684,1334,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Thersilochus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculatus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFEB2FAE7276BF813" box="[294,516,1335,1357]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Thersilochus oculatus</emphasis>
Ashmead, 1895
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3369AE972FFBFFF03FAA9216AFA8F" blockId="1.[151,1436,1401,2001]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
Predominantly small species with body length 2.8–4.0 mm, rarely to
<quantity id="4CA49B7FE972FFBFFC3EFAA9216EF8CF" box="[938,1025,1401,1425]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E972FFBFFB86FAA921E3F8CF" box="[1042,1164,1401,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hansoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFB86FAA921E3F8CF" box="[1042,1164,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">A. hansoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57F3E972FFBFFB00FAAA2181F8CC" box="[1172,1262,1402,1426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFB00FAAA2181F8CC" bold="true" box="[1172,1262,1402,1426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
). Eyes of male enlarged and convergent dorsad so that temples are very narrow. Clypeus lenticular. Mandible slender with upper tooth longer than lower tooth. Flagellum of antenna more or less filiform, usually with 13–15 flagellomeres (18 flagellomeres in
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E972FFBFFEC1FA3524A1F8A3" box="[341,462,1509,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hansoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFEC1FA3524A1F8A3" box="[341,462,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">A. hansoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57F3E972FFBFFE42FA35275EF8A3" box="[470,561,1509,1533]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFE42FA35275EF8A3" bold="true" box="[470,561,1509,1533]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
); flagellomeres 4–6 (flagellomeres
<quantity id="4CA49B7FE972FFBFFC53FA352172F8A3" box="[967,1053,1509,1533]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" metricValueMax="3.302" metricValueMin="0.762" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="8.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="3.0">3–13 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E972FFBFFBB1FA3521F1F8A3" box="[1061,1182,1509,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hansoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFBB1FA3521F1F8A3" box="[1061,1182,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">A. hansoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57F3E972FFBFFB32FA35206EF8A3" box="[1190,1281,1509,1533]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFB32FA35206EF8A3" bold="true" box="[1190,1281,1509,1533]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
) of all examined females and probably at least some males (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E972FFBFFD4AF9D92699FB7F" authority="Horstmann" authorityName="Horstmann" box="[734,1014,1545,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divaricata">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFD4AF9D9261FFB7F" box="[734,880,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">A. divaricata</emphasis>
Horstmann
</taxonomicName>
) bearing finger-shaped sensory structures at apex on outer surface (
<figureCitation id="13672A1FE972FFBFFE7AF9FD2759FB1B" box="[494,566,1581,1605]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,303,1883]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Allophrys sp., Ƥ: 1 — head, latero-ventro-posterior. Allophrys barycnemica sp. nov., Ƥ: 2 — head with antenna, left; 3 — mesosoma and hind leg (without tarsus), left. Allophrys bribria sp. nov., Ƥ: 4 — head with antenna, left; 5 — mesosoma and first metasomal segment, left; 6 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left. Allophrys compressor sp. nov., Ƥ: 7 — anterior part of mesosoma and head with antenna, left; 8 — flagellomeres 4 to 8 of antenna, left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279990/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Figs 8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13672A1FE972FFBFFDD7F9FD270DFB1B" box="[579,610,1581,1605]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1537,1560]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,213,1516]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,213,1516]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Allophrys megafrons sp. nov., Ƥ: 9 — head with antenna, left; 10 — flagellomeres 4 to 6 of antenna, left; 11 — mesosoma, mid and hind legs (tarsi incomplete), and first metasomal segment, left; 12 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left. Allophrys noyesi sp. nov., Ƥ: 13 — head with antenna, left. Barycnemis costaricensis sp. nov., Ƥ: 14 — head, mesosoma and first metasomal segment, left; 15 — hind leg (without coxa, tarsus incomplete); 16 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279991/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">10</figureCitation>
). Occipital carina complete or absent dorsally. Hypostomal carina present (
<figureCitation id="13672A1FE972FFBFFF0BF981258EFB37" box="[159,225,1617,1641]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,303,1883]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Allophrys sp., Ƥ: 1 — head, latero-ventro-posterior. Allophrys barycnemica sp. nov., Ƥ: 2 — head with antenna, left; 3 — mesosoma and hind leg (without tarsus), left. Allophrys bribria sp. nov., Ƥ: 4 — head with antenna, left; 5 — mesosoma and first metasomal segment, left; 6 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left. Allophrys compressor sp. nov., Ƥ: 7 — anterior part of mesosoma and head with antenna, left; 8 — flagellomeres 4 to 8 of antenna, left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279990/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Mesosoma cylindrical or compressed laterally. Notaulus present or absent. Scutellum with lateral carinae developed only at extreme base. Foveate groove of mesopleuron present, variable shape and length, usually rather thin and sharp (
<figureCitation id="13672A1FE972FFBFFEDFF94924F9FBEF" box="[331,406,1689,1713]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,303,1883]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Allophrys sp., Ƥ: 1 — head, latero-ventro-posterior. Allophrys barycnemica sp. nov., Ƥ: 2 — head with antenna, left; 3 — mesosoma and hind leg (without tarsus), left. Allophrys bribria sp. nov., Ƥ: 4 — head with antenna, left; 5 — mesosoma and first metasomal segment, left; 6 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left. Allophrys compressor sp. nov., Ƥ: 7 — anterior part of mesosoma and head with antenna, left; 8 — flagellomeres 4 to 8 of antenna, left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279990/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Figs 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13672A1FE972FFBFFE31F94924AFFBEF" box="[421,448,1689,1713]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1537,1560]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,213,1516]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,213,1516]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Allophrys megafrons sp. nov., Ƥ: 9 — head with antenna, left; 10 — flagellomeres 4 to 6 of antenna, left; 11 — mesosoma, mid and hind legs (tarsi incomplete), and first metasomal segment, left; 12 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left. Allophrys noyesi sp. nov., Ƥ: 13 — head with antenna, left. Barycnemis costaricensis sp. nov., Ƥ: 14 — head, mesosoma and first metasomal segment, left; 15 — hind leg (without coxa, tarsus incomplete); 16 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279991/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">11</figureCitation>
) but sometimes short and weak (
<figureCitation id="13672A1FE972FFBFFCD4F94926E8FBEF" box="[832,903,1689,1713]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,303,1883]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Allophrys sp., Ƥ: 1 — head, latero-ventro-posterior. Allophrys barycnemica sp. nov., Ƥ: 2 — head with antenna, left; 3 — mesosoma and hind leg (without tarsus), left. Allophrys bribria sp. nov., Ƥ: 4 — head with antenna, left; 5 — mesosoma and first metasomal segment, left; 6 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left. Allophrys compressor sp. nov., Ƥ: 7 — anterior part of mesosoma and head with antenna, left; 8 — flagellomeres 4 to 8 of antenna, left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279990/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Propodeum with basal area narrow, widened anteriorly, usually short, or rarely with basal groove. Apical area of propodeum long and narrow, usually pointed anteriorly. Fore wing with vein 2
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFD88F932273BFBA7" box="[540,596,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">m-cu</emphasis>
present or absent, slightly antefurcal to postfurcal. Veins
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFB68F9322077FBA7" box="[1276,1304,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Rs</emphasis>
+2
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFAA2F932202EFBA7" box="[1334,1345,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">r</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFA14F93220F3FBA7" box="[1408,1436,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Rs</emphasis>
angled about 90°.
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE972FFBFFEFEF8D524CDFA43" box="[362,418,1797,1821]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Hind</collectingCountry>
wing with vein
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFDF5F8D62713FA43" box="[609,636,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">cu</emphasis>
1&amp;
<emphasis id="B928EA88E972FFBFFD34F8D627BDFA43" box="[672,722,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">cu-a</emphasis>
moderately to strongly reclivous (slanted more than 30° from horizontal). Legs slender or in some species slightly thickened, with hind tibial spurs almost straight to rather strongly curved at apex. Tarsal claws not pectinate. First metasomal segment slender, round in cross-section, gradually and very weakly widened from base to apex in dorsal view, without glymmae. Second tergite at least twice as long as anteriorly wide. Thyridia much longer than wide. Ovipositor short and thin, upcurved, without teeth neither dorsally nor ventrally (
<figureCitation id="13672A1FE972FFBFFE03F86924B0FA8F" box="[407,479,1977,2001]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,303,1883]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Allophrys sp., Ƥ: 1 — head, latero-ventro-posterior. Allophrys barycnemica sp. nov., Ƥ: 2 — head with antenna, left; 3 — mesosoma and hind leg (without tarsus), left. Allophrys bribria sp. nov., Ƥ: 4 — head with antenna, left; 5 — mesosoma and first metasomal segment, left; 6 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left. Allophrys compressor sp. nov., Ƥ: 7 — anterior part of mesosoma and head with antenna, left; 8 — flagellomeres 4 to 8 of antenna, left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279990/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Figs 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13672A1FE972FFBFFE78F8692765FA8F" box="[492,522,1977,2001]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1537,1560]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,213,1516]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,213,1516]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Allophrys megafrons sp. nov., Ƥ: 9 — head with antenna, left; 10 — flagellomeres 4 to 6 of antenna, left; 11 — mesosoma, mid and hind legs (tarsi incomplete), and first metasomal segment, left; 12 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left. Allophrys noyesi sp. nov., Ƥ: 13 — head with antenna, left. Barycnemis costaricensis sp. nov., Ƥ: 14 — head, mesosoma and first metasomal segment, left; 15 — hind leg (without coxa, tarsus incomplete); 16 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279991/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">12</figureCitation>
), its sheath 0.45–1.2 x as long as first tergite.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3369AE971FFBCFF53FF4727EAFC43" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
The genus can be distinguished from other Costa Rican tersilochine genera by the combination of a small propodeal spiracle, the first metasomal segment slender, round in cross-section and lacking glymmae, and the vein
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFF03FF3125DDFDA6" box="[151,178,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">cu</emphasis>
1&amp;
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFF41FF312469FDA6" box="[213,262,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">cu-a</emphasis>
of the hind wing moderately to strongly reclivous (slanted more than 30° from horizontal). Males are readily distinguished by their enlarged eyes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3369AE971FFBCFF53FEF726B8FF62" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
This is a moderately small tropical genus with some described species throughout the world:
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFB75FEF825B3FC3A" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculata">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFB75FEF8203AFC1E" box="[1249,1365,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">A. oculata</emphasis>
(Ashmead)
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFEB7FE9C24EDFC3A" box="[291,386,332,356]" name="Grenada" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Grenada</collectingCountry>
in the West Indies,
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFDF1FE9C2612FC3A" authority="Horstmann" authorityName="Horstmann" box="[613,893,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divaricata">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFDF1FE9C2797FC3A" box="[613,760,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">A. divaricata</emphasis>
Horstmann
</taxonomicName>
occurring from southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFB5EFE9C2078FC3A" box="[1226,1303,332,356]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
to northern
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFF03FEBF2469FCD9" box="[151,262,367,391]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B6BE971FFBCFE82FEBF24B7FCD9" author="Horstmann" box="[278,472,367,391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Horstmann, K. (2010) Revision of Nearctic Tersilochinae II. Genera Allophrys Forster, Barycnemis Forster, Ctenophion gen. nov., Sathropterus Forster, Spinolochus Horstmann and Stethantyx Townes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Spixiana, 33, 73 - 109." type="journal article" year="2010">Horstmann 2010</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFE7BFEA02794FCD9" authority="Khalaim" authorityName="Khalaim" box="[495,763,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruneiensis">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFE7BFEA027FEFCD6" box="[495,657,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">A. bruneiensis</emphasis>
Khalaim
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFCD7FEBF26E0FCD9" box="[835,911,367,391]" name="Brunei" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Brunei</collectingCountry>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFC5DFEA021ACFCD9" authority="Khalaim" authorityName="Khalaim" box="[969,1219,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occipitata">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFC5DFEA02135FCD6" box="[969,1114,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">A. occipitata</emphasis>
Khalaim
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFA98FEBF2004FCD9" box="[1292,1387,367,391]" name="Vietnam" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFF03FE4425BEFCF2" box="[151,209,404,428]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">India</collectingCountry>
(Khalaim 2011). A few undescribed species are rather common in the Afrotropical region (Khalaim pers. obs.), and two undescribed species were recorded from
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFC85FE672618FC91" box="[785,887,439,463]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Australia</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B6BE971FFBCFC30FE672150FC91" author="Gauld" box="[932,1087,439,463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Gauld, I. D. (1984) An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), 895, 1 - 413." type="journal article" year="1984">Gauld (1984)</bibRefCitation>
. Over ten species of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFABBFE6820F3FC8E" box="[1327,1436,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFABBFE6820F3FC8E" box="[1327,1436,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Allophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFF6DFE0C2417FCAA" box="[249,376,476,500]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
; six distinct species are here described as new, all of them are rarely collected and represented by one to several specimens in our material. Over
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD13E971FFBCFD51FE2F2605FF49" box="[709,874,511,535]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="generic">800 specimens</specimenCount>
cannot be readily segregated in to discrete species at the moment, belonging to two species groups, and require further study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3369AE971FFBCFF53FD9827F5FEB2" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
Very little is known about the biology of any species of this genus. The only host record is from
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFA96FD9820FAFF3E" box="[1282,1429,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divaricata">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFA96FD9820FAFF3E" box="[1282,1429,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">A. divaricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was reared from an unidentified sap beetle (
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFD47FDBC263AFFDA" box="[723,853,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nitidulidae</taxonomicName>
) in fallen guava fruits (
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFBF5FDBC2070FFDA" box="[1121,1311,620,644]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pisidiidae" genus="Psidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="guajava">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFBF5FDBC2070FFDA" box="[1121,1311,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Psidium guajava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFADAFDBD25A4FFF9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
) in
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFF6DFD5F248BFFF9" box="[249,484,655,679]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B6BE971FFBCFE60FD5F27D7FFF9" author="Horstmann" box="[500,696,655,679]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Horstmann, K. (2010) Revision of Nearctic Tersilochinae II. Genera Allophrys Forster, Barycnemis Forster, Ctenophion gen. nov., Sathropterus Forster, Spinolochus Horstmann and Stethantyx Townes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Spixiana, 33, 73 - 109." type="journal article" year="2010">Horstmann 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Morphologically
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFC04FD402692FFF6" box="[912,1021,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFC04FD402692FFF6" box="[912,1021,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Allophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFAD7FD402587FF92" authority="Forster" authorityName="Forster" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Phradis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFAD7FD4020F3FFF6" box="[1347,1436,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Phradis</emphasis>
Förster
</taxonomicName>
, which in Europe parasitize larvae of nitidulid beetles of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFC4CFD6421D1FF92" authority="Stephens" authorityName="Stephens" box="[984,1214,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Meligethes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFC4CFD64213CFF92" box="[984,1107,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Meligethes</emphasis>
Stephens
</taxonomicName>
living in flowers of crucifers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B6BE971FFBCFE9CFD07249DFFB1" author="Khalaim" box="[264,498,727,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Khalaim, A. I., Bordera, S. &amp; Rodriguez-Berrio, A. (2009) A review of the European species of Phradis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae), with description of a new species from Spain. European Journal of Entomology, 106, 107 - 118." type="journal article" year="2009">
Khalaim
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFEE7FD0924CBFFAE" box="[371,420,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). It is quite possible that both genera parasitize the same family of hosts in similar ecological conditions, but
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFE2BFD2C2743FE4A" box="[447,556,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFE2BFD2C2743FE4A" box="[447,556,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Allophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
predominate in the tropics and over 90% of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFBB0FD2C2112FE4A" box="[1060,1149,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Phradis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFBB0FD2C2112FE4A" box="[1060,1149,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Phradis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species occur in the Holarctic region. Some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFE67FCF0270FFE66" box="[499,608,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFE67FCF0270FFE66" box="[499,608,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Allophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFDE5FCF0267DFE66" box="[625,786,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruneiensis">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFDE5FCF0267DFE66" box="[625,786,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">A. bruneiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFCA3FCCF26ECFE69" box="[823,899,799,823]" name="Brunei" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Brunei</collectingCountry>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFC28FCF02102FE66" box="[956,1133,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barycnemica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFC28FCF02102FE66" box="[956,1133,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">A. barycnemica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57F3E971FFBCFBE0FCF021A1FE66" box="[1140,1230,800,824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFBE0FCF021A1FE66" bold="true" box="[1140,1230,800,824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFB49FCF0201DFE66" box="[1245,1394,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megafrons" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFB49FCF0201DFE66" box="[1245,1394,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">A. megafrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57F3E971FFBCFAEEFCF025A7FE02" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFAEEFCF025A7FE02" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFF6BFC9424CEFE02" box="[255,417,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFF6BFC9424CEFE02" box="[255,417,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">A. compressor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57F3E971FFBCFE3CFC94276CFE02" box="[424,515,836,860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFE3CFC94276CFE02" bold="true" box="[424,515,836,860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
in
<collectingCountry id="F34B760AE971FFBCFDB3FC9427CBFE02" box="[551,676,836,860]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
) also resemble the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFC53FC952124FE02" box="[967,1099,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Barycnemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFC53FC952124FE02" box="[967,1099,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Barycnemis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with their ventrally displaced antennae, elongate and sometimes strongly compressed mesosoma, thickened femora, apically strongly curved hind tibial spurs and short upcurved ovipositor. This may suggest that the host range of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFBFEFC5C21B8FEFA" box="[1130,1239,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFBFEFC5C21B8FEFA" box="[1130,1239,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Allophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exceeds nitidulid beetles living in flowers as similar adaptations in
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D19E971FFBCFD55FC61262AFE96" box="[705,837,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Barycnemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EA88E971FFBCFD55FC61262AFE96" box="[705,837,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Barycnemis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are associated with seeking hosts in soil and oviposition in active beetle larvae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B6BE971FFBCFE58FC0427E1FEB2" author="Horstmann" box="[460,654,980,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Horstmann, K. (1981) Revision der europaischen Tersilochinae II (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Spixiana, supplement 4 (1980), 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1981">Horstmann 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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