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<document id="04DD54F929B85B4318EC273D0FF0913B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.195113" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ac79dfcb-3922-4aaf-8bfd-f5679b18b704" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="195113" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460222376162" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dubois, Alain &amp; Bour, Roger" docDate="2010" docId="03D887CCFFE4FFAD24FBF9D5FEB1FB4C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02447p052.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2447" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Vipera Garsault 1764" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FFE1FFB4FFFAFFB2246CFF97FFFAFFEE" masterDocTitle="The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1698237917713" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="248916150B0D3DA95E0F54520C48D3A3">The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8E1379912B23A15B5C7A8CA00F187E45">Dubois, Alain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B61B19A804B7BE17312BF2A397055E03">Bour, Roger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B6A2B87804724F61288DFF755277C152">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6AAB2754BFDD2F22177F8F4400156792">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="8055370438DAB339BDEC64007D4057AC">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="0FA1F48B2A1C73D804B20DF4E9646F09" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.195113</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D887CCFFE4FFAD24FBF9D5FEB1FB4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5629437" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119385583" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5629437" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887CCFFE4FFAD24FBF9D5FEB1FB4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D887CCFFE4FFAD24FBF9D5FEB1FB4C" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFE4FFAC24FBF9D5FDB3F8D4" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE4FFAC24FBF9D5FE5CF9B2" blockId="30.[151,422,1602,1628]" box="[151,422,1602,1628]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<heading id="D08681B6FFE4FFAC24FBF9D5FE5CF9B2" bold="true" box="[151,422,1602,1628]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC24FBF9D5FE5CF9B2" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[151,422,1602,1628]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC24FBF9D5FE5CF9B2" bold="true" box="[151,422,1602,1628]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC24FBF9D5FF1DF9B2" bold="true" box="[151,231,1602,1628]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE4FFAC2481F9D5FE5CF9B2" author="Garsault" box="[237,422,1602,1628]" pageId="30" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE4FFAC24FBF91DFDB3F8D4" blockId="30.[151,1437,1674,2036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
The plate 666 of
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE4FFAC250FF91DFDE7F94A" author="Garsault" box="[355,541,1674,1700]" pageId="30" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault (1764)</bibRefCitation>
shows his
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC26CEF91CFD14F94A" box="[674,750,1675,1700]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC26CEF91CFD14F94A" box="[674,750,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or “Vipere”, clearly an “asp viper”, a common species in western Europe, currently known as
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC2630F927FC2BF924" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[604,977,1712,1738]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC2630F927FD0FF927" box="[604,757,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera aspis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE4FFAC276BF927FC32F924" author="Linnaeus" box="[775,968,1712,1738]" pageId="30" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(family
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC2050F927FAA2F924" authority="Oppel, 1811" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[1084,1368,1712,1738]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC2050F927FB43F927" box="[1084,1209,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">VIPERIDAE</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE4FFAC20AEF927FAA2F924" author="Oppel" box="[1218,1368,1712,1738]" pageId="30" pageNumber="43" refString="Oppel, M. (1811 a) Ordre II. Reptiles a ecailles. Section 2. Ophidiens. Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, &quot; 1810 &quot;, 16, 254 - 295 + 376 - 393." type="journal article" year="1811" yearSuffix="a">Oppel, 1811</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC2135F927FA92F927" box="[1369,1384,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">a</emphasis>
). In agreement with this figure, we hereby designate
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC268AF942FBABF901" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[742,1105,1749,1775]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC268AF942FC75F900" box="[742,911,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Coluber aspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE4FFAC27FBF942FBABF901" author="Linnaeus" box="[919,1105,1749,1775]" pageId="30" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as nucleospecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC2120F942FEA9F8FA" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC2120F942FA60F900" box="[1356,1434,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE4FFAC24FBF96DFEA9F8FA" author="Garsault" box="[151,339,1786,1812]" pageId="30" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFE4FFAC250DF96DFE79F8FA" box="[353,387,1786,1812]" name="American Samoa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">As</collectingCountry>
discussed below, the latter generic nomen is both a senior hadromonym and senior doxisonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC252CF8B7FDBFF8D4" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[320,581,1824,1850]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC252CF8B7FE71F8D7" box="[320,395,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE4FFAC25F9F8B7FDBFF8D4" author="Laurenti" box="[405,581,1824,1850]" pageId="30" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFE4FFAD24AAF8D2FC07FCBC" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE4FFAC24AAF8D2FABAF844" blockId="30.[151,1437,1674,2036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Laurenti’s (1768: 99) genus
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC267FF8D2FDA4F8B0" box="[531,606,1861,1886]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC267FF8D2FDA4F8B0" box="[531,606,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described with ten prenucleospecies. The nomina of two of them,
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC24FBF8FCFE61F86A" authority="Francisci Redi" authorityName="Francisci Redi" box="[151,411,1899,1924]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC24FBF8FCFE61F86A" box="[151,411,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera Francisci Redi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC25B9F8FCFD35F86A" authority="Mosis Charas" authorityName="Mosis Charas" box="[469,719,1899,1924]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC25B9F8FCFD35F86A" box="[469,719,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera Mosis Charas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are trinomina, but, as discussed above, they can be “saved” through the use of Article 11.9.5, and must now be spelt
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC2743F807FBE2F847" box="[815,1048,1936,1961]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="francisciredi">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC2743F807FBE2F847" box="[815,1048,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera francisciredi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC203EF807FAC0F847" box="[1106,1338,1936,1961]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosischaras">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC203EF807FAC0F847" box="[1106,1338,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera mosischaras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE4FFAD24AAF822FC77FECC" blockId="30.[151,1437,1674,2036]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,152,1186]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE4FFAC24AAF822FE95F821" author="Gmelin" box="[198,367,1973,1999]" pageId="30" pageNumber="40" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locus. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Tomus 1, pars 3. Lugduni, Delamolliere, 1033 - 1516." type="journal article" year="1789">Gmelin (1789</bibRefCitation>
: 1091) created the nomen
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC26C9F822FCC1F820" box="[677,827,1973,1998]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="redi">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC26C9F822FCC1F820" box="[677,827,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Coluber redi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He mentioned the nomen
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC2016F822FA84F820" authority="Francisci Redi" authorityName="Francisci Redi" box="[1146,1406,1973,1998]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC2016F822FA84F820" box="[1146,1406,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera Francisci Redi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its synonymy, so his nomen must be considered an autoneonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE4FFAC27AAF84CFA8CF81A" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[966,1398,2010,2036]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="francisciredi">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE4FFAC27AAF84CFB42F81A" box="[966,1208,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vipera francisciredi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE4FFAC20ADF84DFA8CF81A" author="Laurenti" box="[1217,1398,2010,2036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as acknowledged by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD251DFF0FFD06FF5C" author="Mertens" box="[369,764,152,178]" pageId="31" pageNumber="43" refString="Mertens, R. &amp; Wermuth, H. (1960) Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Dritte Liste, nach dem Stand vom 1. Januar 1960. Frankfurt am Main, Waldemar Kramer, i - xi, 1 - 264." type="journal article" year="1960">Mertens &amp; Wermuth (1960: 195)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD275BFF0FFBA3FF5C" author="McDiarmid" box="[823,1113,152,178]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="McDiarmid, R. W., Campbell, J. A. &amp; Toure, T. A. (1999) Snake species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference. Volume 1. Wahington, The Herpetologists's League, i - xi + 1 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">
McDiarmid
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD27A6FF0FFBFDFF5F" box="[970,1031,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 393). The nomen
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2157FF0FFE83FF39" authority="Gmelin, 1789" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1789" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="redi">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2157FF0FFF3DFF38" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Coluber redi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD24BCFF2AFE83FF39" author="Gmelin" box="[208,377,189,215]" pageId="31" pageNumber="40" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locus. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Tomus 1, pars 3. Lugduni, Delamolliere, 1033 - 1516." type="journal article" year="1789">Gmelin, 1789</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is an invalid junior isonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2694FF2AFB55FF39" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[760,1199,189,215]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="francisciredi">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2694FF2AFC14FF38" box="[760,1006,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera francisciredi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD279AFF2AFB55FF39" author="Laurenti" box="[1014,1199,189,215]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, therefore a nomen distinct from the latter. It was not part of the prenucleospecies of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD205BFF75FABCFF12" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1079,1350,226,252]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD205BFF75FB7FFF15" box="[1079,1157,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD20FCFF75FABCFF12" author="Laurenti" box="[1168,1350,226,252]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and is therefore not eligible for nucleospecies designation for the latter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE5FFAD24AAFEBAFC07FCBC" blockId="31.[151,1437,152,1186]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFE5FFAD24AAFEBAFF1DFEA9" box="[198,231,301,327]" name="American Samoa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">As</collectingCountry>
a consequence, Fitzinger’s (1843: 28) designation of this nominal species (as “
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD20C0FEBAFAD8FEA8" box="[1196,1314,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vip. Redii</emphasis>
Latr.”) as nucleospecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2500FEC5FE41FE85" box="[364,443,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2500FEC5FE41FE85" box="[364,443,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is invalid. It is therefore in error that
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD27CCFEC5FB57FE82" author="Stejneger" box="[928,1197,338,364]" pageId="31" pageNumber="45" refString="Stejneger, L. (1936) Types of the amphibian and reptilian genera proposed by Laurenti in 1768. Copeia, 1936 (3), 133 - 141." type="journal article" year="1936">Stejneger (1936: 140)</bibRefCitation>
wrote: “
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2177FEC5FEF6FE7F" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">This being Laurenti’s</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2578FEEFFDF9FE7C" box="[276,515,376,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="francisci" subSpecies="redi">Vipera francisci redi</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2667FEEFFD5EFE7F" box="[523,676,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">which equals</emphasis>
[sic]
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD268BFEEFFC04FE7F" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[743,1022,376,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspis">
Coluber aspis
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD27FCFEEFFC04FE7F" box="[912,1022,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Linnaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the latter becomes the genotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD24FBFE0AFF16FE59" box="[151,236,413,439]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vipera</taxonomicName>
”. This statement is twice wrong because neither
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2746FE0AFC3AFE58" box="[810,960,413,438]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="redi">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2746FE0AFC3AFE58" box="[810,960,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Coluber redi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD279BFE0AFB61FE58" box="[1015,1179,413,438]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD279BFE0AFB61FE58" box="[1015,1179,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Coluber aspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were members of the prenucleospecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD25E4FE55FD74FE32" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[392,654,450,476]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD25E4FE55FE29FE35" box="[392,467,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD25B1FE55FD74FE32" author="Laurenti" box="[477,654,450,476]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. However, some subsequent authors (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD2027FE55FA91FE32" author="Mertens" box="[1099,1387,450,476]" pageId="31" pageNumber="43" refString="Mertens, R. &amp; Muller, L. (1940) Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. (Zweite Liste, nach dem Stand vom 1. Januar 1940). Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 451, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1940">Mertens &amp; Müller 1940</bibRefCitation>
: 54;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD24FBFE7FFE3DFDEC" author="McDiarmid" box="[151,455,488,514]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="McDiarmid, R. W., Campbell, J. A. &amp; Toure, T. A. (1999) Snake species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference. Volume 1. Wahington, The Herpetologists's League, i - xi + 1 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">
McDiarmid
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2559FE7FFE82FDEF" box="[309,376,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 389) followed this error and considered
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2789FE7FFABDFDEC" authority="Gmelin, 1789" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1789" box="[997,1351,488,514]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="redi">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2789FE7FFB76FDEF" box="[997,1164,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Coluber redi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD20F9FE7FFABDFDEC" author="Gmelin" box="[1173,1351,488,514]" pageId="31" pageNumber="40" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locus. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Tomus 1, pars 3. Lugduni, Delamolliere, 1033 - 1516." type="journal article" year="1789">Gmelin, 1789</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as the nucleospecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2505FD9AFD8DFDC9" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[361,631,525,551]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2505FD9AFE4CFDC8" box="[361,438,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD25ADFD9AFD8DFDC9" author="Laurenti" box="[449,631,525,551]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Mertens &amp; Wermuth’s (1960: 194) subsequent mention of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2120FD9AFEC8FDA5" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="francisci" subSpecies="redi">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2120FD9AFEC8FDA5" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera francisci redi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as “
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2509FDA5FDF3FDA5" box="[357,521,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">species typica</emphasis>
” of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2657FDA5FCC6FDA2" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[571,828,562,588]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2657FDA5FD7CFDA5" box="[571,646,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD26E3FDA5FCC6FDA2" author="Laurenti" box="[655,828,562,588]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was the first to cite this biological species under the nomen used by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD2536FDCFFDE5FD9C" author="Laurenti" box="[346,543,600,626]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti (1768)</bibRefCitation>
. This statement was repeated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD27D4FDCFFB6BFD9C" author="Bruno" box="[952,1169,600,626]" pageId="31" pageNumber="37" refString="Bruno, S. (1985) Le vipere d'Italia e d'Europa. Bologna, Edagricole, i - viii + 1 - 272, pl. 1 - 12." type="book chapter" year="1985">Bruno (1985: 40)</bibRefCitation>
. Although based on a wrong interpretation, this would indeed be the valid designation of a nucleospecies for this genus if it was not predated by another designation.
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFE5FFAD265DFD35FDA9FD52" box="[561,595,674,700]" name="American Samoa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">As</collectingCountry>
a matter of fact, and even if they ignored it later,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD20D1FD35FEEDFD0C" author="Mertens" pageId="31" pageNumber="43" refString="Mertens, R. &amp; Muller, L. (1928) Liste der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 41, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1928">Mertens &amp; Müller (1928: 51)</bibRefCitation>
had previously designated
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2604FD5FFC2DFD0C" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[616,983,712,738]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="illyrica">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2604FD5FFCE0FD0F" box="[616,794,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera illyrica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD274EFD5FFC2DFD0C" author="Laurenti" box="[802,983,712,738]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as nucleospecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD20B8FD5FFF2CFCE9" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD20B8FD5FFAD9FD0F" box="[1236,1315,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD2141FD5FFF2CFCE9" author="Laurenti" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This nominal species was part of the prenucleospecies of the genus, so this designation, which is the first
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD24A1FC85FEF1FCC5" box="[205,267,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Code</emphasis>
-compliant one to have been published, is valid. The nomen
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD27A1FC85FB8CFCC5" box="[973,1142,786,811]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="illyrica">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD27A1FC85FB8CFCC5" box="[973,1142,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera illyrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior doxisonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD24FBFCAFFDC4FCBC" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,574,824,850]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammodytes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD24FBFCAFFE8AFCBF" box="[151,368,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera ammodytes</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD2513FCAFFDCCFCBC" author="Linnaeus" box="[383,566,824,850]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD2611FCAFFC4FFCBC" author="Mertens" box="[637,949,824,850]" pageId="31" pageNumber="43" refString="Mertens, R. &amp; Wermuth, H. (1960) Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Dritte Liste, nach dem Stand vom 1. Januar 1960. Frankfurt am Main, Waldemar Kramer, i - xi, 1 - 264." type="journal article" year="1960">Mertens &amp; Wermuth 1960</bibRefCitation>
: 194).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFE5FFAD24AAFCCAFEB1FB4C" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE5FFAD24AAFCCAFEB1FB4C" blockId="31.[151,1437,152,1186]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD24AAFCCAFE34FC99" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[198,462,861,887]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD24AAFCCAFEE8FC98" box="[198,274,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD2572FCCAFE34FC99" author="Laurenti" box="[286,462,861,887]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore an invalid junior doxisonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2786FCCAFB0EFC99" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[1002,1268,861,887]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2786FCCAFBCFFC98" box="[1002,1077,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD202DFCCAFB0EFC99" author="Garsault" box="[1089,1268,861,887]" pageId="31" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFE5FFAD216EFCCAFAD8FC99" box="[1282,1314,861,887]" name="American Samoa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">As</collectingCountry>
both taxa
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD24FBFC15FE07FC72" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,509,898,924]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD24FBFC15FEC7FC75" box="[151,317,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Coluber aspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD252AFC15FE07FC72" author="Linnaeus" box="[326,509,898,924]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2655FC15FC64FC72" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[569,926,898,924]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="illyrica">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2655FC15FD1CFC75" box="[569,742,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera illyrica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD2682FC15FC64FC72" author="Laurenti" box="[750,926,898,924]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are currently referred by all authors to the same genus
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2546FC3FFE8DFC2F" box="[298,375,936,961]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2546FC3FFE8DFC2F" box="[298,375,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and even to the same “group” (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD275EFC3FFC55FC2C" author="Obst" box="[818,943,936,962]" pageId="31" pageNumber="43" refString="Obst, F. J. (1983) Zur Kenntnis der Schlangengattung Vipera (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen aus dem Staatliche Museum fur Tierkunde in Dresden, 38 (13), 229 - 235." type="journal article" year="1983">Obst 1983</bibRefCitation>
) or subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2034FC3FFB5FFC2F" box="[1112,1189,936,961]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2034FC3FFB5FFC2F" box="[1112,1189,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD2098FC3FFF26FC09" author="Mallow" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Mallow, D., Ludwig, D. &amp; Nilson, G. (2003) True vipers. Natural history and toxinology of Old World vipers. Malabar, Florida, Krieger, i - xiv + 1 - 359." type="book chapter" year="2003">
Mallow
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2134FC3FFA6FFC2F" box="[1368,1429,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
), the shift of authorship and date of the nomen of this genus has no disturbing nomenclatural consequences and must be implemented, as already suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD27A1FC65FA62FBE2" author="Welter-Schultes" box="[973,1432,1010,1036]" pageId="31" pageNumber="46" refString="Welter-Schultes, F. W. &amp; Klug, R. (2009) Nomenclatural consequences resulting from the rediscovery of Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medicine, a rare work published by Garsault in 1764, in the zoological literature. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 66 (3), 225 - 241." type="journal article" year="2009">Welter-Schultes &amp; Klug (2009: 238)</bibRefCitation>
. Therefore no change is required in the binomina of the 27 species currently recognized in this genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD2153FB8FFEECFBB9" author="Mallow" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Mallow, D., Ludwig, D. &amp; Nilson, G. (2003) True vipers. Natural history and toxinology of Old World vipers. Malabar, Florida, Krieger, i - xiv + 1 - 359." type="book chapter" year="2003">
Mallow
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD24FBFBAAFF31FBB8" box="[151,203,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
) and their subspecies. The only change needed in their nominal-complexes is the inclusion of the author’s
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD256DFBF5FEB8FB92" box="[257,322,1122,1148]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="name">name</taxonomicName>
and date between parentheses, to point to the transfer from
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2077FBF4FADEFB92" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1051,1316,1122,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2077FBF4FB92FB92" box="[1051,1128,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD201FFBF5FADEFB92" author="Laurenti" box="[1139,1316,1122,1148]" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE5FFAD2120FBF4FEBDFB4C" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE5FFAD2120FBF4FA63FB92" box="[1356,1433,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vipera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE5FFAD24FBFB1FFEBDFB4C" author="Garsault" box="[151,327,1160,1186]" pageId="31" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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