treatments-xml/data/03/CA/87/03CA878D840EFFCAABF1FBC2FEFEFA26.xml

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<mods:title id="A98ABFCEB1927E9ECDA3B429AFA2EE7F">Morphological and molecular identification of all developmental stages of four whitefly species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) commonly intercepted in quarantine</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="785DFF9D7D570BBBC70E2CBC05B01AD1">Collins, Dominique W.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03CA878D840EFFCAABF1FBC2FEFEFA26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5696824" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119618332" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5696824" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA878D840EFFCAABF1FBC2FEFEFA26" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA878D840EFFCAABF1FBC2FEFEFA26" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="C3796510840EFFC6ABF1FBC2FEFCFBC6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDC369B840EFFC6ABF1FBC2FDCFFBAF" blockId="6.[151,556,1037,1102]" box="[151,556,1037,1063]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="D09481F7840EFFC6ABF1FBC2FDCFFBAF" bold="true" box="[151,556,1037,1063]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6ABF1FBC2FDCFFBAF" ID-CoL="LGSW" authority="Priesner &amp; Hosny" authorityName="Priesner &amp; Hosny" box="[151,556,1037,1063]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afer">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6ABF1FBC2FDCFFBAF" bold="true" box="[151,556,1037,1063]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6ABF1FBC2FED2FBAF" bold="true" box="[151,305,1037,1063]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bemisia afer</emphasis>
(Priesner &amp; Hosny)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B840EFFC6ABF1FBFBFEFCFBC6" blockId="6.[151,556,1037,1102]" box="[151,287,1076,1102]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
(
<figureCitation id="13582A1E840EFFC6ABF9FBFBFEF5FBC6" box="[159,278,1076,1102]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 5 – 9" captionStart-1="FIGURES 10 – 17" captionStartId-0="7.[151,271,1931,1955]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,270,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox-0="[240,1350,522,1879]" captionTargetBox-1="[198,1399,224,1839]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[239,1356,506,1903]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[162,1424,202,1869]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURES 5 – 9. Bemisia afer. 5, ovum on Laurus nobilis from Italy; 6, first instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 7, second instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 8, third instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 9, fourth instar on Manihot esculenta from Mauritius." captionText-1="FIGURES 10 – 17. Bemisia spp. 10, B. afer, diagrammatic representation of left compound eye of adult female; B. afer, 11, upper and lower compound eyes linked by one ommatidium; B. afer, 12, female antenna; B. afer, 13, aedeagus; B. afer, 14, female cement gland; 15, B. tabaci, ovum on Euphorbia pulcherrima; 16, B. tabaci, first larval instar on Solidago from Spain; 17, B. tabaci, second instar on E. pulcherrima." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/188033/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/188034/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 5–14</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3796510840EFFC6ABF1FB4EFE6EFA22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDC369B840EFFC6ABF1FB4EFED0FAD4" blockId="6.[151,1436,1153,1372]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6ABF1FB4EFF0AFB12" ID-CoL="LGSW" box="[151,233,1153,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afer">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6ABF1FB4EFF0AFB12" box="[151,233,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. afer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B6A840EFFC6A922FB4EFC97FB13" author="Priesner" box="[580,884,1153,1179]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Priesner, H. &amp; Hosny, M. (1934) Contribution to a knowledge of the whiteflies (Aleurodidae) of Egypt (III). Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. Technical and Scientific Service Bulletin, 145, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1934">Priesner &amp; Hosny (1934)</bibRefCitation>
in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6AF70FB4EFB2DFB12" box="[1046,1230,1153,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Dialeurodoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6AF70FB4EFB2DFB12" box="[1046,1230,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dialeurodoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from specimens collected on sycamore fig (
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6AAB1FB67FD7EFB49" box="[471,669,1192,1217]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sycamorus">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6AAB1FB67FD7EFB49" box="[471,669,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ficus sycamorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6A986FB67FC6DFB49" box="[736,910,1192,1217]" class="Deltaproteobacteria" family="Desulfovibrionaceae" genus="Lawsonia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Desulfovibrionales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6A986FB67FC6DFB49" box="[736,910,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lawsonia alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6A8D2FB67FC1DFB4A" box="[948,1022,1192,1218]" name="Egypt" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Egypt</collectingCountry>
. It is broadly polyphagous, feeding on host plants belonging to 46 genera in 22 families (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B6A840EFFC6A86FFB01FC4BFB60" author="Martin" box="[777,936,1230,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Martin, J. H. (1999) The whitefly fauna of Australia (Strenorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) A taxonomic account and identification guide. CSIRO Entomology Technical Paper No. 38. 197 pp." type="book" year="1999">Martin, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B6A840EFFC6A8D2FB01FB2EFB60" author="Mound" box="[948,1229,1230,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Halsey, S. H. (1978) Whiteflies of the world, a systematic catalogue of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) with host plant and natural enemy data. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK. 340 pp." type="book" year="1978">Mound &amp; Halsey, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). It occurs widely in the warmer parts of the world and has recently established in the 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6A8B5FB3AFC1DFA87" box="[979,1022,1269,1295]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B6A840EFFC6AF68FB3AFB07FA87" author="Malumphy" box="[1038,1252,1269,1295]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Malumphy, C. (2003) The status of Bemisia afer (Priesner &amp; Hosny) in Britain (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Entomologist's Gazette, 54, 191 - 196." type="journal article" year="2003">Malumphy, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). It is a serious whitefly pest of field crops in sub-Saharan Africa and 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6A85CFAD3FC60FABE" box="[826,899,1308,1334]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">China</collectingCountry>
and is implicated in plant-pathogenic virus transmission.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B840EFFC6ABF1FA5FFE6EFA22" blockId="6.[151,1437,1424,1875]" box="[151,397,1424,1450]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Specimens measured</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BDC369B840EFFC6ABA0FA79FC3EF8DB" blockId="6.[151,1437,1424,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6ABA0FA79FEA1FA58" box="[198,322,1462,1488]" name="Gambia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">GAMBIA</collectingCountry>
: (intercepted in 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6AA9BFA79FDCFFA58" box="[509,556,1462,1488]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry>
), on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6A902FA78FCDEFA58" box="[612,829,1463,1488]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6A902FA78FCDEFA58" box="[612,829,1463,1488]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Manihot esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6A82AFA79FC5CFA58" box="[844,959,1462,1488]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2001-03-07">7.iii.2001</date>
, PHSI, CSL2011121 (3 first, 7 second, 3 third instars and 
<specimenCount id="9D65FD12840EFFC6AA15FA12FE2DFA7F" box="[371,462,1501,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="adult">3 adult</specimenCount>
females). 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6A93EFA12FD57FA7F" box="[600,692,1501,1527]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ITALY</collectingCountry>
: (intercepted in 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6A8E1FA12FC55FA7F" box="[903,950,1501,1527]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry>
) on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6A897FA12FB4DFA7E" box="[1009,1198,1501,1526]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6A897FA12FB4DFA7E" box="[1009,1198,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Laurus nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6AFA6FA12FAA1FA7F" box="[1216,1346,1501,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2002-05-17">17.v.2002</date>
, PHSI, CSL2022987 (1 third instar); (intercepted in 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6A9DBF9CBFD08F996" box="[701,747,1540,1566]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry>
, plants imported via 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6A88BF9CBFBB9F996" box="[1005,1114,1540,1566]" name="Belgium" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Belgium</collectingCountry>
), on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6AFF1F9CBFAE8F995" box="[1175,1291,1540,1565]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6AFF1F9CBFAE8F995" box="[1175,1291,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6AE7DF9CBFA74F996" box="[1307,1431,1540,1566]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1999-10-15">15.x.1999</date>
, PHSI, CSL996362 (
<specimenCount id="9D65FD12840EFFC6AAE8F9E5FE01F9CC" box="[398,482,1578,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="egg">7 eggs</specimenCount>
, 8 first, 1 second and 8 third instars), 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6A8DDF9E5FBA3F9CC" box="[955,1088,1578,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1999-11-15">15.xi.1999</date>
, PHSI, CSL997270 (
<specimenCount id="9D65FD12840EFFC6AE20F9E5FA7FF9CC" box="[1350,1436,1578,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="adult">2 adult</specimenCount>
females), 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6AA6CF99EFE99F9E3" box="[266,378,1617,1643]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2000-01-21">21.i.2000</date>
, PHSI, CSL2000326 (9 third instars), 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6A85EF99EFC56F9E3" box="[824,949,1617,1643]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2000-04-21">21.iv.2000</date>
, PHSI, CSL2003927 (
<specimenCount id="9D65FD12840EFFC6AFDCF99EFAE8F9E3" box="[1210,1291,1617,1643]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="adult">4 adult</specimenCount>
males and 
<specimenCount id="9D65FD12840EFFC6AEEBF99EFF31F91A" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
female); (intercepted in 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6AA95F9B7FDC3F91A" box="[499,544,1656,1682]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry>
, plants imported via 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6A870F9B7FC9DF91A" box="[790,894,1656,1682]" name="Belgium" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Belgium</collectingCountry>
, cultured at CSL under licence), on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6AE40F9B7FA76F919" box="[1318,1429,1656,1681]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6AE40F9B7FA76F919" box="[1318,1429,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6ABF1F951FEEAF930" box="[151,265,1694,1720]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2001-01-23">23.i.2001</date>
, CSL2010267 (2 third instars), 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6A9E4F951FD16F930" box="[642,757,1694,1720]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2001-05-28">28.v.2001</date>
(6 first and 1 second instar), 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6AF32F951FB2FF930" box="[1108,1228,1694,1720]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2001-07-04">4.vii.2001</date>
(2 first, 3 second and 2 third instars), 2001 (
<specimenCount id="9D65FD12840EFFC6AABDF90AFDCEF957" box="[475,557,1733,1759]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="egg">2 eggs</specimenCount>
, 1 second instar, 
<specimenCount id="9D65FD12840EFFC6A866F90AFCB7F957" box="[768,852,1733,1759]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
male and 
<specimenCount id="9D65FD12840EFFC6A8B5F90AFBDFF957" box="[979,1084,1733,1759]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="female">2 female</specimenCount>
adults). 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6AFC1F90AFACEF957" box="[1191,1325,1733,1759]" name="Uganda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UGANDA</collectingCountry>
: Entebbe (cultured at the Natural Resources Institute (NRI) and CSL under licence), on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6AF2FF923FB00F88D" box="[1097,1251,1772,1797]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6AF2FF923FB00F88D" box="[1097,1251,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6AF95F923FA99F88E" box="[1267,1402,1772,1798]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2002-12-13">13.xii.2002</date>
(7 first, 2 second and 4 third instars). 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B840EFFC6A927F8DDFCAEF8A4" box="[577,845,1810,1836]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UNITED KINGDOM</collectingCountry>
: London, Chelsea Physic Gardens, on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840EFFC6AE44F8DCFA77F8A4" box="[1314,1428,1811,1836]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6AE44F8DCFA77F8A4" box="[1314,1428,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFDD105B840EFFC6ABF1F8F6FEFCF8DB" box="[151,287,1849,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2000-07-27">27.vii.2000</date>
, PHSI, CSL2004878 (
<specimenCount id="9D65FD12840EFFC6A940F8F6FD96F8DB" box="[550,629,1849,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="egg">7 eggs</specimenCount>
, 7 instar and 2 second instars).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B840EFFC6ABF1F848FA7FF866" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<table id="F963C43B840E003FABF1F849FA7FF866" box="[151,1436,1926,2030]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<tr id="355334D9840E003FABF1F849FA7FF828" box="[151,1436,1926,1952]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76825DA5840E003FABF1F849FD9FF828" box="[151,636,1926,1952]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6ABF1F848FF0FF828" box="[151,236,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">OVUM</emphasis>
(Fig. 5)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355334D9840E003FABF1F862FA7FF84F" box="[151,1436,1965,1991]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76825DA5840E003FABF1F862FD9FF84F" box="[151,636,1965,1991]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840EFFC6ABA0F862FEC0F84E" box="[198,291,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Habitus</emphasis>
. Elliptical, broadly rounded
</th>
<td id="76825DA5840E003FA9E2F862FCEDF84F" box="[644,782,1965,1991]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">at the base</td>
<td id="76825DA5840E003FA873F862FAC4F84F" box="[789,1319,1965,1991]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">and narrow apically. Cream coloured when</td>
<td id="76825DA5840E003FAE48F862FA7FF84F" box="[1326,1436,1965,1991]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">first laid,</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355334D9840E003FABF1F81BFA7FF866" box="[151,1436,2004,2030]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76825DA5840E003FABF1F81BFD9FF866" box="[151,636,2004,2030]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">becoming pale yellow and finally golden</th>
<td id="76825DA5840E003FA9E2F81BFCEDF866" box="[644,782,2004,2030]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">brown. Red</td>
<td id="76825DA5840E003FA873F81BFAC4F866" box="[789,1319,2004,2030]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">eyes of the first instar clearly visible prior to</td>
<td id="76825DA5840E003FAE48F81BFA7FF866" box="[1326,1436,2004,2030]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">hatching.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B840FFFC7ABF1FF57FA99FE48" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,448]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Oviposition pattern varies considerably. Eggs are most commonly scattered, or in small groups of up to five, on the lower surface of the foliage. On smooth leaves, for example 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840FFFC7A8A2FF70FBD6FF50" box="[964,1077,191,216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840FFFC7A8A2FF70FBD6FF50" box="[964,1077,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, they may be laid in irregular rows, partial circles or complete circles of approximately 
<specimenCount id="9D65FD12840FFFC7A85DFF2AFC7BFF77" box="[827,920,229,255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="egg">20 eggs</specimenCount>
. The chorion is smooth and shiny with little wax evident. Each egg is erect and firmly attached to the leaf surface by a slender peduncle extending from the base of the egg, inserted into the plant tissue. The egg bends slightly as it matures. After hatching, the egg remains upright and is a distinctive golden brown colour. Hatched eggs can remain attached to the plant for many months. Length 220 microns (196–248 microns), width 131 microns (108–150 microns), 1.68 (1.55–1.93) times longer than wide. Peduncle length 24 microns and width is 12 microns (10–12 microns).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1C6613840FFFC7ABF1F844FEE5F860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188033/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[240,1350,522,1879]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BDC369B840FFFC7ABF1F844FEE5F860" blockId="7.[151,1437,1931,2024]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B917EA89840FFFC7ABF1F844FEA4F82B" bold="true" box="[151,327,1931,1955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURES 5–9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840FFFC7AA28F843FE38F82B" box="[334,475,1932,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afer">Bemisia afer</taxonomicName>
. 5, ovum on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840FFFC7A90DF843FCEBF82B" box="[619,776,1932,1955]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">Laurus nobilis</taxonomicName>
from Italy; 6, first instar on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840FFFC7AF23F843FB4DF82B" box="[1093,1198,1932,1955]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">L. nobilis</taxonomicName>
from Italy; 7, second instar on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840FFFC7AA64F860FE8CF84E" box="[258,367,1967,1990]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">L. nobilis</taxonomicName>
from Italy; 8, third instar on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840FFFC7A9A6F860FCCEF84E" box="[704,813,1967,1990]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">L. nobilis</taxonomicName>
from Italy; 9, fourth instar on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D18840FFFC7AFE8F860FABDF84E" box="[1166,1374,1967,1990]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esculenta">Manihot esculenta</taxonomicName>
from Mauritius.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABF1FF57FDE6FF3A" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,796]" box="[151,517,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABF1FF57FE46FF39" box="[151,421,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIRST-INSTAR LARVA</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13582A1E8400FFC8AAD3FF57FE18FF3A" box="[437,507,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 9" captionStartId="7.[151,271,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[240,1350,522,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[239,1356,506,1903]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 9. Bemisia afer. 5, ovum on Laurus nobilis from Italy; 6, first instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 7, second instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 8, third instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 9, fourth instar on Manihot esculenta from Mauritius." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188033/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABA0FF70FBEFFEAE" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA0FF70FEC0FF50" box="[198,291,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Habitus</emphasis>
. Scale-like, pale translucent yellow, becoming slightly darker as they mature. Reddish eye spots and two yellow abdominal mycetomes clearly visible. A narrow band of white wax is present around the margin. The majority of larvae settle to feed within one cm from their eggs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABA3FEFDFEC4FE48" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA3FEFDFEFEFEC3" box="[197,285,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Margin</emphasis>
. Outline ovoid, lozenge-shaped; length 288 microns (204–317 microns) and width 188 microns (134–212 microns), 1.53 (1.26–1.75) times longer than wide. With 16 pairs of well-developed setae: MS14 pair length 60 microns (38–76 microns); CS length 58 microns (30–72 microns); ratio CS/MS14 = 0.97 (0.71–1.07).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABA3FE02FD6DFD20" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA3FE02FEC5FE6E" box="[197,294,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dorsum</emphasis>
. Some slide-mounted specimens are a pale grey in colour. Chaetotaxy comprises paired ASS length 16 microns (9–22 microns); CeS length 3 microns (1–7 microns); 1 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B8400FFC8A895FE3BFBFEFD86" box="[1011,1053,500,526]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AS</collectingCountry>
length 3 microns (1–5 microns); and 8 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B8400FFC8ABBDFDD5FEE6FDBC" box="[219,261,538,564]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AS</collectingCountry>
length 2 microns (1–5 microns). Cephalic tubercles usually weakly developed, oval to subrectangular. Vasiform orifice almost quadrate and closed behind, length 30 microns (22–33 microns). Lingula head spinulose with one or two pairs of stout setae, half-covered by the operculum. Operculum and lingula pigmented light brown in some specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABA3FD7AFC3EFC94" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA3FD7AFEEEFD46" box="[197,269,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ve n t e r</emphasis>
. Legs well developed. Fore coxae with short spine, mid and hind coxae with long setae and short spines. Tibia-tarsi distinctly spinose. Antennae long and slender, length 76 microns (63–85 microns). Abdominal setae placed mid vasiform orifice. Cuticle fine, diaphanous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABF1FC9FFDCFFCE2" blockId="8.[151,1437,848,1570]" box="[151,556,848,874]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABF1FC9FFE2EFCE1" box="[151,461,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">SECOND-INSTAR LARVA</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13582A1E8400FFC8AABBFC9FFDC0FCE2" box="[477,547,848,874]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 9" captionStartId="7.[151,271,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[240,1350,522,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[239,1356,506,1903]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 9. Bemisia afer. 5, ovum on Laurus nobilis from Italy; 6, first instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 7, second instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 8, third instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 9, fourth instar on Manihot esculenta from Mauritius." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188033/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABA3FCB8FE86FC3F" blockId="8.[151,1437,848,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA3FCB8FEC1FC18" box="[197,290,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Habitus</emphasis>
. Distribution similar to first instars. Scale-like, similar in appearance to first instar but larger and more transparent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABA3FC0BFC20FBF0" blockId="8.[151,1437,848,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA3FC0BFEFEFC55" box="[197,285,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Margin</emphasis>
. Outline ovoid, widest across mesothoracic legs; length 385 microns (328–418 microns), width 274 microns (224–296 microns), 1.41 (1.34–1.48) times longer than wide. AMS pair fine, acute, length 9 microns (3–16 microns); PMS fine, acute, length 15 microns (10–25 microns); CS stout, length 50 microns (44–72 microns). Ratio CS/PMS = 3.49 (1.92–4.91). Margin evenly, faintly crenulate; slightly indented at thoracic opening and crenulations may be slightly more conspicuous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABA3FB4AFBD6FA5C" blockId="8.[151,1437,848,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA3FB4AFEC6FB16" box="[197,293,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dorsum</emphasis>
. Chaetotaxy comprises paired CeS, length 16 microns (2–60 microns); 1 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B8400FFC8AFE8FB4AFB58FB17" box="[1166,1211,1157,1183]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AS</collectingCountry>
, 18 microns (2–62 microns); and 8 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B8400FFC8AA3EFB63FE60FB4E" box="[344,387,1196,1222]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AS</collectingCountry>
, 8 microns (3–25 microns). The dorsal setae exist in two distinct states: minute (2–8 microns) or well developed (20–62 microns). The setal pairs most frequently well-developed are CeS and 1 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B8400FFC8ABC4FB36FF2CFA9B" box="[162,207,1273,1299]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AS</collectingCountry>
, and to a lesser extent 8 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B8400FFC8AA92FB36FDFCFA9B" box="[500,543,1273,1299]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AS</collectingCountry>
. There are approximately 13 pairs of geminate pore/porettes aligned subdorsally in two longitudinal rows. Abdominal segmentation rather faintly marked, medially and sub-medially. Abdominal segment VII reduced medially, pockets marked. Vasiform orifice rectangular or almost triangular, sides concave, closed behind, length 41 microns (36–44 microns); inset from posterior margin by less than its own length, half occupied by the operculum with most of the lingula head visible. Lingula head spinulose with pair of stout setae. Operculum and lingula may be pigmented light brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABA3FA2EFA68F9AA" blockId="8.[151,1437,848,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA3FA2EFEEEFA72" box="[197,269,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ve n t e r</emphasis>
. Legs roughly triangular, each with a subcircular apical pad. Antennae small and slender, laterad, length 25 microns (20–28 microns). Abdominal setae placed mid-vasiform orifice. Cuticle fine, diaphanous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABF1F99AFDF2F9E7" blockId="8.[151,1437,1621,2034]" box="[151,529,1621,1647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABF1F99AFE52F9E6" box="[151,433,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">THIRD-INSTAR LARVA</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13582A1E8400FFC8AAA7F99AFDE4F9E7" box="[449,519,1621,1647]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 9" captionStartId="7.[151,271,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[240,1350,522,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[239,1356,506,1903]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 9. Bemisia afer. 5, ovum on Laurus nobilis from Italy; 6, first instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 7, second instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 8, third instar on L. nobilis from Italy; 9, fourth instar on Manihot esculenta from Mauritius." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188033/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABA3F9B3FCBEF934" blockId="8.[151,1437,1621,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA3F9B3FEC6F91D" box="[197,293,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Habitus</emphasis>
. Distribution similar to first and second instars. Ovoid, variable in colour from translucent to yellow and occasionally with four longitudinal dark patches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFC8ABA3F906FECAF82C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1621,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA3F906FEC2F96A" box="[197,289,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Margin</emphasis>
. Body elongate-oval, length 618 microns (540–732 microns), width 458 microns (380–552 microns), 1.36 (1.18–1.54) times longer than wide, generally widest across the meso-coxae. Three pairs of acute, marginal setae: AMS pair fine, length 12 microns (6–24 microns); PMS pair fine, length 18 microns (10–30 microns); CS pair stout, length 74 microns (64–90 microns); ratio CS/PMS = 4.25 (3.00–6.67). Margin fine to very finely crenate. Tracheal pore area indented slightly and crenulations often more pronounced.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8400FFCAABA3F87EFDE5FE48" blockId="8.[151,1437,1621,2034]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,564]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B917EA898400FFC8ABA3F87EFEC5F842" box="[197,294,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dorsum</emphasis>
. Chaetotaxy comprises paired CeS, length 5 microns (3–10 microns); 1 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B8400FFC8AFF5F87EFB23F843" box="[1171,1216,1969,1995]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AS</collectingCountry>
, length 5 microns (3–10 microns); and 8 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B8400FFC8AAFFF817FE21F87A" box="[409,450,2008,2034]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AS</collectingCountry>
, length 5 microns (3–8 microns). 8 
<collectingCountry id="F374760B8400FFC8A83DF817FC61F87A" box="[859,898,2008,2034]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AS</collectingCountry>
usually occurs on the lateral margin of the vasiform orifice but may be displaced antero-laterad. Minute setae may be present around the sub-marginal, but they are very difficult to detect. Geminate pore/porettes are aligned in three or four longitudinal groups. The dorsum may be smooth, without papillae or projections other than setae, or have pronounced longitudinal mid-dorsal and sub-dorsal rows of tubercles. The vasiform orifice is triangular or occasionally quadrate, longitudinal sides concave, half covered by the operculum, open behind and inset from margin by approximately its own length; length 59 microns (52–68 microns). The lingula is spatulate with two pairs of enlarged setae, the distal portion is spiculate, and it is half-covered by the operculum. Operculum and lingula may be pigmented light brown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1C66138401FFC9ABF1F8A4FC90F862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188034/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[198,1399,224,1839]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8401FFC9ABF1F8A4FC90F862" blockId="9.[151,1437,1899,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9ABF1F8A4FEBDF80B" bold="true" box="[151,350,1899,1923]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURES 10–17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9AA03F8A4FE58F80A" box="[357,443,1899,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9AA03F8A4FE58F80A" box="[357,443,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bemisia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. 10, 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9A979F8A4FD84F80A" box="[543,615,1899,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afer">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9A979F8A4FD84F80A" box="[543,615,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. afer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, diagrammatic representation of left compound eye of adult female; 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9AE2BF8A4FA76F80A" box="[1357,1429,1899,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afer">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9AE2BF8A4FA76F80A" box="[1357,1429,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. afer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 11, upper and lower compound eyes linked by one ommatidium; 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9A83BF841FC44F82D" box="[861,935,1934,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afer">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9A83BF841FC44F82D" box="[861,935,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. afer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 12, female antenna; 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9AFF4F841FB3FF82D" box="[1170,1244,1934,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afer">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9AFF4F841FB3FF82D" box="[1170,1244,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. afer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 13, aedeagus; 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9AEE3F841FF20F84F" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afer">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9AEE3F841FF20F84F" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. afer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 14, female cement gland; 15, 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9A945F87FFD6AF84F" box="[547,649,1968,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tabaci">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9A945F87FFD6AF84F" box="[547,649,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. tabaci</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ovum on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9A865F87FFBEFF84F" box="[771,1036,1968,1991]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulcherrima">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9A865F87FFBEFF84F" box="[771,1036,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Euphorbia pulcherrima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 16, 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9AF21F87FFB4EF84F" box="[1095,1197,1968,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tabaci">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9AF21F87FFB4EF84F" box="[1095,1197,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. tabaci</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, first larval instar on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9ABF1F81CFF15F862" box="[151,246,2003,2026]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9ABF1F81CFF15F862" box="[151,246,2003,2026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solidago</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Spain; 17, 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9AACFF81CFDE9F862" box="[425,522,2003,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Bemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tabaci">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9AACFF81CFDE9F862" box="[425,522,2003,2026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. tabaci</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, second instar on 
<taxonomicName id="4C634D188401FFC9A9ADF81CFC8FF862" box="[715,876,2003,2026]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulcherrima">
<emphasis id="B917EA898401FFC9A9ADF81CFC8FF862" box="[715,876,2003,2026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. pulcherrima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8402FFCAABA3FE02FD57FDBC" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B917EA898402FFCAABA3FE02FEEEFE6E" box="[197,269,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ve n t e r</emphasis>
. Cuticle diaphanous and smooth. Derm of thoracic tracheal folds usually with numerous, minute spinules. Middle and hind coxae each with a fine, hair-like seta, and an adjacent minute spine-like seta. Antennae length 17 microns (14–20 microns).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8402FFCAABF1FDA7FE66FD47" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<table id="F963C43B8402003FABF1FDA7FA7FFD47" box="[151,1436,616,719]" gridcols="10" gridrows="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<tr id="355334D98402003FABF1FDA7FA7FFD0A" box="[151,1436,616,642]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76825DA58402003FABF1FDA7FD2BFD0A" box="[151,712,616,642]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B917EA898402FFCAABF1FDA7FE2DFD09" box="[151,462,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FOURTH-INSTAR LARVA</emphasis>
(Fig. 9)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355334D98402003FABF1FD41FA7FFD20" box="[151,1436,654,680]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<th id="76825DA58402003FABF1FD41FD2BFD20" box="[151,712,654,680]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Described and illustrated by Bink-Moenen</th>
<td id="76825DA58402003FA9B6FD41FD04FD20" box="[720,743,654,680]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">&amp;</td>
<td id="76825DA58402003FA996FD41FCA8FD20" box="[752,843,654,680]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gerling</td>
<td id="76825DA58402003FA832FD41FC4FFD20" box="[852,940,654,680]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(1992),</td>
<td id="76825DA58402003FA8D2FD41FBE9FD20" box="[948,1034,654,680]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mound</td>
<td id="76825DA58402003FAF75FD41FB88FD20" box="[1043,1131,654,680]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(1965),</td>
<td id="76825DA58402003FAF15FD41FB27FD20" box="[1139,1220,654,680]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Martin</td>
<td id="76825DA58402003FAFABFD41FAF8FD20" box="[1229,1307,654,680]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(1987,</td>
<td id="76825DA58402003FAE45FD41FA8AFD20" box="[1315,1385,654,680]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1999)</td>
<td id="76825DA58402003FAE17FD41FA7FFD20" box="[1393,1436,654,680]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">and</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355334D98402003FABF1FD7AFA7FFD47" box="[151,1436,693,719]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76825DA58402003FABF1FD7AFD2BFD47" box="[151,712,693,719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Martin 
<emphasis id="B917EA898402FFCAAB88FD7AFEC2FD46" box="[238,289,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. (2000).
</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8402FFCAABF1FCCDFE72FC94" blockId="10.[151,1437,770,1454]" box="[151,401,770,796]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B917EA898402FFCAABF1FCCDFF10FC93" box="[151,243,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ADULT</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13582A1E8402FFCAAA64FCCDFE6BFC94" box="[258,392,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 17" captionStartId="9.[151,270,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[198,1399,224,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[162,1424,202,1869]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 17. Bemisia spp. 10, B. afer, diagrammatic representation of left compound eye of adult female; B. afer, 11, upper and lower compound eyes linked by one ommatidium; B. afer, 12, female antenna; B. afer, 13, aedeagus; B. afer, 14, female cement gland; 15, B. tabaci, ovum on Euphorbia pulcherrima; 16, B. tabaci, first larval instar on Solidago from Spain; 17, B. tabaci, second instar on E. pulcherrima." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188034/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 10–14</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC369B8402FFCAABA3FCE6FEFEFA26" blockId="10.[151,1437,770,1454]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Body yellow, wings hyaline, covered with sparse, powdery wax. Antennae 7-segmented. Antennal segment II about half as long as antennal segment III; antennal segment III about as long as segments IV–VII combined; segments V–VII subequal, segment IV shorter. Segment II with long, slender, conical sensorium (difficult to distinguish from the enlarged setae). Segment III with one sensorium located on the proximal portion, and three sensoria (a cone and two rhinarial-types) on the distal portion. The cone is approximately a quarter to a third the segment length away from the apex. Segment IV without a sensorium; segment V with an distal rhinarial-type sensorium; segment VI with a subapical sensorial cone, and segment VII with both a sensorial cone and an adjacent rhinarial sensorium, arising near the middle of the segment and the segment terminating in a narrow conical sensorium. Upper eye composed of about 40–47 ommatidia, each 8.8 (8.0–9.6) microns in diameter; lower compound eye composed of about 32 ommatidia, each 10.9 (9.8–12.3) microns in diameter, arranged in interconnected groups of 6 pigmented ommatidia surrounding a clear, smaller ommatidium. Upper and lower eyes connected by a single clear ommatidium. Metatibial combs consisting of 16–17 setae, all tibial brushes consisting of two or three adjacent setae. Male claspers paired, with about 10–11 long setae. Aedeagus ventral base smooth; distal portion straight, almost parallel sided with little or no curve upwards, blunt ended, sometimes terminating with a small fine tip. Male collar and female gonapophysis and supragenital plate unpigmented. Female cement gland is sinuous, without bands and with a small head.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>