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160 lines
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<document id="B25D6752350F392AAB4D7BD15C985EFC" ID-DOI="10.1093/isd/ixaa003" ID-ISSN="2399-3421" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630298270055" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Buffington, Matthew L., Forshage, Mattias, Liljeblad, Johan, Tang, Chang-Ti & Noort, Simon van" docDate="2020" docId="039F00036C5FFF91FCCCCF83FA84FA16" docLanguage="en" docName="ixaa003.pdf" docOrigin="Insect Systematics and Diversity 4 (4), No. 1" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003" docStyle="DocumentStyle:20C34595BA01015AC07A3B955E96DF74.8:InsectSystDivers.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="20C34595BA01015AC07A3B955E96DF74" docStyleName="InsectSystDivers.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Anacharitinae Thomson 1862" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="50" masterDocId="FFA6787B6C6EFFA0FFFECE02FF8DFFCE" masterDocTitle="World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher- Level Groups" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="50" updateTime="1699219653636" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A978EEB618DB6F2F8CA75149B88E48B9">
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<mods:title id="0F0C9A03BF911EE4DB0194B40224EFF7">World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher- Level Groups</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="52E8CE9BB89DD15A28E16448FB626A57" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5F7F322940096CB723FA5C9D60F47E00">Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="95E566688F09B5F3CC2B07448E6FF7A2">Systematic EntomologyLaboratory, ARS-USDAc / oNational Museumof NaturalHistory, SmithsonianInstitution, 10 th & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20013, USA,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="19FA970A309DCAB6F468D52538DD3E4D" type="email">matt.buffington@usda.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="B4B142C9429085F9B0C304FC6D854BE8">Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="182C2CF00F55E7D221784BAA36889C16">Department of Zoology, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Box 50007, SE- 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4B55B48F67855FE18D50EA7EC7C202CD">Liljeblad, Johan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4A2DBE56858DDE300BE73A3FB2E98432">Swedish Species Information Centre, PO Box 7007, SE- 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2DD2A7D6F19BEB8C649235A981C16830">Tang, Chang-Ti</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A9CDCD1BBBE2760AA81E517E63773CCA">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, SEH, Suite 6300, 800 22 nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA,</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8DD1BC142482E73A53C86E9EB89D58DC">Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="919FFC50C935D2D5A3A67A35E90D9431">Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="D2FBE75D2E25493F0629E50ADEF1FDA2">Insect Systematics and Diversity</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="68E5CFFAF74714AD8507F990024B911B">
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<mods:date id="D21D8124CE88889D003BA1E23BD96CD8">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="67DF2181717389808C33D88CD8A96A19">2020-07-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="845777C3C456C733CCA2968154D174D6">4</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="AA458D4C2510DEEA2E15327B04D6B8DD">4</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CA64351CDD69ED42D1DBBB6E439047F0">1</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="658B86B3BB7BBA819E3EEB1C7D6B2B3C">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="26F9ABBA261EEAF98C3A92D872ED1425">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B9CE6C7255ADE4C0A9B7AE8563AF971D" type="DOI">10.1093/isd/ixaa003</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D7A4808F23310ED94FDD088F5A92D4CD" type="ISSN">2399-3421</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="039F00036C5FFF91FCCCCF83FA84FA16" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F00036C5FFF91FCCCCF83FA84FA16" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F00036C5FFF91FCCCCF83FA84FA16" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<subSubSection id="C32CE29E6C5FFF91FCCCCF83FC38FE76" box="[818,974,385,440]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C5FFF91FCCCCF83FC43FE56" blockId="49.[818,974,385,408]" box="[818,974,385,408]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<heading id="D0C106796C5FFF91FCCCCF83FC43FE56" box="[818,974,385,408]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FCCCCF83FC43FE56" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1862" box="[818,974,385,408]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anacharitinae">Anacharitinae</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C5FFF91FCCCCFA6FC38FE76" blockId="49.[818,1442,420,821]" box="[818,949,420,440]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figs. 233–236</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32CE29E6C5FFF91FCCCCFC3FA84FA16" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C5FFF91FCCCCFC3FBEAFCFB" blockId="49.[818,1442,420,821]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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The moderately diverse anacharitines are often among the more easily recognizable wasps within the cynipoids. They tend to be elongate, with a subtriangular head (in anterior view). In fact, the head is frequently the widest part of the animal (when viewed dorsally. The narrow petiole, so characteristic of the common
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FCCCCC56FC1DFDA6" box="[818,912,596,616]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Anacharis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C5FFF91FCCCCC56FC1DFDA6" box="[818,912,596,616]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Anacharis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, in conjunction with a very short ovipositor, is hypothesized to be an adaptation for ‘quick strike’ oviposition into predatory
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FCA1CC92FBF0FD6D" authority="(Buffington 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Buffington" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[863,1149,655,675]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Neuroptera (Buffington 2007)</taxonomicName>
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. The narrow petiole allows for maximum flexibility in directing the ovipositor tip; the short ovipositor requires the slightest insertion into the larval body to deposit an egg. Together, this allows the wasp to successfully oviposit before the host can mount a counter-attack. The limits of some genera are poorly circumscribed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C5FFF91FCCCCD53FC73FC4D" blockId="49.[818,1441,849,899]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Biology. Primary parasitoids of aphidophagous
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FB0ECD53FAF9FCAB" box="[1264,1396,849,869]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hemerobiidae</taxonomicName>
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, and possibly
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FC7CCD6DFC74FC4D" box="[898,1017,879,899]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chrysopidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C5FFF91FCCCCD9DFA92FBC5" blockId="49.[818,1442,927,1035]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Distribution. Main genera are widespread but mostly Holarctic, while the Neotropical region has several endemic genera and the Afrotropics one (
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FC24CDDBFBF8FC23" authorityName="Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2013" box="[986,1141,985,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Acanthaegilopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C5FFF91FC24CDDBFBF8FC23" box="[986,1141,985,1005]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Acanthaegilopsis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FB73CDDBFB64FC23" box="[1165,1257,985,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Anacharis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C5FFF91FB73CDDBFB64FC23" box="[1165,1257,985,1005]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Anacharis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the most widespread with at least one species common in
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<collectingCountry id="F321F1856C5FFF91FB3ACDF5FA96FBC5" box="[1220,1307,1015,1035]" name="Australia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C5FFF91FCCCCA25FAA3FA8D" blockId="49.[818,1443,1063,1347]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Relevant literature. The research group at the University of Barcelona (led by Juli Pujade-Villar) has been very active in this taxon.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C5FFF91FC8CCA63FBC9FBBB" author="Ros-Farre, P. & F. Ronquist & J. Pujade-Villar" box="[882,1092,1121,1141]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="467 - 488" refId="ref28241" refString="Ros-Farre, P., F. Ronquist, and J. Pujade-Villar. 2000. Redescription of Acanthaegilips Ashmead, 1897, with characterization of the Anacharitinae and Aspiceratinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc-Lond. 129: 467 - 488." type="journal article" year="2000">Ros-Farré et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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revised
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FB6FCA63FA95FBBB" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1897" box="[1169,1304,1121,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Acanthaegilips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C5FFF91FB6FCA63FA95FBBB" box="[1169,1304,1121,1141]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Acanthaegilips</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and characterized the aspicerines and anacharitines;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C5FFF91FB6FCA7DFA2FFB5D" author="Mata-Casanova, N. & J. Selfa & J. Pujade-Villar" box="[1169,1442,1151,1171]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="31 - 43" refId="ref24817" refString="Mata-Casanova, N., J. Selfa, and J. Pujade-Villar. 2015 a. Revision of the genus Xyalaspis Hartig, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Anacharitinae) in the Western Palearctic. Zoosystema. 37: 31 - 43." type="journal article" year="2015">Mata-Casanova et al. (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
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revised
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FC87CA9EFC5FFB7E" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1843" box="[889,978,1180,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Xyalaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C5FFF91FC87CA9EFC5FFB7E" box="[889,978,1180,1200]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Xyalaspis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; other species-level treatments of
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FAEFCA9EFAD7FB7E" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1835" box="[1297,1370,1180,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Aegilips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C5FFF91FAEFCA9EFAD7FB7E" box="[1297,1370,1180,1200]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Aegilips</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Mata- Casanova et al. 2017;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C5FFF91FBF7CABBFA86FB03" author="Mata-Casanova, N. & J. Selfa & F. E. Gallardo & J. Pujade-Villar" box="[1033,1291,1209,1229]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="628 - 632" refId="ref24769" refString="Mata-Casanova, N., J. Selfa, F. E. Gallardo, and J. Pujade-Villar. 2019. Aegilips chilensis (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Anacharitinae): Redescription and biogegraphic considerations. Neotrop Entomol. 48: 628 - 632." type="journal article" year="2019">Mata-Casanova et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FABBCABBFBDAFB25" authority="(Mata-Casanova et al. 2015 b)" baseAuthorityName="Mata-Casanova" baseAuthorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Anacharis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C5FFF91FABBCABBFA2CFB03" box="[1349,1441,1209,1229]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Anacharis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C5FFF91FCC7CAD5FBC2FB25" author="Mata-Casanova, N. & J. Selfa & J. Pujade-Villar" box="[825,1103,1239,1259]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="314 - 320" refId="ref24862" refString="Mata-Casanova, N., J. Selfa, and J. Pujade-Villar. 2015 b. Description of two new species of Anacharis Dalman, 1823 (Hymenoptera: Figitidae, Anacharitinae) from the Afrotropical region. African Entomol. 314 - 320." type="book chapter" year="2015">Mata-Casanova et al. 2015b</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C5FFF91FB99CAD5FCE2FAC6" author="Restrepo-Ortiz, C. X. & J. Pujade-Villar" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="16 - 28" refId="ref27494" refString="Restrepo-Ortiz, C. X., and J. Pujade-Villar. 2010. The validity of Hexacharis Kieffer with taxonomic notes on Anacharitinae genera (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae). Zootaxa. 2400: 16 - 28." type="journal article" year="2010">Restrepo-Ortiz and Pujade-Villar (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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provide a key to genera of the world.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C5FFF91FB35CAF7FA2FFAC6" author="van Noort, S. & M. L. Buffington & M. Forshage" box="[1227,1442,1268,1288]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 176" refId="ref26147" refString="van Noort, S., M. L. Buffington, and M. Forshage. 2015. Afrotropical Cynipoidea. Zookeys. 493: 1 - 176. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 493.6353." type="journal article" year="2015">Van Noort et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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reviewed the Afrotropical species of the subfamily.
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FAF2CB13FAE0FAEB" authority="Buffington & Forshage & Liljeblad & Tang & Noort, 2020" authorityName="Buffington & Forshage & Liljeblad & Tang & Noort" authorityYear="2020" box="[1292,1389,1297,1317]" genus="Buffington" pageId="49" pageNumber="65" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Buffington</taxonomicName>
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et al. (2007, 2012) provided phylogenetic data on the group.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C5FFF91FCCCCB66FC39FAB6" blockId="49.[818,948,1380,1400]" box="[818,948,1380,1400]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Classification.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C5FFF91FCAACB96FBE1FA66" blockId="49.[852,1132,1428,1448]" box="[852,1132,1428,1448]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FCAACB96FBE1FA66" authority="Thomson, 1862" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1862" box="[852,1132,1428,1448]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anacharitinae">Anacharitinae Thomson, 1862</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C5FFF91FCA1CBC6FA84FA16" blockId="49.[863,1289,1476,1496]" box="[863,1289,1476,1496]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C5FFF91FCA1CBC6FBF3FA16" authority="Ashmead, 1897" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1897" box="[863,1150,1476,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Acanthaegilips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C5FFF91FCA1CBC6FC6BFA16" box="[863,998,1476,1496]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Acanthaegilips</emphasis>
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Ashmead, 1897
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</taxonomicName>
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; 17 species NT
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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