treatments-xml/data/60/FF/D8/60FFD8E79F376AE01810E81CA4A96E7D.xml

<document id="D13F093240E6BB2DE492A78A7D42FE47" ID-CLB-Dataset="280000" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.17.7660" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e5559874-3693-49c2-9e3c-ce9ac23b054a" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2615-17-77" ID-ZooBank="B1D5D79AC3D4436C8201F8B4006B1E37" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2615-17-77" ModsDocOrigin="Subterranean Biology 17" ModsDocTitle="New records and new species of springtails (Collembola: Entomobryidae, Paronellidae) from lava tubes of the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)" checkinTime="1458926476821" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Katz, Aron D., Taylor, Steven J., Soto-Adames, Felipe N., Addison, Aaron, Hoese, Geoffrey B., Sutton, Michael R. &amp; Toulkeridis, Theofilos" docDate="2016" docId="60FFD8E79F376AE01810E81CA4A96E7D" docLanguage="en" docName="SubterBiol 17: 77-120" docOrigin="Subterranean Biology 17" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.17.7660" docTitle="Pseudosinella vulcana Katz, Soto-Adames &amp; Taylor, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="93AB0B74-D429-4E08-A33E-B4D8E922E222" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="97" masterDocId="FFD3FFC6FF92A46B3B67FF872768FFD9" masterDocTitle="New records and new species of springtails (Collembola: Entomobryidae, Paronellidae) from lava tubes of the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)" masterLastPageNumber="120" masterPageNumber="77" pageNumber="94" updateTime="1701380041623" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1679AEA18C4F5CCFBCA59C72C1A0FF44">New records and new species of springtails (Collembola: Entomobryidae, Paronellidae) from lava tubes of the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4B46C7EB96A0E225458173D75A945942">Katz, Aron D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1410E3BE8EFF2D02EE09F812FC128CDE">Taylor, Steven J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="70FFCF55C66F6001B64F98AAC9C142FC">Soto-Adames, Felipe N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="946783826C5FCA289F29B11274A67390">Addison, Aaron</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="00FCEBF2E52D884239883A8B37CA8299">Hoese, Geoffrey B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A9061B7E89ABDB3B46C7BB13CDD8621B">Sutton, Michael R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8E8E6D6E4F9BB377E9F9F14FDFBF391A">Toulkeridis, Theofilos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E64E1E223C79C5F92821581B478789DF">2016</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="95DCE93694253E9B1963AE80CDCA751A" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">Taxon classification Animalia Collembola Entomobryidae</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="FDBC09C130D495A125210DA66E5F1DAE" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D2CB53AF199C3FA9051CDD03B139EC08" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="958C8DC8B5567BD1111AA19FBF1F880D" ID-CoL="4PBH7" LSID="http://zoobank.org/93AB0B74-D429-4E08-A33E-B4D8E922E222" authority="Katz, Soto-Adames &amp; Taylor" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">Pseudosinella vulcana Katz, Soto-Adames &amp; Taylor</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2694885CCB35735A127BA1F634F9428B" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 18, 19, 20
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="9E6FEBFB2B3692D4E9392242F38E2BEE" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="C4C3535E29076F88E88F1C0DD20DE393" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F50D98D493A74AD6E679760FF95CA43" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">
Latin, feminine form, alludes to the shield volcanoes of the 
<normalizedToken id="A8E988B9299C2BC4E4FEE1FE1B828934" originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
Islands.
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<subSubSection id="A806D923754CE63D53340578A435F247" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" type="type material">
<paragraph id="570D231C7D908D0560D2CDBD0ACA21C6" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8EC1C4243749D58683C935B447845C5B" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">
Holotype, ♂ on slide, Ecuador, 
<normalizedToken id="78006CCD6E3F93FC5A5608DF6687BCE9" originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
, Santa Cruz Island: Cueva Chato 2, leaf litter at entrance, 15.iii.2014 (S. Taylor, J. Jacoby, S. Hagan and R. Toomey), GLP-086, INHS Acc. 567,411.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA7F017187DF9A8C17F96CF4CC164CFB" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">
Paratypes, Ecuador, 
<normalizedToken id="7F43D88DD4FB2FDC934D68AAEBA74063" originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
, Santa Cruz Island: 1♀ on slide, Cueva Chato 2, leaf litter at entrance, 15.iii.2014 (S. Taylor, J. Jacoby, S. Hagan and R Toomey), GLP-086, INHS Acc. 567,412; 1♀ on slide, Cueva Chato 2, drip pool, dark zone, 15.iii.2014 (S. Taylor, J. Jacoby, S. Hagan and R. Toomey), GLP-090, INHS Acc. 567,413; 1♀ on slide, Cueva Chato 2, drip pool, dark zone, 15.iii.2014 (S. Taylor, J. Jacoby, S. Hagan and R. Toomey), GLP-090, CDRS.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="316A7616EE3A1499F1A8C6239A7C2917" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" type="description">
<paragraph id="6E0179E85B47A70503EF65F70774E607" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6BA83ADB6A9483ECC593F1363D90D9B3" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">Body shape and color pattern. Maximum body length 0.74mm (♀) and 0.68mm (♂). Body white, without pigment, except for minute black eye spot (Fig. 18A).</paragraph>
<caption id="9B0F31E74C225FDAB53A02C2F1F11F84" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">
<paragraph id="9E7ADC75F047AE429E0E72A1FBA65A9D" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">
Figure 18. 
<taxonomicName id="FEF0E34846C51FAE7DB7B70FBEADAE4F" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">Pseudosinella vulcana</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A habitus (INHS Acc. 567,412) with detail of eyespot (arrow) on another specimen B labial triangle C dorsal chaetotaxy of head.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E83B7373B56390022CF0B5D39ABF363C" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">Appendicular scales distribution. Scales limited to head, body and ventral face of furcula. Antennae, legs, ventral tube and dorsal face of furcula without scales.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="29DCA1A78A33916456B230F12ED95C89" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">Head. Apical bulb of Ant. IV absent; subapical sense organ clubbed, as large as guard sensillum; additional bulb-like sense organ present within a deep pit. Sense organ of Ant. III with 2 normal rods; at least 2 additional short, blunt sensilla present. Eyes 1+1, each within a minute eye spot. Dorsal head chaetotaxy (Fig. 18B) with 5+5 Mc in An series, in addition to Mc A0, A2, A3, and Pa5. Prelabral setae acuminate and weakly ciliate. Proximal labral setae ciliate, medial and distal labral setae smooth. Distal margin of labrum smooth. Outer maxillary lobe with basal and distal setae smooth and subequal; sublobal plate with 3 seta-like appendages, middle appendage 2' longer and 2' thicker than outer appendage. Lateral appendage of labial papilla E S-shaped, not reaching tip of papilla. Proximal labial setae smooth. Labial triangle setae formula: M1rEL1L2A1-5; A1-5 smooth; r minute, smooth, and conical; all other posterior setae ciliate (Fig. 18C). Postlabial setae ciliate; 3 setae and 4 scales along each side of ventral groove; modified setae absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ECFDF4FAF065882432ADE51A5063EBDF" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">Dorsal body chaetotaxy. Th. II without Mc (Fig. 19A): polychaetosis absent; mesothoracic hood not developed. Th. III without Mc (Fig. 19B). Abd. I (Fig. 19C) with 9 posterior mc; seta a6 absent. Abd. II (Fig. 19D) with 3 Mc (m3, m5, a2); Mc a2 short, thickened distally, with relatively small socket; supplementary setae mi, Li, Ll and m4i associated with bothriotricha m2 and a5 ciliate and weakly fan-shaped/truncate; all other mc acuminate and smooth; mc a2p and Lm, absent; seta a3 external to and half the length of as. Abd. III (Fig. 20A) with 2 Mc (pm6, p6); supplementary mc mi, ml, a2, Li, Lm, im and a6 weakly fan-shaped and ciliate, all other mc smooth; sensillum d2 and mc c3 and Ll absent; seta a3 anterior to and nearly reaching sensillum as; as twice as long as m3; seta a7 posterior to im and em and external to am6. Abd. IV (Fig. 20B) with 2 inner (B5, C1) and 4 lateral Mc (D3, E2, E3, F1); at least 1 additional posterior-lateral Mc of uncertain homology present; supplementary mc associated with bothriotricha weakly fan-shaped and ciliate; seta s present; mc T3 anterior to and not reaching D1p; posterior setae absent.</paragraph>
<caption id="EFFE6EB80E675EC7D78A92EC6203176E" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">
<paragraph id="193C3A7BEF7215DCD36A8D1BFA4C0155" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">
Figure 19. 
<taxonomicName id="97610535BFB95451C10B2D98CFE3E932" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">Pseudosinella vulcana</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 
<normalizedToken id="200C24AFE58C9C37E7C4B48FE5842309" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
dorsal chaetotaxy: A Th. II B Th. III C Abd. I D Abd. II.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="81D5B7690082AD4CA36DBE934C87318C" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">
<paragraph id="3CF46A2699BA20A8A4CF7748237E0D97" pageId="17" pageNumber="94">
Figure 20. 
<taxonomicName id="39F847C1F24413084D8045781F6313ED" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">Pseudosinella vulcana</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 
<normalizedToken id="FF95AB7160E8C11A7F6A3ADA9BA479E7" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
dorsal chaetotaxy: A Abd. III B Abd. IV C prothoracic claw complex D posterior face of collophore.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="612476F2EB1CF0E7EC2F0ED285612E16" pageId="18" pageNumber="95">
<pageBreakToken id="E71C8E36E8C79781B77F710C5E0BDCC8" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" start="start">Legs</pageBreakToken>
. Trochanteral organ with up to 9 setae. Metatibiotarsi with 2 outstanding posterior blunt seta. Tenent hair short and acuminate. Unguis with 4 inner teeth; 1 large wing-like inner tooth with 2 basal minute paired lateral teeth, and 1 unpaired proximal tooth. Unguiculus basally swollen on all legs; with 1 large outer wing tooth (Fig. 20C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3FEDD9615E525C0149B1242E4C24D218" pageId="18" pageNumber="95">Ventral tube. Lateral flaps with 4+4 or 5+5 smooth setae, anterior face with 4+4 ciliate setae, and posterior face (Fig. 20D) with 1+1 smooth setae and 1+1 minute conic microsensilla.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91A8E030B24E4BB5015EB9B5C1FCE6A1" pageId="18" pageNumber="95">Furcula. Dens tubercle absent. Mucro with sub-apical tooth larger than apical tooth; basal spine smooth.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DFDB9A96EF7F24100FBC31D43B89845C" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="C271527AECE2E4F662D61DD33CD3A1B6" pageId="18" pageNumber="95">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB76B8FEBED0CAC9C723627C1A16D8D9" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="18" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName id="8CC718490250293EE186A3843A7A3446" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">Pseudosinella vulcana</taxonomicName>
sp. n. is the only member of the genus with 1+1 eyes and with a wing tooth on both the unguis and unguiculus. This new species is most similar to 
<taxonomicName id="8A3B1F9347B387EEA4E1B5DA599B7DC8" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
Ellis, 1967, sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="FCE655B5A9D12FD07699FF71C0588319" author="Mari Mutt, JA" journalOrPublisher="Caribbean Journal of Science" pageId="32" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 48" title="[1987] Puerto Rican species of Lepidocyrtus and Pseudosinella (Collembola: Entomobryidae)." volume="22" year="1986">Mari Mutt (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, but differs by 
<pageBreakToken id="6C1F1DBDDA90879F490A533C25780CB3" pageId="19" pageNumber="96" start="start">having</pageBreakToken>
1+1 eyes, Abd. IV supplemental seta s present (Fig. 20B), and only 1+1 paired setae on the posterior face of the collophore (Fig. 20D), where as in 
<taxonomicName id="17B9A50BB339E4869F0AAB9EA91CC1B9" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="19" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
eyes and supplemental seta s are absent and the posterior face of the collophore has 2+2 paired setae and 1 unpaired medial seta.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD40BE81F69B92764B003A4173993298" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="60EF0D6D133BAE68564C57385988708F" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">
<pageBreakToken id="EE797B434789DEFBCBD8C95D4EFD8BF6" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" start="start">Pseudosinella</pageBreakToken>
vulcana
</taxonomicName>
sp. n. has 2 thickened, apically blunt metatibiotarsal setae, which was originally thought to differ from 
<taxonomicName id="5B4B367732BCEE66209C095F29262000" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
since 
<bibRefCitation id="A456ED598CA1DF8105A3FE991798DABB" author="Mari Mutt, JA" journalOrPublisher="Caribbean Journal of Science" pageId="32" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 48" title="[1987] Puerto Rican species of Lepidocyrtus and Pseudosinella (Collembola: Entomobryidae)." volume="22" year="1986">Mari Mutt (1986)</bibRefCitation>
described only 1 blunt metatibiotarsal seta. However, we observed 2 metatibiotarsal setae on 
<taxonomicName id="DE785AA9DE3D2EBE6F7B6F11D0E378AF" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
from Puerto Rico (Guajataca Commonwealth Forest, at end of trail #10, leaf litter, 19.v.2009, F. Soto, coll.). 
<taxonomicName id="A5E945A9035B6D3131A068C8934D7928" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella caoi" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caoi">Pseudosinella caoi</taxonomicName>
Chen, Wang &amp; Christiansen, 2002 and 
<taxonomicName id="E097CBE59DCF24348BBF3881AC703CBD" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella fujiokai" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fujiokai">Pseudosinella fujiokai</taxonomicName>
Yosii, 1964, sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="52B104F8BDE7BDDF176D7DF2DA467F50" author="Christiansen, K" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu" pageId="30" pageNumber="107" title="Insects of Hawaii: A Manual of the Insects of the Hawaiian Islands, including an Enumeration of the Species and Notes on their Origin, Distribution, Hosts, Parasites, etc. Volume 15. Collembola." year="1992">Christiansen and Bellinger (1992)</bibRefCitation>
, also have blunt metatibiotarsal setae, ungual wing teeth, Head Mc A3 (R2), and lack Mc on Th. II and Th. III, but can be differentiated from 
<taxonomicName id="04B312F577A9676DB2C2C71D14BF91BD" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">Pseudosinella vulcana</taxonomicName>
sp. n. by characters outlined in Table 2.
</paragraph>
<caption id="19AB43B922136B27DDA9F60460FE2874" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<paragraph id="A33B93987F28E48DDF416246FF93CB8E" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
Table 2. Diagnostic characters of 
<taxonomicName id="3E46C6CB65D4E157738881BF9F6CBCE3" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">Pseudosinella vulcana</taxonomicName>
sp. n. in relation to 
<taxonomicName id="C4D06F1237743F14CE3F45DBA0E53C7E" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
(4 morphological forms from Puerto Rico with locations(s) indicated in parentheses, and the holotype), 
<taxonomicName id="F0C60A62FB91DB53FE23895AA68F3A10" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella fujiokai" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fujiokai">Pseudosinella fujiokai</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="5C9CEA102D6FE1D8B701B2D42425C5A1" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella caoi" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caoi">Pseudosinella caoi</taxonomicName>
. Present (+), absent (-), not reported (?).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D6D9CF37EB1EF97EA0703C94EA8EC5A7" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<table id="9F0FC8DF26D05F561955B35FF2D4F6A6" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<tr id="AD736D666C6364303E7D1B97FB8639A6" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<th id="2B9A12A015CDDEFDFE10B047FCAAA232" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Species/forms</th>
<th id="BE1C9528FCBF3A021FCDFFDEFCA2351B" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Eyes</th>
<th id="C0705036F1314C08C62681DDC143AA75" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Labial triangle seta r</th>
<th id="05842A41D8A58486AB6B8994E8BA5572" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Number of blunt setae on metatibiotarsi</th>
<th id="4B658B221B2EF4931D44256C49894696" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Hd A2 (R1)</th>
<th id="26CA66BEA29FB09508909F2D85249B26" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Hd A3 (R2)</th>
<th id="278485333CDB43BCF6A4E655BE34D2E4" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Hd Pa5 (Po)</th>
<th id="36D2718C72462E381CEF6D63A37C450D" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Abd. 2 m4</th>
<th id="7093B7F22161A73DE008433640630D95" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Abd. 2 m4i</th>
<th id="F8695C6B70811BBE6B14716644240BAF" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Abd. 4 suppl. seta s</th>
<th id="8BB1B314E6B522FC3C9DE8A1B09ECA95" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Tenent hair</th>
<th id="D16A02E3BCC6E1CAC9C4841121C96D95" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Unpaired ungual tooth</th>
</tr>
<tr id="A8F89BECB761159E98DBECC61ED5F860" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="F8D74A2E1B6240667462661C25E38C9E" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="BE214DDE8D43AE199769CC2F636875CA" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">Pseudosinella vulcana</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C8B8A779ED6FE1EC6357F2A24B58E11A" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="B1D432990C47366B314341B970434693" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="B24746083FE7FD9486F8A197002D40CF" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7FE9E59285017C93AB872D860FE12714" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="84FD25B395CD528EF0448898AC2E6761" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="ED17613D205FD1967986B56D9D1E734E" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="425F87A3479EAF6B3F384F4EB40FF322" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="36E229FEFD9751249A7756863AD120C0" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="76A826088F563DCA4344457EB78D3175" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="71ED918C1B521D3BF254309B24EC5F49" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="076143B93C3054B59E9463E05C7C537C" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="9857E73FD5A45CD4E6B1E9B3FD058C6E" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0165CCBC718C212EA1E8E56D8961C65D" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="59DC924E105CC102EBA9BAFF04023928" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="3F2E48C0E11733EBDBFFC75602A73325" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C39C70E09E329A24DF9B17E5036917FA" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="1276D45893A1C2E8BD4B84D38FEAF32B" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="5C571BD25B6E445092F7EC7CDB452968" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella fujiokai" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fujiokai">Pseudosinella fujiokai</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="137977449406E6EB92B73E2CBB0C15E6" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="954E87510D220A31C654C199C6582435" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="708A082418A78FB1FC6BE8942944EA77" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella caoi" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caoi">Pseudosinella caoi</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="C1FECDCEC34498591BB2807A901F9FDC" author="Chen, J-X" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="107" pagination="80 - 85" title="A New Species of Pseudosinella from Guilin, China (Collembola: Entomobryidae)." url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25086048" volume="75" year="2002">Chen et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="94C417E9FFAE7A43871C02B5B0BFF91E" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<bibRefCitation id="AF86B6761984146E2821F71089409BEB" author="Mari Mutt, JA" journalOrPublisher="Caribbean Journal of Science" pageId="32" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 48" title="[1987] Puerto Rican species of Lepidocyrtus and Pseudosinella (Collembola: Entomobryidae)." volume="22" year="1986">Mari Mutt (1986)</bibRefCitation>
described 3 morphologically distinct forms among and within populations of 
<taxonomicName id="79AE2685A721BEBB0BDE8731D676C0A5" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
in Puerto Rico that differ in dorsal chaetotaxy (presence/absence of head Mc A3 (R2)) and tenent hair morphology (clavate/acuminate). He also noted differences between the Puerto Rican forms and 
<bibRefCitation id="1BBED7FCB021D6B0DC397AB83455461F" author="Ellis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Beaufortia" pageId="31" pageNumber="108" pagination="93 - 107" title="Studies on neotropical Collembola, I. Some Collembola from Guatemala." url="http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/504810" volume="14" year="1967">
<normalizedToken id="E86BB6A34259092EE1F92A20AA5DCA52" originalValue="Ellis’">Ellis'</normalizedToken>
(1967)
</bibRefCitation>
type specimens; primarily the absence of head Mc A2 (R1), A3 (R2), and Pa5 (Po) on the holotype. Furthermore, the original description of 
<taxonomicName id="688A71E39F5F06BC444C51457279360E" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
does not show the presence of m4i on Abd. II, which is distinctly present in the Puerto Rico populations. The high levels of morphological variation exhibited among these forms suggest that 
<taxonomicName id="F41A2170521AF4959DB491858A96FFDE" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
represents a species complex: small and seemingly insignificant differences in morphology have been shown to correlate with large genetic distances among populations, indicating the presence of species complexes (
<bibRefCitation id="44E8873360B98874FA0151FAE129C480" author="Porco, D" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="33" pageNumber="110" pagination="470 - 477" title="Challenging species delimitation in Collembola: cryptic diversity among common springtails unveiled by DNA barcoding." url="10.1071/IS12026" volume="26" year="2012">Porco et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="8D58D38EBD9CCB5954E7F342CA7CC07F" author="Cicconardi, F" journalOrPublisher="Molecular ecology" pageId="30" pageNumber="107" pagination="5382 - 5396" title="Collembola, the biological species concept and the underestimation of global species richness." url="10.1111/mec.12472" volume="22" year="2013">Cicconardi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DF05AB4A3D1414AFDC7C474368F24281" author="Katz, AD" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="32" pageNumber="109" pagination="810 - 840" title="Operational criteria for cryptic species delimitation when evidence is limited, as exemplified by North American Entomobrya (Collembola: Entomobryidae)." url="10.1111/zoj.12220" volume="173" year="2015 a">Katz et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
). In fact, 
<bibRefCitation id="3036BB13C0671A810F21A28ACAE0846D" author="Soto-Adames, FN" journalOrPublisher="Molecular phylogenetics and evolution" pageId="33" pageNumber="110" pagination="27 - 42" title="Molecular phylogeny of the Puerto Rican Lepidocyrtus and Pseudosinella (Hexapoda: Collembola), a validation of Yoshii's &quot; color pattern species &quot;." url="10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00250-6" volume="25" year="2002 b">Soto-Adames (2002b)</bibRefCitation>
observed large genetic differences between sympatric individuals of Puerto Rican 
<taxonomicName id="0D1E56849A1DFB4EEE33A86AA5903294" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
, but these differences could not be correlated with differences in morphology due to destructive DNA extraction methods. Additional investigations utilizing morphological and molecular data may clarify species-level relationships among populations of 
<taxonomicName id="0D7DF24C7561B17EA54D541B1982B69F" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
, a species with a widespread neotropical distribution. See Table 2 for a list of diagnostic characters separating the different forms and descriptions of 
<taxonomicName id="55B87D69B7A2FDA4C6C9BD88EF1AE46A" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella biunguiculata" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biunguiculata">Pseudosinella biunguiculata</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BFCD2CC0780270ECF1AC57DE54AF506D" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="DC664179AFF49C0216C9B54D3BF9D7B0" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">Pseudosinella vulcana</taxonomicName>
sp. n. was collected from entrance and from the surface of a drip pool (Fig. 2A) within the dark zone, in generally cool, moist, low light conditions (Table 3), suggesting the species may be a troglophile.
</paragraph>
<caption id="ED5E7D0DE6DC4BBBB95FE199B2D529E7" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<paragraph id="21C75BF55D091EE41584D419C828CCE8" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
Table 3. Environmental conditions associated with March 2014 collections of 
<taxonomicName id="5230D0B36BC0D1064589F90E51587EF3" lsidName="Entomobryoidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Entomobryoidea">Entomobryoidea</taxonomicName>
from lava tube sites on Santa Cruz and Isabela islands, 
<normalizedToken id="F22DFB5E1D9A35DC6DEF9A7BCE5EA012" originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
Islands, Ecuador.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B9DFE68186E1DF1F85C0597EA1056FE2" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<table id="1411E6C336AA3BA062400DD3A3932354" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<tr id="FDBADA3FE1CCFC8B251509DEC429AE06" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<th id="F332E079E26D4E4B9F45F4E55DA35CD0" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Species</th>
<th id="D55BA84A777AC29A298FAEC06F6D871B" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Light (Lux)</th>
<th id="9932BFA0B16FB9F2B08189FC74CEC327" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Relative humidity (%)</th>
<th id="5DDB65ED40592BACF587DFB0A704983B" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Air temperature (°C)</th>
<th id="6B7425B7F68D20DD529597307FE967B9" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Soil temperature (°C)</th>
<th id="C3C12CA89776D1EBE82538C069350D81" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Elevation (m)</th>
<th id="85C90B26438F9FF096A654470969908B" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">Cave zone</th>
</tr>
<tr id="A550C468128162DA64434513DF617CD1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="B7355819AC62C553301A9B8F1D82BF74" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="D3B32E76F317A76BD3CCB60EF5901E2A" class="Collembola" family="Orchesellidae" genus="Heteromurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) nitens" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitens" subGenus="Heteromurtrella">Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) nitens</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EFCC0621ED64BFCD5B7F9D03EB3ECA5D" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="994C41A76D519EF94D33042B78E2FC99" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="6672C5A5DF302547675433D181815898" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Lepidocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepidocyrtus nigrosetosus" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrosetosus">Lepidocyrtus nigrosetosus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3F506D81F3BBA331FA84C06243BF3C43" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="8F3864FBE37128AC5B968425F57AD8A3" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="ED154645E23624AEC969C2AD30D1B16D" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella stewartpecki" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stewartpecki">Pseudosinella stewartpecki</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="26036CC49F4208E4667B9E7D93E45945" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="7239BAF947B118FF1E3287E5D8A66FDC" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="4CBFAF465230071B5BEF54273C259887" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Pseudosinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosinella vulcana" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcana">Pseudosinella vulcana</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7D3423287EE19CE2FA368C5449867E45" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="43875A01F952119B3E5B3E224CFCD6DA" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="8D3A0E584B41B5BBF1F6E9787281D439" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Coecobrya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coecobrya" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coecobrya</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="84F2A0092B9DCA48AE68AC32E502239F" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="0CB206ECE1591BE1DE7201E550E5AE34" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="7178CAE5E7DF991301A4B80924B83E90" class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Entomobrya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Entomobrya darwini" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darwini">Entomobrya darwini</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="811A2CAE11E1FAF1139D31B3B064B0DD" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="9252E73CF457D36004D43D28A4D479CF" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="FB3BA42EDDB3F584338B7C0D0FDF751E" class="Collembola" family="Paronellidae" genus="Cyphoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphoderus agnotus" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agnotus">Cyphoderus cf. agnotus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="686B4EC5EED068931E66362F8EA8A6B1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
<td id="FC89F7022EC5CF16F3AAFAD8FB22C6FF" colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="76CED377F4B1D6B5B1D15C05E79B0257" class="Collembola" family="Paronellidae" genus="Salina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salina" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Salina</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39DF6669A95A0E3B038D4A8FC524E436" pageId="20" pageNumber="97" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3862FBEC8399EB3F9A94395F72F33AD9" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4E5E82B148BADF69B56A7B5AB4882597" pageId="20" pageNumber="97">
Santa Cruz Island, 
<normalizedToken id="7F0F474295C7740FC90C4B79AD717ED8" originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
, Ecuador.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>