treatments-xml/data/03/B7/71/03B77177FFEEA26AFF25ACA9FFA3FC6E.xml

<document id="3BC81CA4F1CF95298404A1C070348B7D" ID-CLB-Dataset="51173" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4066.4.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="644db33c-001e-4067-92e0-a5fbf7b384cd" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="261849" ID-ZooBank="87790552-1DFF-41DF-B6C4-5BD43D19E998" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459689464531" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Fend, Steven V., Liu, Yingkui, Steinmann, David, Giere, Olav, Barton, Hazel A., Luiszer, Fred &amp; Erséus, Christer" docDate="2016" docId="03B77177FFEEA26AFF25ACA9FFA3FC6E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4066.4.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4066 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Limnodrilus sulphurensis Fend, Liu &amp; Erseus, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="460" masterDocId="FF8E090FFFECA263FFB2AD1CFC7FFFD9" masterDocTitle="Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from a sulfur cave in Colorado, USA, with notes on the morphologically similar L. profundicola (Clitellata, Naididae, Tubificinae)" masterLastPageNumber="468" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="453" updateTime="1698209122717" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F739AD79EF08FE9E19EA56B4F8D29D1B">Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from a sulfur cave in Colorado, USA, with notes on the morphologically similar L. profundicola (Clitellata, Naididae, Tubificinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1F990C9A89733D74CEED7CCA4202F777">Fend, Steven V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3DCB640E878714B1D5625C00C63F2519">Liu, Yingkui</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0B3C61B767F610039F35FAF51E643903">Steinmann, David</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="04D8FFC1548D699E61B598B177EEE6CD">Giere, Olav</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5AD75C01B56CB9D785D8E2407C94F2FE">Luiszer, Fred</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEEA261FF25ACA9FEB3FE16" authority="Fend, Liu &amp; Erseus" authorityName="Fend, Liu &amp; Erseus" box="[151,716,437,463]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEEA261FF25ACA9FDB0FE16" bold="true" box="[151,463,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Limnodrilus sulphurensis</emphasis>
Fend, Liu &amp; Erséus
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<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEEA261FF25ACCBFCDFFE29" bold="true" box="[151,160,471,496]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">(</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEEA261FF12ACCBFD5AFE29" box="[160,293,471,496]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox-0="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetBox-1="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figures 1–3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<typeStatus id="54A57EC3FFEEA261FF25AF03FD79FDE1" box="[151,262,543,568]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
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<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FEC7AF03FDE5FDE1" box="[373,410,543,568]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ZE</collectionCode>
.46275, a whole mounted, sexually mature and 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FC66AF3CF86EFDE1" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" box="[980,1041,544,568]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" name="Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">DNA</collectionCode>
barcoded specimen; i.e., a small posterior part of the worm was used for 
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extraction. 
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barcode = haplotype 1 (CE10482, GenBank 
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; see also &quot;Barcodes&quot; below).
</paragraph>
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locality.
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Colorado, Routt Co., City of Steamboat Springs, Sulphur Cave, high H2S stream in dark zone, 
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, 
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. 
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. Collected by David Steinmann and Fred Luiszer.
</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="54A57EC3FFEEA261FF75AFCAFD3EFD36" box="[199,321,726,751]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
All from the 
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locality. 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FD30AFCBFEACFD36" box="[642,723,727,751]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mmzs-jqix" name="Denver Museum of Nature and Science" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">DMNS</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FD6EAFCAFF7FFD36" box="[732,768,726,751]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ZE</collectionCode>
.46276–46280: 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FC02AFCBF83CFD36" box="[944,1091,727,751]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2010-04-11">11-Apr-2010</date>
, 2 whole-mounts, 3 dissected. 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FF25AFE7FC97FCCA" box="[151,232,763,787]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8z6v-f8is" name="Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">SMNH</collectionCode>
<typeStatus id="54A57EC3FFEEA261FF40AFE7FD56FCCA" box="[242,297,763,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Type</typeStatus>
8779, 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FECEAFE7FE70FCCA" box="[380,527,763,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2008-09-20">20-Sep-2008</date>
, 1 whole-mounted, mature specimen with 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FC4EAFE7F853FCCA" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" box="[1020,1068,763,787]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">COI</collectionCode>
barcode (CE7491, haplotype 2, GenBank 
<accessionNumber id="944D5D82FFEEA261FEBCAE02FDF2FCEE" box="[270,397,798,823]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KT692956" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">KT692956</accessionNumber>
). 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FE17AE03FD89FCEE" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[421,502,799,823]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">USNM</collectionCode>
1283518, 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FDC8AE03FF6BFCEE" box="[634,788,799,823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2007-08-18">18-Aug-2007</date>
, 1 whole-mount, mature, with 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FB3EAE03F8C3FCEE" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" box="[1164,1212,799,823]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">COI</collectionCode>
barcode (CE7489, haplotype 1); 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FE89AE5FFDF3FC82" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[315,396,835,859]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">USNM</collectionCode>
1283512-1283516, 
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, 2 whole-mounts, 3 dissected; 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FBC8AE5FF8B4FC82" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1146,1227,835,859]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">USNM</collectionCode>
1283517, 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FAF9AE5FFCADFCA6" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2009-08-01">1-Aug- 2009</date>
, 1 sagittally sectioned. 
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197459, 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FD23AE7BFF63FCA6" box="[657,796,871,895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2009-08-01">1-Aug-2009</date>
, 1 whole-mount; 
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197460, 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FB29AE7BF950FCA6" box="[1179,1327,871,895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2010-04-11">11-Apr-2010</date>
, 1 wholemount, 3 dissected. 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FEC4AE97FDCBFC7B" box="[374,436,907,930]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ZMH</collectionCode>
Ol 15446 -15450, 
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, 2 whole-mounts; 
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, 3 dissected. All collected by David Steinmann and Fred Luiszer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEEA261FF75AECEFF8EFB1A" blockId="2.[151,1437,543,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEEA261FF75AECEFDBEFC32" bold="true" box="[199,449,978,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Additional material.</emphasis>
The 
<typeStatus id="54A57EC3FFEEA261FDB8AECFFE45FC32" box="[522,570,979,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">type</typeStatus>
locality, 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FD03AECFFF35FC32" box="[689,842,979,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2008-08-18">18-Aug-2008</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FCEFAECFFFD1FC32" box="[861,942,979,1003]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8z6v-f8is" name="Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">SMNH</collectionCode>
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FC0FAECEF86EFC32" box="[957,1041,978,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="75-01-15">150175</date>
(CE7486); 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FB17AECFF948FC32" box="[1189,1335,979,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2008-09-20">20-Sep-2008</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FAF9AECFF9E3FC32" box="[1355,1436,979,1003]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8z6v-f8is" name="Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">SMNH</collectionCode>
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FF25AEEAFC94FBD6" box="[151,235,1014,1039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="76-01-15">150176</date>
(CE7490); both whole-mounts with 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FD1FAEEBFEA2FBD6" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" box="[685,733,1015,1039]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">COI</collectionCode>
barcodes (haplotype 2). 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FBA2AEEBF8E5FBD6" box="[1040,1178,1015,1039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2009-03-09">9-Mar-2009</date>
, 10 whole-mounts (6 immature), 1 sagittally sectioned. 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FD9AA907FECCFBEA" box="[552,691,1051,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2009-08-01">1-Aug-2009</date>
, 5 whole mounts. 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FC21A907F858FBEA" box="[915,1063,1051,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2010-04-11">11-Apr-2010</date>
, 5 whole mounts, 12 dissected. Colorado, Routt Co., Surface spring near Sulphur Cave, 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FCF7A923FFA6FB8E" box="[837,985,1087,1111]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2010-04-11">11-Apr-2010</date>
, 4 whole mounts (immature). 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FAF9A923F9E3FB8E" box="[1355,1436,1087,1111]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8z6v-f8is" name="Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">SMNH</collectionCode>
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FF25A97EFC91FBA2" box="[151,238,1122,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="77-01-15">150177</date>
, 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FF4BA97FFDF3FBA2" box="[249,396,1123,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2010-04-11">11-Apr-2010</date>
, 1 whole-mount, immature, with 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FCB3A97FFF4EFBA2" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" box="[769,817,1123,1147]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">COI</collectionCode>
barcode (CE10479, haplotype 1). Colorado, Routt Co., Black Sulphur Springs, 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FE0BA99BFE32FB46" box="[441,589,1159,1183]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="2010-04-11">11-Apr-2010</date>
, 1 whole mount, 1 whole mount with 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FB80A99BF81DFB46" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" box="[1074,1122,1159,1183]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">COI</collectionCode>
barcode (
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEEA261FB52A99BF94CFB46" box="[1248,1331,1159,1183]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8z6v-f8is" name="Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">SMNH</collectionCode>
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEEA261FAF3A99AF9E7FB46" box="[1345,1432,1158,1183]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" value="78-01-15">150178</date>
, CE10477, haplotype 1). All collected by David Steinmann and Fred Luiszer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30493EAFFEEA261FF75A9D2FEF1FB3E" box="[199,654,1230,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEEA261FF75A9D2FEF1FB3E" blockId="2.[151,1437,543,2011]" box="[199,654,1230,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEEA261FF75A9D2FD31FB3E" bold="true" box="[199,334,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named for the 
<typeStatus id="54A57EC3FFEEA261FE4FA9CCFE52FB31" box="[509,557,1232,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30493EAFFEEA265FF75A9EEF9E9F8DC" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEEA261FF75A9EEF962FAAE" blockId="2.[151,1437,543,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEEA261FF75A9EEFD26FAD2" bold="true" box="[199,345,1266,1291]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Description.</emphasis>
Specimens relaxed in dilute alcohol and fixed in FAA 
<quantity id="4CE66D84FFEEA261FC47A9EEF80CFAD3" box="[1013,1139,1266,1291]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="21.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="18.0">18–25 mm</quantity>
long; formalin-preserved worms more contracted, 
<quantity id="4CE66D84FFEEA261FE0DA80BFE3EFAF6" box="[447,577,1303,1327]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="12.0">12–19 mm</quantity>
. Width 
<quantity id="4CE66D84FFEEA261FD11A80AFF32FAF6" box="[675,845,1302,1327]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.55" metricValueMax="9.9" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="0.755" valueMax="0.99" valueMin="0.52">0.52–0.99 mm</quantity>
in VIII, to 
<quantity id="4CE66D84FFEEA261FC50A80AF833FAF6" box="[994,1100,1302,1327]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="1.05">1.05 mm</quantity>
in XI, tapering in posterior segments. 51–78 (median 64) segments. Prostomium rounded, slightly wider than long in FAA-preserved worms; broadly conical in formalin-fixed specimens (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEEA261FD24A842FEA9FAAE" box="[662,726,1374,1399]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). Clitellum weak in all available material, X–XII.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEEA261FF75A89FF838F8DA" blockId="2.[151,1437,543,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
Segments II–VII or VIII with 5–11 fully developed chaetae per bundle (median 7 dorsal, 8 ventral), and a similar but indeterminate number of partially developed replacement chaetae, all in a descending, fan-like series (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEEA261FF2DA8D6FCA0FA3A" box="[159,223,1482,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B). Number of chaetae per bundle decreasing posteriorly; by XX 2–3, posterior segments at most 1–2; most specimens with few or no chaetae from about the posterior 1/4 of the worm. All chaetae bifid, sigmoid, with variably developed nodulus at about the distal 1/3 (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEEA261FD68AB0EFF65F9F2" box="[730,794,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B–E). Chaetae in anterior part of body (to about X) with teeth approximately equal in length and thickness; teeth long (12–20 µm), nearly straight (never strongly hooked), and nearly perpendicular to the distal part of the shaft (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEEA261FD45AB46FF47F9AA" box="[759,824,1626,1651]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–C). Chaetae gradually smaller, and teeth shorter and less strongly angled relative to shaft in posterior segments (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEEA261FC9EAB62FF0BF94E" box="[812,884,1662,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
C–E, 3D). Ventral chaetae absent in XI in mature worms; no modified spermathecal chaetae in X. Chaetal length 84–185 µm in II–X (maximum length in IV–VI); 
<quantity id="4CE66D84FFEEA261FF25ABDAFD76F906" box="[151,265,1734,1759]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7305" metricValueMax="3.175" metricValueMin="2.286" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="in" value="107.5" valueMax="125.0" valueMin="90.0">90–125 in</quantity>
XI–XX; 50–100 µm in posterior segments. In anterior (preclitellar) segments, the ventral chaetae about 30% longer and slightly thicker than the corresponding dorsal ones (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEEA261FC27ABF6FFACF8DA" box="[917,979,1770,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C vs. 1E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEEA261FF75AA12F924F892" blockId="2.[151,1437,543,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
Pharynx in II–III, weakly differentiated from esophagus; about equally developed dorsally and ventrally. Chloragogen cells dense on gut beginning in VI, with dark inclusions in worms fixed in the field (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEEA261FB52AA2EF95DF892" box="[1248,1314,1842,1867]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E,F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEEA265FF75AA4AFF81FE75" blockId="2.[151,1437,543,2011]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
Branches of dorsal blood vessel join to form the ventral vessel at about 2/3. A well-developed supra-intestinal vessel from about 5/6, joining the dorsal vessel in IX; the conjoined &quot;dorsal&quot; vessel curving ventrad along the left side of the gut, and remaining in a lateral or even ventrolateral position until the posterior segments. Dorsal and ventral vessels connected by long, convoluted, commissural vessels in II–VII and in IX–XI. In VIII, commissures shorter and modified as &quot;hearts&quot;; these greatly dilated (to 150 µm), but not obviously muscular, and joining the supra-intestinal vessel instead of the dorsal. A network of fine peripheral, capillary blood vessels visible in posterior segments, extending into the epidermal layer (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FC83ADC3FF05FF21" box="[817,890,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
F); relatively sparse beginning in about XXV, forming a dense network beginning in about XXXV. Branches of capillary vessels coalesce to a short ventrolateral vessel, which joins the ventral vessel near the posterior septum. A second main branch from the capillary blood vessels joins a pair of dorsolateral vessels extending from the dorsal vessel to both sides of the ventral body wall. These dorsolateral vessels join the dorsal vessel near the posterior septum, the one going to the right side passing over the gut; apparently no direct connection to the ventral vessel (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FC31AC88FFBEFE75" box="[899,961,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
F,G).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6190E9FFEFA260FF25AA02FD66F835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" targetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEFA260FF25AA02FD66F835" blockId="3.[151,1436,1822,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEFA260FF25AA02FD69F8ED" bold="true" box="[151,278,1822,1844]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEFA260FEADAA02FE5CF8ED" box="[287,547,1822,1844]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEFA260FEADAA02FE5CF8ED" box="[287,547,1822,1844]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Limnodrilus sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEFA260FD9EAA03FE16F8ED" bold="true" box="[556,617,1823,1844]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A259A108FFEFA260FD9EAA03FE16F8ED" box="[556,617,1823,1844]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEFA260FB2CAA02F8C8F8EA" bold="true" box="[1182,1207,1822,1843]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">A.</emphasis>
Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEFA260FE1DAA21FDB9F88B" bold="true" box="[431,454,1853,1874]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">B.</emphasis>
Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n=19, including 10 partially developed). 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEFA260FA31AA21F9E3F88A" bold="true" box="[1411,1436,1853,1875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">C.</emphasis>
Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEFA260FC04AA40FFB1F8A8" bold="true" box="[950,974,1884,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">D.</emphasis>
Ventral chaetae (n=13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEFA260FCC6AA67FFF4F849" bold="true" box="[884,907,1915,1936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">E.</emphasis>
Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEFA260FEFBAA85FD25F877" bold="true" box="[329,346,1945,1966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">F.</emphasis>
Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEFA260FCC9AAA4FFF0F817" bold="true" box="[891,911,1976,1998]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">G.</emphasis>
Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6190E9FFE8A267FF25AA58F8E1F84E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" targetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFE8A267FF25AA58F8E1F84E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1860,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE8A267FF25AA58FD6DF880" bold="true" box="[151,274,1860,1882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE8A267FEAAAA58FE66F883" box="[280,537,1860,1882]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE8A267FEAAAA58FE66F883" box="[280,537,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Limnodrilus sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A259A108FFE8A267FDADAA59FE27F883" box="[543,600,1861,1882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE8A267FDADAA59FE27F883" bold="true" box="[543,600,1861,1882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
from Sulphur Cave (A–D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE8A267FEB9AA7FFD5CF8A1" bold="true" box="[267,291,1891,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">A.</emphasis>
Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE8A267FC11AA7FFFC5F8A1" bold="true" box="[931,954,1891,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">B.</emphasis>
Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE8A267FF6CAA9DFC88F84E" bold="true" box="[222,247,1921,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">C.</emphasis>
Male duct from a mated worm. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE8A267FD8DAA9EFE11F84E" bold="true" box="[575,622,1922,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">D, E</emphasis>
. penis sheaths. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE8A267FCBCAA9EFF60F84E" bold="true" box="[782,799,1922,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">F.</emphasis>
Spermatozeugmata. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE8A267FC44AA9DF874F84E" bold="true" box="[1014,1035,1921,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">G.</emphasis>
Spermatheca.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6190E9FFE9A266FF25ABC5FC96F83C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" targetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFE9A266FF25ABC5FC96F83C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1753,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FF25ABC5FD72F937" bold="true" box="[151,269,1753,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE9A266FEA8ABC5FE63F936" box="[282,540,1753,1775]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FEA8ABC5FE63F936" box="[282,540,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Limnodrilus sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A259A108FFE9A266FD90ABC6FE23F936" box="[546,604,1754,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FD90ABC6FE23F936" bold="true" box="[546,604,1754,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
from Sulphur Cave. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FC81ABC5FF33F937" bold="true" box="[819,844,1753,1774]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">A.</emphasis>
Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FE06ABE4FDB4F8D4" bold="true" box="[436,459,1784,1805]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">B.</emphasis>
Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC-10. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FC76ABE4FFA2F8D7" bold="true" box="[964,989,1784,1806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">C.</emphasis>
Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FA31ABE4F9E3F8D4" bold="true" box="[1411,1436,1784,1805]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">D.</emphasis>
Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FE2FAA0BFDCAF8F5" bold="true" box="[413,437,1815,1836]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">E.</emphasis>
Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FF6BAA2AFC94F892" bold="true" box="[217,235,1846,1867]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">F.</emphasis>
Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FEE8AA48FDF0F8B3" bold="true" box="[346,399,1876,1898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">G, H.</emphasis>
Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FBB6AA49F86BF8B3" bold="true" box="[1028,1044,1877,1898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">I.</emphasis>
Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FA3BAA49F9E3F8B3" bold="true" box="[1417,1436,1877,1898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">J.</emphasis>
Penis sheath, from the holotype. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FE5BAA6FFE7CF851" bold="true" box="[489,515,1907,1928]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">K.</emphasis>
Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FAFBAA6FF91EF851" bold="true" box="[1353,1377,1907,1928]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">L.</emphasis>
Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FC56AA8EF87DF87E" bold="true" box="[996,1026,1938,1959]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">M.</emphasis>
Spermatheca, from a transverse section. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FF25AAACFCD0F81C" bold="true" box="[151,175,1968,1989]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">N.</emphasis>
Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE9A266FD83AAACFE34F81F" bold="true" box="[561,587,1968,1990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">O.</emphasis>
Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A–D, F–H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEAA265FF75ACABF86FFDC1" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Nephridia in XIII and many posterior segments; a convoluted duct covered with indistinct, granular cells forming a dense mass, extending ventrally through most of segment, terminating in a short ectal duct, which widens into a small vesicle at the nephridiopore, anterior to the ventral chaetae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEAA265FF75AF38FEF1FAD5" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
Male ducts and spermathecae paired. Male pores narrow, transverse openings, in line with ventral chaetae, at about the posterior 1/4 of segment XI (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FDFEAF5BFEF4FDB9" box="[588,651,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). Spermathecal pores prominent and transverse, in line with ventral chaetae, midway between chaetae in X and anterior septum (9/10). Male funnel 100–120 µm long, either narrowly conical with upper and lower lips about the same length, or with lips laterally spread; projecting into X from 10/11. Vas deferens very long, about 4000–6400 µm, diameter 22–48 µm, generally thinnest in formalin-preserved worms; of nearly uniform diameter and histology (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FD6DAFCBFF5AFD29" box="[735,805,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C). Vas deferens composed of a single layer of ciliated epithelium 7–10 µm thick, without obvious muscle layer. Atrium narrowly fusiform, narrowing gradually to vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts; length 240–490 µm, diameter to 65–94 µm ental to prostate attachment, 42–85 µm in ectal part (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FE81AE58FD07FC85" box="[307,376,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–C). Atrial epithelium ciliated, cells granular, irregular, indistinct in ental part; often more regular and less granular in ectal part (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FDE6AE7BFEE7FC59" box="[596,664,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
H). Atrium joined near midpoint by a single, stalked prostate gland (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FF2DAE90FC8DFC7D" box="[159,242,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B, 3G,H); prostate a fan-like cluster of irregular lobes; entire mass 240–380 µm wide; prostatic cells granular and indistinct. Ectal (ejaculatory) duct of atrium 250–480 µm long by 26–38 µm wide, with a thin (5–7 µm), non-ciliated epithelium and indistinct muscle layer about 2–3 µm thick; appearing slightly wrinkled and less evenly cylindrical than vas deferens. Penis without obvious spiral muscles; penis sheath surrounded by a closefitting sac to 120–240 µm deep, consisting of columnar cells and a thin, indistinct muscle layer. Shaft of cuticular penis sheath nearly tubular, expanded slightly at ends; straight or somewhat curved in slide-mounted specimens (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FF2DA978FC91FBA5" box="[159,238,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
D, 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEAA265FEBDA978FD56FBA5" box="[271,297,1124,1148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">3I</date>
,J); wall thickness up to 3–4 µm. Sheath length 240–410 (median 333) µm; diameter in middle 34–49 µm, 43–82 µm at ental end, 40–60 µm at ectal end (below head); ratio of length to basal width 4.1–5.7 (median 4.9). Ectal end (&quot;head&quot;) broad and plate-like, appearing flat or recurved (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FB93A9B0F813FB1D" box="[1057,1132,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
Fig. 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEAA265FBECA9B0F813FB1D" box="[1118,1132,1196,1220]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">3</date>
</figureCitation>
I,K,L); plate circular and symmetrical, diameter 120–170 µm in fully mature worms. Plate may be indistinct, with very thin cuticle, particularly in unmated specimens (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FD95A9E8FE15FAD5" box="[551,618,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEAA265FF75A80BFF6DFA3D" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
Ectal part of spermathecal duct about 200–300 µm long, thick and pyriform; widest entally, to 121–145 µm thick; ectally narrowing to 80–95 µm (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FDFFA820FEEDFA8D" box="[589,658,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
G). Duct composed of an outer, transverse-circular muscle layer, and an irregular epithelium (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FE1AA843FD95FAA1" box="[424,490,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
M,O); lumen narrow ectally, wider entally. Duct surrounded by an irregular layer of cells. Remaining (ental) part of duct narrower (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FD00A898FE8AFA45" box="[690,757,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
O), but often medially inflated (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FBD0A898F8D8FA45" box="[1122,1191,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
G); about 60–100 µm long. Spermathecal ampulla nearly spherical to irregular, sacciform. Spermatozeugmata 200–310 µm long, narrow, slightly widened at one end, to 37–55 µm (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEAA265FDC5A8D0FEBBFA3D" box="[631,708,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
F, 3N).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEAA265FF75A8F3F9E9F8DC" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEAA265FF75A8F3FD43F9D1" bold="true" box="[199,316,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Barcodes.</emphasis>
Data on the COI barcodes of seven specimens are summarized in 
<tableCitation id="C69CF5DAFFEAA265FBD3A8F3F8C3F9D1" box="[1121,1212,1519,1544]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1298,298,610]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. COI barcodes of 7 specimens of Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from Sulphur Cave dark zone (SC), Sulphur Cave surface spring (SS) and Black Sulphur Spring (BS). Two haplotypes (Ht # 1, # 2) are recognized in positions 2 - 658, i. e. the interval covered by all sequences; 658 base pairs (bp) are the targeted length of this barcode, but first nucleotide is unknown for 1 specimen." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6190E9FFE5A26AFF25AD84FDC0FED6" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" tableUuid="DF6190E9FFE5A26AFF25AD84FDC0FED6">Table 2</tableCitation>
. Six of them were successfully sequenced to the standard length of 658 base pairs (bp), all barcodes covered positions 
<quantity id="4CE66D84FFEAA265FABFAB08F90DF9F4" box="[1293,1394,1556,1581]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.382" metricValueMax="16.7132" metricValueMin="0.0508" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="in" value="330.0" valueMax="658.0" valueMin="2.0">2–658 in</quantity>
the alignment. Two different haplotypes (Ht 1 and 
<quantity id="4CE66D84FFEAA265FD06AB24FE9DF989" box="[692,738,1591,1616]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
<tableCitation id="C69CF5DAFFEAA265FD58AB2BFF3FF989" box="[746,832,1591,1616]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1298,298,610]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. COI barcodes of 7 specimens of Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from Sulphur Cave dark zone (SC), Sulphur Cave surface spring (SS) and Black Sulphur Spring (BS). Two haplotypes (Ht # 1, # 2) are recognized in positions 2 - 658, i. e. the interval covered by all sequences; 658 base pairs (bp) are the targeted length of this barcode, but first nucleotide is unknown for 1 specimen." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6190E9FFE5A26AFF25AD84FDC0FED6" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" tableUuid="DF6190E9FFE5A26AFF25AD84FDC0FED6">Table 2</tableCitation>
) within this interval were recognized, with variation (uncorrected p-distance 0.15%) only in one position (181). When blasting the haplotypes against the BOLD and NCBI/Genbank databases,&gt;80% resemblance was found with several other North American clitellates, including a barcoded worm (about 82 % similar) identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEAA265FCA9ABB8F844F964" box="[795,1083,1700,1725]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoffmeisteri">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEAA265FCA9ABB8F844F964" box="[795,1083,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Genbank 
<accessionNumber id="944D5D82FFEAA265FB7EABB8F93BF964" box="[1228,1348,1700,1725]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EF089358" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">EF089358</accessionNumber>
; http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/). The closest match (90.21%) was between haplotype 1 and an unidentified &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEAA265FF2DABF0FD5AF8DC" box="[159,293,1772,1797]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Tubificidae</taxonomicName>
&quot; collected in Manitoba, 
<collectingCountry id="F30980F1FFEAA265FD87ABF0FEF3F8DC" box="[565,652,1772,1797]" name="Canada" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Canada</collectingCountry>
, and in Early-Release status in BOLD (http://www.boldsystems.org/).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30493EAFFEAA265FF75AA13FDF8F84C" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEAA265FF75AA13FDF8F84C" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEAA265FF75AA13FD44F8F1" bold="true" box="[199,315,1807,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Remarks.</emphasis>
The new species clearly belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEAA265FD60AA13FF24F8F1" box="[722,859,1807,1832]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEAA265FD60AA13FF24F8F1" box="[722,859,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Limnodrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEAA265FC4DAA13F8B2F8F1" author="Brinkhurst" box="[1023,1229,1807,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="466" refString="Brinkhurst, R. O. (1971) Tubificidae. In: Brinkhurst, R. O. &amp; Jamieson, B. G. M. (Eds.), Aquatic Oligochaeta of the World. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 444 - 623." type="book chapter" year="1971">Brinkhurst (1971)</bibRefCitation>
: vas deferens long and ciliated, atrium short with a single large prostate, ejaculatory duct long, leading to a thick, cylindrical penis sheath; genital chaetae absent, somatic chaetae all bifids; spermatozeugmata present in spermathecae; prominent coelomocytes absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30493EAFFEAA264FF75AABCFDA1FE16" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEAA264FF75AABCF8AFFEC5" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEAA265FF75AABCFD9DF860" box="[199,482,1952,1977]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEAA265FF75AABCFD9DF860" box="[199,482,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Limnodrilus sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most easily differentiated from congeners by the very long, sharply angled teeth of both ventral and dorsal chaetae in anterior segments. The distinctive chaetae are not restricted to mature worms, and are consistently seen in very small, immature specimens from Sulphur Cave (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FBF6AD8BF8FAFF69" box="[1092,1157,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D), as well as in worms from nearby surface springs. The large number and continuous progression of developing, replacement chaetae in anterior segments of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FE20ADFDFE3EFF21" box="[402,577,223,248]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FE20ADFDFE3EFF21" box="[402,577,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also unusual. Interestingly, 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FC0CADC3F87FFF21" box="[958,1024,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FBF4ADC3F935FF21" author="Snimshchikova" box="[1094,1354,223,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Snimshchikova, L. N. (1998) Revision of the genus Lycodrilus and description of the evolution of Limnodrilus Oligochaeta, Tubificidae species in Lake Baikal. 1. Revision of Lycodrilus dybowskii Grube species and Tubipenifer Semernoy genus. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 77, 540 - 547. [in Russian with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="1998">Snimshchikova (1998)</bibRefCitation>
shows several replacement chaetae in anterior ventral bundles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FC96AC18F8B3FEC5" authority="Grube, 1873" authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1873" box="[804,1228,260,285]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dybowskii">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FC96AC18F85BFEC4" box="[804,1060,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Limnodrilus dybowskii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FB80AC18F8BBFEC5" author="Grube" box="[1074,1220,260,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="466" refString="Grube, E. (1873) Uber einige bisher noch unbekannte Bewohner des Baikalsee's. Jahres-Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft fur vaterlandische Cultur, 50, 66 - 68." type="journal article" year="1873">Grube, 1873</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEBA264FF75AC3BFDA1FE16" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
Based on proportions and morphology of the penis sheath, the characters most often used to distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FF25AC50FD5FFEBC" box="[151,288,332,357]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FF25AC50FD5FFEBC" box="[151,288,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Limnodrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FE37AC51FE4FFEBC" box="[389,560,332,357]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FE37AC51FE4FFEBC" box="[389,560,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears closest to the widespread 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FC00AC51F820FEBC" box="[946,1119,332,357]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FC00AC51F820FEBC" box="[946,1119,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. profundicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and will key to that species using 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FF6FAC73FD96FE51" author="Brinkhurst" box="[221,489,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="466" refString="Brinkhurst, R. O. (1971) Tubificidae. In: Brinkhurst, R. O. &amp; Jamieson, B. G. M. (Eds.), Aquatic Oligochaeta of the World. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 444 - 623." type="book chapter" year="1971">Brinkhurst (1971: 463)</bibRefCitation>
. It also somewhat resembles the widespread 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FC46AC73FCADFE74" authority="Claparede, 1862" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1862" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="udekemianus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FC46AC73F966FE51" box="[1012,1305,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Limnodrilus udekemianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FA96AC73FCADFE74" author="Claparede" pageId="7" pageNumber="466" refString="Claparede, R. E. (1862) Recherches anatomiques sur les Oligochetes. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 16, 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1862">Claparède, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the Jamaican 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FE37AC88FF08FE75" authority="Brinkhurst, 1979" authorityName="Brinkhurst" authorityYear="1979" box="[389,887,404,429]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="variesetosus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FE37AC88FEDAFE75" box="[389,677,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Limnodrilus variesetosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FD03AC88FF08FE75" author="Brinkhurst" box="[689,887,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="466" refString="Brinkhurst, R. O. (1979) A new species of Limnodrilus (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) from Jamaica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 92, 42 - 44." type="journal article" year="1979">Brinkhurst, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and a group of endemic Lake Baikal species associated with 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FEF8ACA5FDA8FE09" box="[330,471,439,464]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dybowskii">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FEF8ACA5FDA8FE09" box="[330,471,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. dybowskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30493EAFFEBA264FF75ACC1FE27F9F5" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEBA264FF75ACC1F81DFCE1" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
Taxonomy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FED1ACC1FE6FFE2C" box="[355,528,476,501]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FED1ACC1FE6FFE2C" box="[355,528,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. profundicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is problematic, due to a very limited original description and lack of useable 
<typeStatus id="54A57EC3FFEBA264FAD9ACC1F9E3FE2C" box="[1387,1436,477,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">type</typeStatus>
material; in the following we attempt to clarify some of these issues with observations on penis sheaths and chaetae in museum specimens and in new collections (see below). Based on new and previously published measurements, the penis sheath is similar in general shape and proportions to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FC18AF55F82BFDB9" box="[938,1108,583,608]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FC18AF55F82BFDB9" box="[938,1108,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is smaller (
<tableCitation id="C69CF5DAFFEBA264FAB9AF5BF91EFDB9" box="[1291,1377,583,608]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[119,199,657,678]" captionTargetBox="[119,1740,748,1539]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected measurements of L. sulphurensis n. sp. and L. profundicola from new material, compared with literature values for profundicola. Values are mean and (range), where available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" tableUuid="DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18">Table 1</tableCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FAC2AF5BFCD8FD5D" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[219,1380,202,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[209,1389,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Limnodrilus profundicola. A – D. Atrium and penis sheath: A, from Lake Biwa, Japan; B, from Lake Michigan, USA; C, from Lake Peipsi, Estonia; D, from Lake Kuril’skoe, Kamchatka. E. Spermatheca, from Lake Peipsi, Estonia. F. Spermatheca, from Lake Michigan, USA. G. A ventral chaetal bundle in VI, from Pärnu River, Estonia. H. Three ventral chaetae in VIII, from Lake Michigan, USA. I. Ventral chaetae in VII, Pärnu River, Estonia. J. Ventral chaetae in IV, Lake Michigan. K. Head of penis sheath, Lake Michigan, USA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261853/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), and the terminal expansion (&quot;head&quot;) is smaller, but usually more distinct. The 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FBD3AF70F88FFD5C" box="[1121,1264,620,645]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FBD3AF70F88FFD5C" box="[1121,1264,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">profundicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
atrium is also smaller (
<tableCitation id="C69CF5DAFFEBA264FF49AF93FD2DFD71" box="[251,338,655,680]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[119,199,657,678]" captionTargetBox="[119,1740,748,1539]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected measurements of L. sulphurensis n. sp. and L. profundicola from new material, compared with literature values for profundicola. Values are mean and (range), where available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" tableUuid="DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18">Table 1</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FEDCAF93FEEEFD71" box="[366,657,655,680]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FEDCAF93FEEEFD71" box="[366,657,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Limnodrilus profundicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has rather ordinary chaetae for the genus, with short, nearly equal teeth. Chaetal bundles have a similar number of well-developed chaetae in the two species (
<tableCitation id="C69CF5DAFFEBA264FB7AAFA8F960FD15" box="[1224,1311,692,717]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[119,199,657,678]" captionTargetBox="[119,1740,748,1539]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected measurements of L. sulphurensis n. sp. and L. profundicola from new material, compared with literature values for profundicola. Values are mean and (range), where available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" tableUuid="DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18">Table 1</tableCitation>
), although 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FF25AFCBFD58FD29" box="[151,295,727,752]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FF25AFCBFD58FD29" box="[151,295,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">profundicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have the large number of developing chaetae seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FC55AFC5F8EDFD29" box="[999,1170,727,752]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FC55AFC5F8EDFD29" box="[999,1170,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below; 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FA93AFCBF920FD29" box="[1313,1375,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B vs. 4G). Chaetae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FEE7AFE0FEA7FCCD" authority="Eisen, 1879" authorityName="Eisen" authorityYear="1879" box="[341,728,764,789]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="alpestris">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FEE7AFE0FE38FCCC" box="[341,583,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Limnodrilus alpestris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FDE2AFE0FEA7FCCD" author="Eisen" box="[592,728,764,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="466" refString="Eisen, G. A. (1879) Preliminary report on genera and species of Tubificidae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Bihang, 5, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1879">Eisen, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FCA4AFE0F8DBFCCC" authority="Eisen, 1879" authorityName="Eisen" authorityYear="1879" box="[790,1188,764,789]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FCA4AFE0F867FCCC" box="[790,1048,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Limnodrilus monticola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FB93AFE0F8DBFCCC" author="Eisen" box="[1057,1188,764,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="466" refString="Eisen, G. A. (1879) Preliminary report on genera and species of Tubificidae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Bihang, 5, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1879">Eisen, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—both taxa that have since been synonymized with 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FE5AAE03FF3AFCE1" authority="Brinkhurst 1965" authorityName="Brinkhurst" authorityYear="1965" box="[488,837,799,824]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FE5AAE03FE07FCE1" box="[488,632,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">profundicola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FD34AE03FF41FCE1" author="Brinkhurst" box="[646,830,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="465" refString="Brinkhurst, R. O. (1965) Studies on the North American aquatic Oligochaeta II: Tubificidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 117, 117 - 172." type="journal article" year="1965">Brinkhurst 1965</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
—are not well described.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEBA264FF75AE58FFCFFB1D" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
There seems to be good agreement in the literature on the status and diagnostic characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FB56AE59F9EAFC84" box="[1252,1429,836,861]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="udekemianus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FB56AE59F9EAFC84" box="[1252,1429,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. udekemianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Penis sheaths of this species may have similar proportions to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FC6AAE75F8F9FC59" box="[984,1158,871,896]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FC6AAE75F8F9FC59" box="[984,1158,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(length/width ratio 2–5 [
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FF2FAE90FD34FC7C" author="Kennedy" box="[157,331,908,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="467" refString="Kennedy, C. R. (1969) The variability of some characters used for species recognition in the genus Limnodrilus Claparede (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae). Journal of Natural History, 3, 53 - 60. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936900770061" type="journal article" year="1969">Kennedy 1969</bibRefCitation>
], or up to 4 [
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FE6DAE90FE13FC7D" author="Timm" box="[479,620,908,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Timm, T. (2009) A guide to the freshwater Oligochaeta and Polychaeta of Northern and Central Europe. Lauterbornia, 66, 1 - 235." type="journal article" year="2009">Timm 2009</bibRefCitation>
]), but despite high variability, they are usually illustrated as shorter and broader, gradually expanded, and without a plate-like head (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FCF8AEB3F87DFC11" author="Claparede" box="[842,1026,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="466" refString="Claparede, R. E. (1862) Recherches anatomiques sur les Oligochetes. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 16, 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1862">Claparède 1862</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. I, 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FBE3AEB3F8E7FC11" box="[1105,1176,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[219,1380,202,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[209,1389,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Limnodrilus profundicola. A – D. Atrium and penis sheath: A, from Lake Biwa, Japan; B, from Lake Michigan, USA; C, from Lake Peipsi, Estonia; D, from Lake Kuril’skoe, Kamchatka. E. Spermatheca, from Lake Peipsi, Estonia. F. Spermatheca, from Lake Michigan, USA. G. A ventral chaetal bundle in VI, from Pärnu River, Estonia. H. Three ventral chaetae in VIII, from Lake Michigan, USA. I. Ventral chaetae in VII, Pärnu River, Estonia. J. Ventral chaetae in IV, Lake Michigan. K. Head of penis sheath, Lake Michigan, USA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261853/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FB14AEB3F91EFC11" author="Brinkhurst" box="[1190,1377,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="466" refString="Brinkhurst, R. O. (1971) Tubificidae. In: Brinkhurst, R. O. &amp; Jamieson, B. G. M. (Eds.), Aquatic Oligochaeta of the World. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 444 - 623." type="book chapter" year="1971">Brinkhurst 1971</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 8.4B; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FF6EAEC8FDFAFC34" author="Kennedy" box="[220,389,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="467" refString="Kennedy, C. R. (1969) The variability of some characters used for species recognition in the genus Limnodrilus Claparede (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae). Journal of Natural History, 3, 53 - 60. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936900770061" type="journal article" year="1969">Kennedy 1969</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 9). Nevertheless, the distal end may be variably expanded and reflexed (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FB4BAEC8F9E7FC35" author="Dzwillo" box="[1273,1432,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="466" refString="Dzwillo, M. (1984) Phylogenetic and taxonomic problems in freshwater Oligochaeta with special emphasis on chitinous structures in Tubificinae. Hydrobiologia, 115, 19 - 23. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00027888" type="journal article" year="1984">Dzwillo 1984</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FF25AEEBFCA3FBC9" box="[151,220,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FF59AEEBFD09FBC9" author="Piguet" box="[235,374,1015,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="467" refString="Piguet, E. (1913) Notes sur les Oligochetes. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 21, 111 - 146. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 37153" type="journal article" year="1913">Piguet 1913</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 10a). The anterior chaetae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FCB8AEE5FFC4FBC9" box="[778,955,1015,1040]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="udekemianus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FCB8AEE5FFC4FBC9" box="[778,955,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. udekemianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are considered diagnostic: distal teeth are enlarged, thickened, and sometimes strongly curved, but the proximal teeth are of normal size, differing from those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FF07A95DFD1FFB81" box="[181,352,1087,1112]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FF07A95DFD1FFB81" box="[181,352,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FE14A923FE32FB81" author="Kennedy" box="[422,589,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="467" refString="Kennedy, C. R. (1969) The variability of some characters used for species recognition in the genus Limnodrilus Claparede (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae). Journal of Natural History, 3, 53 - 60. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936900770061" type="journal article" year="1969">Kennedy 1969</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FDEAA923FEE4FB81" box="[600,667,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FD1BA923FF1DFB81" author="Brinkhurst" box="[681,866,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="465" refString="Brinkhurst, R. O. (1965) Studies on the North American aquatic Oligochaeta II: Tubificidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 117, 117 - 172." type="journal article" year="1965">Brinkhurst 1965</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FCDCA923FFCDFB81" box="[878,946,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[219,1380,202,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[209,1389,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Limnodrilus profundicola. A – D. Atrium and penis sheath: A, from Lake Biwa, Japan; B, from Lake Michigan, USA; C, from Lake Peipsi, Estonia; D, from Lake Kuril’skoe, Kamchatka. E. Spermatheca, from Lake Peipsi, Estonia. F. Spermatheca, from Lake Michigan, USA. G. A ventral chaetal bundle in VI, from Pärnu River, Estonia. H. Three ventral chaetae in VIII, from Lake Michigan, USA. I. Ventral chaetae in VII, Pärnu River, Estonia. J. Ventral chaetae in IV, Lake Michigan. K. Head of penis sheath, Lake Michigan, USA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261853/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FC74A923F823FB81" author="Timm" box="[966,1116,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Timm, T. (2009) A guide to the freshwater Oligochaeta and Polychaeta of Northern and Central Europe. Lauterbornia, 66, 1 - 235." type="journal article" year="2009">Timm (2009)</bibRefCitation>
also considers the long, thin posterior end of the body to be distinctive. Penis sheaths of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FCEBA979F87AFBA5" box="[857,1029,1125,1148]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="variesetosus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FCEBA979F87AFBA5" box="[857,1029,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. variesetosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear quite similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FA37A979FD56FB79" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="udekemianus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FA37A979FD56FB79" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. udekemianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the anterior ventral chaetae also have a very long distal tooth, but posterior chaetae have a short, thin distal tooth (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FE90A9B0FDA1FB1D" author="Brinkhurst" box="[290,478,1196,1221]" pageId="7" pageNumber="466" refString="Brinkhurst, R. O. (1979) A new species of Limnodrilus (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) from Jamaica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 92, 42 - 44." type="journal article" year="1979">Brinkhurst 1979</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FE5BA9B0FE4EFB1D" box="[489,561,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A,E; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FDC2A9B0FF58FB1D" author="Rodriguez" box="[624,807,1196,1221]" pageId="7" pageNumber="467" refString="Rodriguez, P. (2002) Benthic and subterranean aquatic oligochaete fauna (Annelida, Oligochaeta) from Coiba Island (Panama) and Cuba. Graellsia, 58, 3 - 19. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / graellsia. 2002. v 58. i 2.275" type="journal article" year="2002">Rodriguez 2002</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FC80A9B0FF09FB1D" box="[818,886,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B,C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEBA264FF75A9D3FE27F9F5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
The male duct of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FE39A9CDFE67FB31" box="[395,536,1231,1256]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dybowskii">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FE39A9CDFE67FB31" box="[395,536,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. dybowskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as illustrated in 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FD65A9D3FF67FB31" box="[727,792,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
of 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FC8EA9D3F842FB31" author="Snimshchikova" box="[828,1085,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Snimshchikova, L. N. (1998) Revision of the genus Lycodrilus and description of the evolution of Limnodrilus Oligochaeta, Tubificidae species in Lake Baikal. 1. Revision of Lycodrilus dybowskii Grube species and Tubipenifer Semernoy genus. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 77, 540 - 547. [in Russian with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="1998">Snimshchikova (1998)</bibRefCitation>
, appears quite similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FF25A9E9FD3DFAD4" box="[151,322,1268,1293]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FF25A9E9FD3DFAD4" box="[151,322,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; measurements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FDAEA9E8FEF3FAD4" box="[540,652,1268,1293]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dybowskii">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FDAEA9E8FEF3FAD4" box="[540,652,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">dybowskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
atria and penis sheaths (400–520 and 350 µm, respectively) are also similar. Two other Lake Baikal endemics, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FD15A80BF81AFAE9" authority="Semernoy, 1982" authorityName="Semernoy" authorityYear="1982" box="[679,1125,1303,1328]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nitens">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FD15A80BFFFCFAE9" box="[679,899,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Limnodrilus nitens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FC29A804F822FAE9" author="Semernoy" box="[923,1117,1304,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Semernoy, V. P. (1982) New oligochaete species from Lake Baikal (Novye vioy oligokhet iz ozera Baikal). In: Galazii, G. I. (Ed.), Novoe o faune Baikala, Izdatel'stvo &quot; Nauka &quot;, Sibirskoe otdelenie. Novosibirsk, USSR, pp. 58 - 85. [in Russian; translation 1983 by Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada]" type="journal article" year="1982">Semernoy, 1982</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FB1FA80BFD1CFA8D" authority="Semernoy, 1982" authorityName="Semernoy" authorityYear="1982" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tendens">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FB1FA80BF9E4FAE9" box="[1197,1435,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Limnodrilus tendens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FF2CA820FD25FA8D" author="Semernoy" box="[158,346,1340,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Semernoy, V. P. (1982) New oligochaete species from Lake Baikal (Novye vioy oligokhet iz ozera Baikal). In: Galazii, G. I. (Ed.), Novoe o faune Baikala, Izdatel'stvo &quot; Nauka &quot;, Sibirskoe otdelenie. Novosibirsk, USSR, pp. 58 - 85. [in Russian; translation 1983 by Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada]" type="journal article" year="1982">Semernoy, 1982</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
appear to have similar penial morphology to 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FCC9A820FF94FA8C" box="[891,1003,1340,1365]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dybowskii">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FCC9A820FF94FA8C" box="[891,1003,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">dybowskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FC4FA820F91CFA8D" author="Semernoy" box="[1021,1379,1340,1365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Semernoy, V. P. (2004) Oligochaeta of Lake Baikal. Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Division, Limnological Institute, Novosibirsk, Nauka, 528 pp. [in Russian with English abstract]" type="book" year="2004">Semernoy 2004, Figs. 117,118</bibRefCitation>
); the latter was synonymized with 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FE44A843FE19FAA1" box="[502,614,1375,1400]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dybowskii">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FE44A843FE19FAA1" box="[502,614,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">dybowskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FD2EA843FFDBFAA1" author="Snimshchikova" box="[668,932,1375,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Snimshchikova, L. N. (1998) Revision of the genus Lycodrilus and description of the evolution of Limnodrilus Oligochaeta, Tubificidae species in Lake Baikal. 1. Revision of Lycodrilus dybowskii Grube species and Tubipenifer Semernoy genus. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 77, 540 - 547. [in Russian with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="1998">Snimshchikova (1998)</bibRefCitation>
. It should be noted that 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FB61A87CF9E3FAA1" author="Semernoy" box="[1235,1436,1376,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Semernoy, V. P. (1982) New oligochaete species from Lake Baikal (Novye vioy oligokhet iz ozera Baikal). In: Galazii, G. I. (Ed.), Novoe o faune Baikala, Izdatel'stvo &quot; Nauka &quot;, Sibirskoe otdelenie. Novosibirsk, USSR, pp. 58 - 85. [in Russian; translation 1983 by Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada]" type="journal article" year="1982">Semernoy (1982)</bibRefCitation>
compared the penis sheath of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FE58A899FE21FA44" box="[490,606,1412,1437]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tendens">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FE58A899FE21FA44" box="[490,606,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. tendens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FD67A899FF1BFA44" box="[725,868,1412,1437]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="helveticus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FD67A899FF1BFA44" box="[725,868,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. helveticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and gave similar measurements for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FAB5A899F916FA45" box="[1287,1385,1413,1436]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nitens">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FAB5A899F916FA45" box="[1287,1385,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. nitens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All three of the Baikal species are distinguished from congeners by enlarged and highly modified chaetae in some anterior ventral (but not dorsal) segments. The enlarged chaetae are fewer in number and simple-pointed (or with small distal tooth), and thus bear little resemblance to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFEBA264FCE3A8EDFF84F9D1" box="[849,1019,1519,1544]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FCE3A8EDFF84F9D1" box="[849,1019,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A259A108FFEBA264FBB0A8F3F83FF9D1" box="[1026,1088,1519,1544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FBB0A8F3F83FF9D1" bold="true" box="[1026,1088,1519,1544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FBFCA8F3F940F9D1" author="Snimshchikova" box="[1102,1343,1519,1544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Snimshchikova, L. N. (1998) Revision of the genus Lycodrilus and description of the evolution of Limnodrilus Oligochaeta, Tubificidae species in Lake Baikal. 1. Revision of Lycodrilus dybowskii Grube species and Tubipenifer Semernoy genus. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 77, 540 - 547. [in Russian with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="1998">Snimshchikova 1998</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FAFBA8F3F9EAF9D1" box="[1353,1429,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[277,1312,204,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1326,193,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n = 19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n = 13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1 F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FF25AB08FCD8F9F5" box="[151,167,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">3</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8FBD90FFEBA264FF06AB08FD18F9F5" author="Semernoy" box="[180,359,1556,1580]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refString="Semernoy, V. P. (2004) Oligochaeta of Lake Baikal. Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Division, Limnological Institute, Novosibirsk, Nauka, 528 pp. [in Russian with English abstract]" type="book" year="2004">Semernoy 2004</bibRefCitation>
, Figs. 116, 117, 118).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30493EAFFEBA26AFF75AB2BFFF0FCFE" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEBA264FF75AB2BF8EAF8DC" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFEBA264FF75AB2BFD14F989" bold="true" box="[199,363,1591,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">The material.</emphasis>
The morphological description is largely based on material collected on three dates in 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEBA264FAE1AB2BFCB0F9AD" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" value="2009-03">March 2009</date>
(fixed in 
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEBA264FEF3AB40FD03F9AD" box="[321,380,1628,1652]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c6qn-00cg" name="Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">FAA</collectionCode>
), 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEBA264FE22AB40FE5BF9AD" box="[400,548,1628,1652]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" value="2009-08">August 2009</date>
, and 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEBA264FDD0AB40FEA2F9AD" box="[610,733,1628,1653]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" value="2010-04">April 2010</date>
(fixed in 10% formalin). The March collection included only two mated specimens (only one with developed eggs), a few &quot;nearly mature&quot;, and many immature specimens. Penis sheaths in particular were not well developed, and the ectal ends were indistinct. Most measurements used in the description were based on the large series of mature, formalin-fixed worms collected in 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFEBA264FB6DABDBF91DF939" box="[1247,1378,1735,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" value="2010-04">April 2010</date>
. The formalin-fixed material from August contained several mated worms and many immatures.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFEBA264FF75AA0CFD98F861" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
Some histological differences among collection dates appear related to the fixation method, as formalin-fixed specimens were highly contracted, and tissues appeared shrunken and separated (e.g., 
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FBC4AA28F8C7F895" box="[1142,1208,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
K [formalin] vs. 3L [
<collectionCode id="ED0F58A4FFEBA264FF2CAA44FCA1F8A9" box="[158,222,1880,1904]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c6qn-00cg" name="Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">FAA</collectionCode>
]). Chaetae of specimens mounted in CMC-10 are similar to those in 
<collectingCountry id="F30980F1FFEBA264FC6AAA4BF853F8A9" box="[984,1068,1879,1904]" name="Canada" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Canada</collectingCountry>
balsam, but teeth appear slightly thicker (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFEBA264FF46AA60FD4AF84D" box="[244,309,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,193,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[185,1390,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC- 10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A – D, F – H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261852/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B vs. 3A). Penis sheaths have similar length and proportions, although the thinner cuticle of the head may be indistinct in CMC-10.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18" ID-Table-UUID="DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" targetBox="[119,1740,748,1539]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18" blockId="8.[119,1829,656,705]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFC9FFD7F" bold="true" box="[119,224,657,678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Selected measurements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFE50AF8CFE0CFD7C" box="[482,627,656,677]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFE50AF8CFE0CFD7C" box="[482,627,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A259A108FFE4A26BFDCBAF8DFED0FD7F" box="[633,687,657,678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFDCBAF8DFED0FD7F" bold="true" box="[633,687,657,678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFD6EAF8CFF0EFD7C" box="[732,881,656,677]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD6EAF8CFF0EFD7C" box="[732,881,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">L. profundicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from new material, compared with literature values for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFA30AF8CF982FD7C" box="[1410,1533,656,677]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA30AF8CF982FD7C" box="[1410,1533,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">profundicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Values are 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9C1AF8DFAD5FD7F" bold="true" box="[1651,1706,657,678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">mean</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF96BAF8CFB60FD7C" box="[1753,1823,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(range)</emphasis>
, where available.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFE4A26BFFC5AE3EF881F9DB" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<table id="F91E32C1FFE45D9CFFC5AFF0FAB3F9DA" box="[119,1740,748,1539]" gridcols="3" gridrows="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5AFF0FAB3FCE1" box="[119,1740,748,824]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5AFF0FE36FCE1" box="[119,585,748,824]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFFC5AE3EFD77FCEE" box="[119,264,802,823]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFFC5AE3EFD77FCEE" box="[119,264,802,823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A259A108FFE4A26BFEBFAE3FFD3CFCE1" box="[269,323,803,824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFEBFAE3FFD3CFCE1" bold="true" box="[269,323,803,824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFD36AFF0FF90FCE1" box="[644,1007,748,824]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Number of chaetae Maximum chaeta in V, ventral bundle length in V</th>
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0AFF0FAB3FCE1" box="[1042,1740,748,824]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Penis sheath length Penis sheath Penis sheath head Atrium length length/ basal width width</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5AE56FAB3FCB9" box="[119,1740,842,864]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5AE56FE36FCB9" box="[119,585,842,864]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Sulphur Cave (n=26–33)</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFD36AE56FF90FCB9" box="[644,1007,842,864]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD36AE57FEDEFCB9" bold="true" box="[644,673,843,864]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">8.1</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD1AAE56FE99FC86" box="[680,742,842,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(4–11)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFCFBAE57FF12FCB9" bold="true" box="[841,877,843,864]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">165</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFCC1AE56FFA9FC86" box="[883,982,842,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(146–185)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0AE56FAB3FCB9" box="[1042,1740,842,864]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFBA0AE57F849FCB9" bold="true" box="[1042,1078,843,864]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">333</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB89AE56F8E1FC86" box="[1083,1182,842,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(240–410)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB79AE57F896FCB9" bold="true" box="[1227,1257,843,864]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">4.9</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB5DAE56F939FC86" box="[1263,1350,842,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(4.1–5.7)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA34AE57F9D5FCB9" bold="true" box="[1414,1450,843,864]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">148</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA1DAE56FA6DFC86" box="[1455,1554,842,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(120–170)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9F2AE57FA1BFCB9" bold="true" box="[1600,1636,843,864]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">366</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9DBAE56FAB3FC86" box="[1641,1740,842,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(240–492)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5AE6FFAB3FC50" box="[119,1740,883,905]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5AE6FFE36FC50" box="[119,585,883,905]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Black Sulphur Spring (n=2)</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFD36AE6FFF90FC50" box="[644,1007,883,905]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD36AE6FFFD3FC51" box="[644,940,883,904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(8–9) (150–175)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0AE6FFAB3FC50" box="[1042,1740,883,905]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFBA0AE6FFADDFC51" box="[1042,1698,883,904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(395–415) (4.1–5.6) (168–192) (385–550)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5AED8FAB3FC03" box="[119,1740,964,986]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5AED8FE36FC03" box="[119,585,964,986]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFFC5AED8FD7AFC00" box="[119,261,964,985]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFFC5AED8FD7AFC00" box="[119,261,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">L profundicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
new material
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5AEF0FAB3FBDB" box="[119,1740,1004,1026]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5AEF0FE36FBDB" box="[119,585,1004,1026]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Estonia and European Russia (n=12–16)</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFD36AEF0FF90FBDB" box="[644,1007,1004,1026]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD36AEF1FEDEFBDB" bold="true" box="[644,673,1005,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">6.4</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD1AAEF0FEA4FBD8" box="[680,731,1004,1025]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(4–8)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFCFBAEF1FF1EFBDB" bold="true" box="[841,865,1005,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">96</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFCD5AEF0FFC1FBD8" box="[871,958,1004,1025]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(79–110)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0AEF0FAB3FBDB" box="[1042,1740,1004,1026]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFBA0AEF1F849FBDB" bold="true" box="[1042,1078,1005,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">191</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB89AEF0F8E1FBD8" box="[1083,1182,1004,1025]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(156–221)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB79AEF1F896FBDB" bold="true" box="[1227,1257,1005,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">4.6</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB5DAEF0F939FBD8" box="[1263,1350,1004,1025]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(3.8–5.7)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA34AEF1F9E1FBDB" bold="true" box="[1414,1438,1005,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">65</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA11AEF0F991FBD8" box="[1443,1518,1004,1025]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(48–77)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9F2AEF1FA1BFBDB" bold="true" box="[1600,1636,1005,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">171</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9DBAEF0FAB3FBD8" box="[1641,1740,1004,1025]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(150–190)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5A909FAB3FBF2" box="[119,1740,1045,1067]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5A909FE36FBF2" box="[119,585,1045,1067]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Kamchatka (Lake Kuril'skoe) (n=3)</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFD36A909FF90FBF2" box="[644,1007,1045,1067]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD36A90AFEDEFBF2" bold="true" box="[644,673,1046,1067]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">5.8</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD1AA909FEA4FBF3" box="[680,731,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(5–7)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFCFBA90AFF12FBF2" bold="true" box="[841,877,1046,1067]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">114</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFCC1A909FFAAFBF3" box="[883,981,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(103–122)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0A909FAB3FBF2" box="[1042,1740,1045,1067]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFBA0A90AF849FBF2" bold="true" box="[1042,1078,1046,1067]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">241</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB89A909F8E1FBF3" box="[1083,1182,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(226–270)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB79A90AF896FBF2" bold="true" box="[1227,1257,1046,1067]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">4.9</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB5DA909F939FBF3" box="[1263,1350,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(4.3–5.3)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA34A90AF9E1FBF2" bold="true" box="[1414,1438,1046,1067]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">66</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA11A909F991FBF3" box="[1443,1518,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(58–72)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9F2A90AFA1BFBF2" bold="true" box="[1600,1636,1046,1067]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">236</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9DBA909FAB3FBF3" box="[1641,1740,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(220–252)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5A921FAB3FB8A" box="[119,1740,1085,1107]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5A921FE36FB8A" box="[119,585,1085,1107]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Japan, Lake Biwa (n=4)</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFD36A921FF90FB8A" box="[644,1007,1085,1107]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD36A922FEDEFB8A" bold="true" box="[644,673,1086,1107]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">6.3</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD1AA921FEA4FB8B" box="[680,731,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(6–7)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFCFBA922FF1EFB8A" bold="true" box="[841,865,1086,1107]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">94</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFCD5A921FFCDFB8B" box="[871,946,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(89–98)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0A921FAB3FB8A" box="[1042,1740,1085,1107]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFBA0A922F849FB8A" bold="true" box="[1042,1078,1086,1107]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">194</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB89A921F8E1FB8B" box="[1083,1182,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(180–221)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB79A922F896FB8A" bold="true" box="[1227,1257,1086,1107]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">4.8</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB5DA921F939FB8B" box="[1263,1350,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(4.4–5.1)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA34A922F9E1FB8A" bold="true" box="[1414,1438,1086,1107]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">59</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA11A921F991FB8B" box="[1443,1518,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(53–65)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9F2A922FA1BFB8A" bold="true" box="[1600,1636,1086,1107]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">171</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9DBA921FAB3FB8B" box="[1641,1740,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(145–190)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5A97AFAB3FBA5" box="[119,1740,1126,1148]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5A97AFE36FBA5" box="[119,585,1126,1148]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Lake Michigan (n=15–22)</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFD36A97AFF90FBA5" box="[644,1007,1126,1148]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD36A97BFEDEFBA5" bold="true" box="[644,673,1127,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">6.1</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD1AA97AFEA4FBA2" box="[680,731,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(4–9)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFCFBA97BFF12FBA5" bold="true" box="[841,877,1127,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">113</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFCC1A97AFFB5FBA2" box="[883,970,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(89–139)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0A97AFAB3FBA5" box="[1042,1740,1126,1148]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFBA0A97BF849FBA5" bold="true" box="[1042,1078,1127,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">222</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB89A97AF8E1FBA2" box="[1083,1182,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(178–270)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB79A97BF896FBA5" bold="true" box="[1227,1257,1127,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">4.7</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB5DA97AF939FBA2" box="[1263,1350,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(3.8–5.7)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA34A97BF9E1FBA5" bold="true" box="[1414,1438,1127,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">63</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFA11A97AF991FBA2" box="[1443,1518,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(53–79)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9F2A97BFA1BFBA5" bold="true" box="[1600,1636,1127,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">186</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BF9DBA97AFAB3FBA2" box="[1641,1740,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(145–252)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5A9ABFAB3FB14" box="[119,1740,1207,1229]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5A9ABFE36FB14" box="[119,585,1207,1229]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFFC5A9ABFD74FB15" box="[119,267,1207,1228]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFFC5A9ABFD74FB15" box="[119,267,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">L. profundicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
literature values
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5A9FCFAB3FB2C" box="[119,1740,1248,1269]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5A9FCFE36FB2C" box="[119,585,1248,1269]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
Sokol’skaya 1972, Kamchatka (as 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFE74A9FCFE41FB2C" box="[454,574,1248,1269]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="helveticus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFE74A9FCFDACFB2C" box="[454,467,1248,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFE6DA9FCFE41FB2C" box="[479,574,1248,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">helveticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0A9FCFAB3FB2C" box="[1042,1740,1248,1269]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFBA0A9FCF880FB2C" box="[1042,1279,1248,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(252–340) (4–6)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5A814FAB3FAC7" box="[119,1740,1288,1310]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5A814FE36FAC7" box="[119,585,1288,1310]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
Piguet 1913, Switzerland (
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFECBA814FD8EFAC4" box="[377,497,1288,1309]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="helveticus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFECBA814FD8EFAC4" box="[377,497,1288,1309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">L. helveticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFD36A814FF90FAC7" box="[644,1007,1288,1310]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">maximum8</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0A814FAB3FAC7" box="[1042,1740,1288,1310]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFBA0A815F849FAC7" bold="true" box="[1042,1078,1289,1310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">206</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFBF1A814F8E1FAC4" box="[1091,1182,1288,1309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">148–264)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB79A815F8A8FAC7" bold="true" box="[1227,1239,1289,1310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">5</emphasis>
69
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5A82CFAB3FAA5" box="[119,1740,1328,1404]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5A82CFE36FAA5" box="[119,585,1328,1404]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
Brinkhurst 1965 and Kennedy 1969, Europe and North America (incl. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFEF1A857FDDEFAB9" box="[323,417,1355,1376]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="helveticus">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFEF1A857FDDEFAB9" box="[323,417,1355,1376]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">helveticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFE1FA857FE73FAB9" box="[429,524,1355,1376]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFE1FA857FE73FAB9" box="[429,524,1355,1376]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE4A26BFFC5A87AFC8EFAA2" box="[119,241,1382,1403]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="profundicola">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFFC5A87AFC8EFAA2" box="[119,241,1382,1403]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">profundicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFD36A82CFF90FAA5" box="[644,1007,1328,1404]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD36A82DFEDEFA9F" bold="true" box="[644,673,1329,1350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">6.4</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD1DA82CFEABFA9C" box="[687,724,1328,1349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">5–9</emphasis>
)
</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0A82CFAB3FAA5" box="[1042,1740,1328,1404]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
240, 340, 270 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB79A82DF896FA9F" bold="true" box="[1227,1257,1329,1350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">4.5</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB45A82CF964FA9C" box="[1271,1307,1328,1349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">2–7</emphasis>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5A881FAB3FA6B" box="[119,1740,1437,1458]" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5A881FE36FA6B" box="[119,585,1437,1458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Ohtaka 1992, Japan</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0A881FAB3FA6B" box="[1042,1740,1437,1458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB79A881F896FA6B" bold="true" box="[1227,1257,1437,1458]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">3.2</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5A8D8FAB3FA02" box="[119,1740,1476,1499]" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5A8D8FE36FA02" box="[119,585,1476,1499]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
Cui 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFF17A8D8FCAAFA00" box="[165,213,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">et al.</emphasis>
2015, Tibet, China
</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFD36A8D8FF90FA02" box="[644,1007,1476,1499]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFD36A8D8FEBCFA00" box="[644,707,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(6–11)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0A8D8FAB3FA02" box="[1042,1740,1476,1499]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
290 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE4A26BFB79A8DAF8A8FA02" bold="true" box="[1227,1239,1478,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">5</emphasis>
238
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE45D9CFFC5A8F1FAB3F9DA" box="[119,1740,1517,1539]" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFFC5A8F1FE36F9DA" box="[119,585,1517,1539]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Semernoy 2004, Lake Baikal</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE45D9CFBA0A8F1FAB3F9DA" box="[1042,1740,1517,1539]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">(198–234) (4–5)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6190E9FFE5A26AFF25AD84FDC0FED6" ID-Table-UUID="DF6190E9FFE5A26AFF25AD84FDC0FED6" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6190E9FFE5A26AFF25AD84FDC0FED6" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" targetBox="[159,1298,298,610]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFE5A26AFF25AD84FDC0FED6" blockId="9.[151,1435,151,271]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE5A26AFF25AD84FD7DFF76" bold="true" box="[151,258,152,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">TABLE 2</emphasis>
. COI barcodes of 7 specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE5A26AFDD9AD8BFF07FF76" box="[619,888,151,175]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE5A26AFDD9AD8BFF07FF76" box="[619,888,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Limnodrilus sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A259A108FFE5A26AFCCDAD84FFC4FF76" box="[895,955,152,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE5A26AFCCDAD84FFC4FF76" bold="true" box="[895,955,152,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, from Sulphur Cave dark zone (SC), Sulphur Cave surface spring (SS) and Black Sulphur Spring (BS). Two haplotypes (Ht #1, #2) are recognized in positions 2-658, i.e. the interval covered by all sequences; 658 base pairs (bp) are the targeted length of this barcode, but first nucleotide is unknown for 1 specimen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFE5A26AFF2DAC36F97FFDB8" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<table id="F91E32C1FFE55D9CFF2DAC36F96DFDBB" box="[159,1298,298,610]" gridcols="6" gridrows="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<tr id="352EC223FFE55D9CFF2DAC36F96DFE99" box="[159,1298,298,320]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFF2DAC36FD73FE99" box="[159,268,298,320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">GenBank#</th>
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFEE7AC36FDB5FE99" box="[341,458,298,320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Individual#</th>
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD94AC36FE11FE99" box="[550,622,298,320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Length</th>
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD1EAC36FEA7FE99" box="[684,728,298,320]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Ht#</th>
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFCAEAC36FFB3FE99" box="[796,972,298,320]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Site</th>
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFB8CAC36F96DFE99" box="[1086,1298,298,320]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Museum voucher</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE55D9CFF2DAC48F96DFEB3" box="[159,1298,340,362]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFF2DAC48FD73FEB3" box="[159,268,340,362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">-</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFEE7AC48FDB5FEB3" box="[341,458,340,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">CE7486</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD94AC48FE11FEB3" box="[550,622,340,362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">658 bp</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD1EAC48FEA7FEB3" box="[684,728,340,362]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">2</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFCAEAC48FFB3FEB3" box="[796,972,340,362]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SC, 18 Aug 2008</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFB8CAC48F96DFEB3" box="[1086,1298,340,362]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SMNH 150175</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE55D9CFF2DAC60F96DFE4A" box="[159,1298,380,403]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFF2DAC60FD73FE4A" box="[159,268,380,403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">-</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFEE7AC60FDB5FE4A" box="[341,458,380,403]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">CE7489</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD94AC60FE11FE4A" box="[550,622,380,403]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">658 bp</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD1EAC60FEA7FE4A" box="[684,728,380,403]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">1</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFCAEAC60FFB3FE4A" box="[796,972,380,403]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SC, 20 Sep 2008</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFB8CAC60F96DFE4A" box="[1086,1298,380,403]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE5A26AFB8CAC60F8F6FE4A" bold="true" box="[1086,1161,380,403]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">USNM</emphasis>
1283518 
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE5A26AFB55AC61F97EFE4B" bold="true" box="[1255,1281,381,402]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">**</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE55D9CFF2DACBAF96DFE65" box="[159,1298,422,444]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFF2DACBAFD73FE65" box="[159,268,422,444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">-</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFEE7ACBAFDB5FE65" box="[341,458,422,444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">CE7490</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD94ACBAFE11FE65" box="[550,622,422,444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">658 bp</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD1EACBAFEA7FE65" box="[684,728,422,444]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">2</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFCAEACBAFFB3FE65" box="[796,972,422,444]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SC, 20 Sep 2008</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFB8CACBAF96DFE65" box="[1086,1298,422,444]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SMNH 150176</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE55D9CFF2DACCCF96DFE3F" box="[159,1298,464,486]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFF2DACCCFD73FE3F" box="[159,268,464,486]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<accessionNumber id="944D5D82FFE5A26AFF2DACCCFD73FE3F" box="[159,268,464,486]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KT692956" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">KT692956</accessionNumber>
</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFEE7ACCCFDB5FE3F" box="[341,458,464,486]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">CE7491</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD94ACCCFE11FE3F" box="[550,622,464,486]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">658 bp</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD1EACCCFEA7FE3F" box="[684,728,464,486]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">2</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFCAEACCCFFB3FE3F" box="[796,972,464,486]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SC, 20 Sep 2008</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFB8CACCCF96DFE3F" box="[1086,1298,464,486]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SMNH Type 8779**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE55D9CFF2DACE5F96DFDD6" box="[159,1298,505,527]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFF2DACE5FD73FDD6" box="[159,268,505,527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">-</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFEE7ACE5FDB5FDD6" box="[341,458,505,527]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">CE10477</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD94ACE5FE11FDD6" box="[550,622,505,527]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">657 bp</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD1EACE5FEA7FDD6" box="[684,728,505,527]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">1</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFCAEACE5FFB3FDD6" box="[796,972,505,527]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">BS, 11 Apr 2010</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFB8CACE5F96DFDD6" box="[1086,1298,505,527]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SMNH 150178</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE55D9CFF2DAF3EF96DFDE1" box="[159,1298,546,568]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFF2DAF3EFD73FDE1" box="[159,268,546,568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">-</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFEE7AF3EFDB5FDE1" box="[341,458,546,568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">CE10479</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD94AF3EFE11FDE1" box="[550,622,546,568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">658 bp</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD1EAF3EFEA7FDE1" box="[684,728,546,568]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">1</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFCAEAF3EFFB3FDE1" box="[796,972,546,568]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SS, 11 Apr 2010</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFB8CAF3EF96DFDE1" box="[1086,1298,546,568]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SMNH 150177</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352EC223FFE55D9CFF2DAF57F96DFDBB" box="[159,1298,587,610]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<th id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFF2DAF57FD73FDBB" box="[159,268,587,610]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<accessionNumber id="944D5D82FFE5A26AFF2DAF50FD73FDBB" box="[159,268,588,610]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KT692957" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">KT692957</accessionNumber>
</th>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFEE7AF57FDB5FDBB" box="[341,458,587,610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">CE10482</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD94AF57FE11FDBB" box="[550,622,587,610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">658 bp</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFD1EAF57FEA7FDBB" box="[684,728,587,610]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">1</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFCAEAF57FFB3FDBB" box="[796,972,587,610]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">SC, 11 Apr 2010</td>
<td id="76FFAB5FFFE55D9CFB8CAF57F96DFDBB" box="[1086,1298,587,610]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE5A26AFB8CAF57F8F6FDBB" bold="true" box="[1086,1161,587,610]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">DMNS</emphasis>
ZE.46275*
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFE5A26AFF25AF9EFEB3FD40" blockId="9.[151,716,642,665]" box="[151,716,642,665]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE5A26AFF25AF9EFD74FD40" bold="true" box="[151,267,642,665]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
* 
<typeStatus id="54A57EC3FFE5A26AFF13AF9EFD74FD40" box="[161,267,642,665]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(sexually mature); ** 
<typeStatus id="54A57EC3FFE5A26AFE4AAF9EFE15FD40" box="[504,618,642,665]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE5A26AFE4AAF9EFE15FD40" bold="true" box="[504,618,642,665]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
(mature)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFE5A26AFF75AFDAFFF0FCFE" blockId="9.[151,1436,710,951]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
Earlier (
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFE5A26AFE97AFDAFD9DFD06" box="[293,482,710,735]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="2007-09">September 2007</date>
and 
<date id="FFA0E6A1FFE5A26AFD92AFDBFEC8FD06" box="[544,695,711,735]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="2008-08">August 2008</date>
) collections included several mature worms, but they had been preserved in strong alcohol, and thus were brittle and contracted. Chaetae were mostly broken, male ducts invisible against the dark chloragogen, and penis sheaths broken and twisted.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30493EAFFE5A26AFF75AE2EFFA3FC6E" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA1C061FFE5A26AFF75AE2EFFA3FC6E" blockId="9.[151,1436,710,951]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE5A26AFF75AE2EFD1FFC92" bold="true" box="[199,352,818,843]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Distribution.</emphasis>
Other than the cave habitat, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBBE2FFE5A26AFD0FAE28FF13FC92" box="[701,876,818,843]" class="Clitellata" family="Tubificidae" genus="Limnodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sulphurensis">
<emphasis id="B96A1C73FFE5A26AFD0FAE28FF13FC92" box="[701,876,818,843]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">L. sulphurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only been collected at the adjacent surface spring and at Black Sulphur Spring. The distinctive chaetal morphology allows the attribution of immature specimens, confirmed by reproductive characters in the two mature worms (
<figureCitation id="1325DCE4FFE5A26AFBB4AE66F833FC4A" box="[1030,1100,890,915]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,201,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[160,1426,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A – D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261851/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E, 
<tableCitation id="C69CF5DAFFE5A26AFBDFAE66F8BEFC4A" box="[1133,1217,890,915]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[119,199,657,678]" captionTargetBox="[119,1740,748,1539]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected measurements of L. sulphurensis n. sp. and L. profundicola from new material, compared with literature values for profundicola. Values are mean and (range), where available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" tableUuid="DF6190E9FFE4A26BFFC5AF8DFD6CFD18">Table 1</tableCitation>
). DNA, as well as proximity of the three sites, suggests that all are from the same population.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>