121 lines
23 KiB
XML
121 lines
23 KiB
XML
|
<document id="C40C1803F90453535D7A14F844C7ACA6" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFC6FFF5BE8BF9DFFAC2FD15" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus albonotatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="56" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="56" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:mods id="7B6834B143D0809B202EF848E5D6BC2E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="F24B8629DE4C05C15258CF50594B3648">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:title id="751D34CB51A96BDA1A39CA60CD0D14E2">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:name id="D1415B2AB241EAF8AF0FD71B4D86056D" type="personal">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:role id="6C4C240FFA2DA8748A880F5BD6FBD465">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="C76B6D6E1F819367A33838906E6FB8FC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:namePart id="71FC9E4A2FC8F8C28AD390AA3C548E64">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:name id="F7C54DF185B2F2A02824DA23E29F767E" type="personal">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:role id="C85B1312211AE8B409F994B62EFE57F8">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="6E93518044D271FCFD8094DAD9412803">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:namePart id="B01725C2C0DC0A0BA7D2B814353FF645">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource id="56809DB1BAFA36A55F9748A59EBB3FAA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:relatedItem id="748245BC5ABFEC726918BF40ED21232F" type="host">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="F312B2AC79923C04041CF5B76C0EB1D2">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:title id="139417EA5A3D927E705F89D9AD08B93E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:part id="5D732AAD7703238E2A9123E705DF16E9">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:date id="1EB98A8AA85F649029209063B67DD7A3">2020</mods:date>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:detail id="4085A85241D2DAFFCD3E2116804325E5" type="pubDate">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:number id="B174AC384576E29D91E19590F0294F5A">2020-01-20</mods:number>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:detail id="11582CA77A3379ED3FBDDF91BC33F85E" type="volume">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:number id="9ADC9F4203C895DB926474035C0AEA80">4725</mods:number>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:detail id="80E94DFA1711F7CAC8197D8373B9C947" type="issue">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:number id="16E642388831034C8AF631A4BEDC5EB8">1</mods:number>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:extent id="243808723B8B9B42FF83BE60E9D11F59" unit="page">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:start id="B48766C8F5B9A03289CBC16C2DACFBC7">1</mods:start>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:end id="8FB82167A1E144010799FF5992FC940F">106</mods:end>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:classification id="45A8AFDAE91E096AD36E1CBF76AD674B">journal article</mods:classification>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="63075684E0DAEFDDE1436FD74B8BA858" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="F5EE6FEFA94FFEA2AB4A9D449A37F691" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="0205D1A610961C61722196F1F09757E1" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="E55920C7B1E1E27A8941C041C900779F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="F83A9A8693E1E5C1058F6EF270B75C09" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="E3B64D4AFC6EC08A295DBC7F9C827A4E" type="ZooBank">B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|||
|
|
<treatment id="D435E640FFC6FFF5BE8BF9DFFAC2FD15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583606" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583606" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFC6FFF5BE8BF9DFFAC2FD15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC6FFF5BE8BF9DFFAC2FD15" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFBC2F968" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFD24F91C" blockId="55.[151,724,1652,1679]" box="[151,724,1652,1679]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="076BE03AFFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFD24F91C" bold="true" box="[151,724,1652,1679]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="1">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFD24F91C" authority="(Steindachner, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,724,1652,1679]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albonotatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFD24F91C" bold="true" box="[151,724,1652,1679]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFE3CF91D" bold="true" box="[151,460,1652,1679]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalaemus albonotatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Steindachner, 1864)
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC6FFFBBE8BF916FBC2F968" blockId="55.[151,1437,1724,2039]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
|||
|
|
We found a single call
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFC6FFFBBF80F916FE3CF945" box="[412,460,1725,1751]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a slight PAM without silence intervals. It has a gradual downward FM throughout the call.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC6FFF5BEDBF8A8FAC2FD15" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC6FFF5BEDBF8A8FAC2FD15" blockId="55.[151,1437,1724,2039]" lastBlockId="57.[151,1437,153,647]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBEDBF8A8FDD8F88C" bold="true" box="[199,552,1795,1822]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
|||
|
|
Call A (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBF3EF8A8FE84F88C" box="[290,372,1795,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
A–H and 24B).
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
We examined 14 recordings, a total of 24 minutes, with
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBAB0F8AEFB36F88C" box="[1196,1222,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ca</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 330 calls from
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFC6FFFBBB9CF8AFFF2CF8D0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="male">26 males</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC6FFFBBCF2F883FCB5F8D0" box="[750,837,1832,1858]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Call duration varies from 1.333 to
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC6FFFBBAF9F883FAC9F8D1" box="[1253,1337,1832,1859]" degrees="1.429" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" precision="55" value="-1.429">1.429 s</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
. In most calls the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear (for example, see elliptic envelope in
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBB6BF8E7FF3CF818" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig 25A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). In calls where they are perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration with variable shape (linear, exponential, or logarithmic) or call fall is shorter than the rise. In some calls, there is a long regular sustain (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBB73F83FFF38F840" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 25E</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The amplitude peak of the calls measured is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBC06F877FD32F865" box="[538,706,2011,2039]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 25A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) to rectangular (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBD60F877FC11F864" box="[892,993,2011,2038]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 25E</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 42 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks;
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BC3BFF16FD09FF45" box="[551,761,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25A, C, D, E</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The rate of the PAM is
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BA3EFF15FBB3FF45" box="[1058,1091,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
25 Hz, forming
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BB1AFF15FAD8FF45" box="[1286,1320,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
35 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BF71FEAEFE25FE8D" box="[365,469,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 24B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The fundamental frequency is
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BD5EFEADFC94FE8D" box="[834,868,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
530 Hz and approximately the first six harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BF03FEE5FEC9FEF5" box="[287,313,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="28227196FFC8FFF5BF5BFEE7FE2BFEF5" box="[327,475,332,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1590" valueMax="2440">1590 to 2440</date>
|
|||
|
|
Hz (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BC0EFEE6FD8AFEF5" box="[530,634,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth, but it is usually the fifth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at first harmonic and ending in the fifth or sixth one (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BA09FE3EFB2AFE3D" box="[1045,1242,404,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25B, F, G, H</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2950 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BB0BFE76FF5EFD89" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25F, G, H</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), and a short downward FM at the end (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BC68FDAAFCCDFD89" box="[628,829,512,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25B, F, G, H</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. The call also has a PFM, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BC7FFDE2FC93FDF1" box="[611,867,584,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25A, B, C, E, F, H</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). In a few calls, the rate of the PAM is very low and so is the number of cycles (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BFD6FDC6FDA5FD15" box="[458,597,620,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25D, G</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). In those calls, the PFM is equally slow and weak (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BA87FDC6FAD6FD15" box="[1179,1318,620,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25D, G</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|