<documentid="C12D9D44CB2EB4EB316FC8D878D2841A"ID-CLB-Dataset="5634"ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1"ID-GBIF-Dataset="cdd39956-de72-43ea-afa3-cf79f805dd83"ID-ISSN="1175-5326"ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913561"ID-ZooBank="D2764982-F7D7-4922-BF3F-8314FE9FD869"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe"checkinTime="1623171832930"checkinUser="felipe"docAuthor="Schoddei, Richard & Christidis, Les"docDate="2014"docId="03C087B55B61A84CFF75FB59FD65FCA6"docLanguage="en"docName="zt03786p522.pdf"docOrigin="Zootaxa 3786 (5)"docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article"docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D"docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article"docStyleVersion="9"docTitle="Toxorhamphinae"docType="treatment"docVersion="8"lastPageNumber="506"masterDocId="FFF9FFCD5B65A849FFE2FFADFF95FFB3"masterDocTitle="Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal"masterLastPageNumber="522"masterPageNumber="501"pageNumber="505"updateTime="1732603359386"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:titleid="72828072300242D07E82FE90A5ADA7E4">Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal</mods:title>
<taxonomicNameid="4C694D205B61A84DFEFDFB59FE62FABD"authority="SCHODDEI & CHRISTIDIS"box="[287,503,1268,1294]"class="Aves"family="Oreoicidae"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"order="Passeriformes"pageId="4"pageNumber="505"phylum="Chordata"rank="subFamily"subFamily="Toxorhamphinae">Toxorhamphinae</taxonomicName>
Small, plain citrine-yellow and grey songbirds with extremely long curved bills, broad wings, short white-tipped tails and indistinct, finely-feathered periorbital rings;
attenuated and decurved but straight-sided and narrowing only towards tip, uniformly black, tomia microscopically dentate distally with fine, even tuberculate teeth that, on the maxilla, are formed compoundly on broader shallow serrations, narial depression elongate elliptic, with inoperculate, holorhinal and internally fully pervious nostrils opening externally in a long, meliphagid-like slit along ventral margin of narial depression, rictal bristles undeveloped;
a long slender tube, with a lipped bowl at the base and a shallowly and serrately quadrifid tip in which the medial furcation is much shallower than the two lateral furcations and their four lobes are terminally truncate and serrately toothed on the outer margins only―the teeth overlap one another and interlock immediately behind the tips of the lobes to form the distal section of the tongue tube which can then open and close progressively at the tip under controlled pressure from behind;
with fully perforate interorbital septum except for vestigial medial bar, thickened, well-winged ectethmoids that reach the jugal bar, an aperturate palate with truncated, multi-tipped vomer, filamentous, spathuloid-tipped maxillo-palatines, slender palatines with shelf expanded distally through extension of transpalatine processes, and small, shallow and moderately-defined temporal fossae flanked by short, ellipsoid postorbital processes projecting ventrally and long, spine-like zygomatic processes projecting anteriorly;
a neat, closely and smoothly woven perched cup of fine plant fiber, lined with a dense felt of white plant down, finely and smoothly walled over the outside with camouflaging green bryophytes, algae, cobweb and sometimes white spider egg sacs, and bound at the base to the top of a narrow horizontal twig or fork in shrubbery
1 per clutch, ovoid, matt pale greyish blue sprinkled sparsely with fine pale red to purplish-red spots concentrated at the larger end. Versatile, forest-living nectarivores and insectivores of forest lower stages, probing and gleaning actively, nervously and acrobatically up to forest mid-stages, flying swiftly and directly between sites and calling with repeated tweeting in flight; apparently monogamous.
<emphasisid="B91DEAB15B60A84CFF25FDC1FE62FD36"bold="true"box="[199,503,620,645]"inLineHeading="true"pageId="5"pageNumber="506"reason="1">Range and composition.</emphasis>
