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<document id="620EFAFE4A4B78FB26DA7EC77B1FC68E" ID-CLB-Dataset="5247" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3878.5.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5247e933-3152-40d5-ae19-cce84a3dad7f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4948908" ID-ZooBank="11145FA0-2CB5-460A-B7A6-9A634C778982" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623702158138" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Meesters, Erik H. W. G. &amp; Becking, Leontine E." docDate="2014" docId="03B487DF1234A76FF99C6CE0AAFFB4FD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03878p443.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3878 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking 2014, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="421" masterDocId="FF8DFFA71226A77BF90B6821AB2FB758" masterDocTitle="Deep-water sponges (Porifera) from Bonaire and Klein Curaçao, Southern Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="419" updateTime="1699015317828" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="0930327F60B48F36B694C78456E8AC50">Deep-water sponges (Porifera) from Bonaire and Klein Curaçao, Southern Caribbean</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="DD400E5F54403C51C68163F0FEBA1D67" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BCE670ECBDD7CA242A928834BE5BC19F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3DC42327AA6AD9C89E68EF8C0F948793">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2DF5530EA5A632FEEC3945DD53E13EA8">Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Department of Marine Zoology, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="96E212CED19C1DFAF35F7FBCB7115E93">Meesters, Erik H. W. G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A3998086E931F6C52E20DA473AECFEEE">Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen UR, P. O. Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands. E-mail: erik. meesters @ wur. nl</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C72E9224E161CEA4E2D5C197F7F69947">Becking, Leontine E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E6211E7D8079E58AF4C43A142D579BD5">Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Department of Marine Zoology, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. &amp; Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen UR, P. O. Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands. E-mail: erik. meesters @ wur. nl &amp; University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management (ESPM), 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 - 3114, USA. E-mail: lebecking @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="930A8FDDA55EEC925F9579EC77CBBA63">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="658E1045CE0D356FE12F241C9F06E7B0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6F0C08747C7D1E998F82273A4F9F7120">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4F1E0110BEA1AE053D57F173CF8851A3">2014-10-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3B418F5FD384CA81BDA95392D61FB645">3878</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B487DF1234A76FF99C6CE0AAFFB4FD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949116" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183823274" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4949116" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B487DF1234A76FF99C6CE0AAFFB4FD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487DF1234A76FF99C6CE0AAFFB4FD" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="421" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<subSubSection id="C30765421234A769F99C6CE0A9EAB383" box="[151,709,1217,1243]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91234A769F99C6CE0A9EAB383" blockId="18.[151,709,1217,1277]" box="[151,709,1217,1243]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<heading id="D0EA81A51234A769F99C6CE0A9EAB383" bold="true" box="[151,709,1217,1243]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F99C6CE0A9EAB383" bold="true" box="[151,709,1217,1243]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1234A769F99C6CE0A901B383" ID-CoL="VS8F" authority="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,558,1217,1243]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acarnoides" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Microciona">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F99C6CE0A901B383" bold="true" box="[151,558,1217,1243]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25A57A01234A769FB3E6CE0A9EAB383" box="[565,709,1217,1243]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421234A769F99C6CC5AA3CB3A5" box="[151,275,1252,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91234A769F99C6CC5AA3CB3A5" blockId="18.[151,709,1217,1277]" box="[151,275,1252,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769F99C6CC5AA3CB3A5" box="[151,275,1252,1277]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Figs. 12a–i</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421234A769F99C6D0DAA1BB2D5" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91234A769F99C6D0DAA1BB2D5" blockId="18.[151,1436,1324,2035]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F99C6D0DAAA8B21B" box="[151,391,1324,1349]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F99C6D0DAAAFB21D" bold="true" box="[151,384,1324,1349]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Material examined</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B753C941234A769F89E6D0DAA1BB2D5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3328559322" collectingDate="2013-05-30" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="L. E. Becking &amp; E. Meesters" country="Caribbean Netherlands, Bonaire" elevation="152" latitude="12.137" location="Caribbean Netherlands, Bonaire" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-68.286" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" specimenCode="BDR0020" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54A6886B1234A769F89E6D0DA92DB21D" box="[405,514,1324,1349]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED0CAE0C1234A769FB186D0DA948B21B" box="[531,615,1324,1347]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="Museum">RMNH</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="26E8531F1234A769FB7D6D0DA98CB21B" box="[630,675,1324,1347]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Por.</collectorName>
9243,
<collectingCountry id="F30A76591234A769FBF66D0DAF58B21D" box="[765,1143,1324,1349]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Caribbean Netherlands, Bonaire</collectingCountry>
,
<collectorName id="26E8531F1234A769FD836D0DAE32B21D" box="[1160,1309,1324,1349]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Curoil Dock</collectorName>
, (Dive 3),
<geoCoordinate id="EE29500E1234A769F99C6D6EAA2CB230" box="[151,259,1359,1384]" degrees="12.137" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" precision="55" value="12.137">12.137°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE29500E1234A769F8006D6EAA51B230" box="[267,382,1359,1384]" degrees="68.286" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" precision="55" value="-68.286">68.286°W</geoCoordinate>
, on a coral rock wall at
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<elevation id="0030D1FA1234A769FB996D6EA9F3B23F" box="[658,732,1359,1384]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="m" value="152.0">152 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll.
<collectorName id="26E8531F1234A769FA296D71A898B230" box="[802,951,1359,1384]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">L.E. Becking</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26E8531F1234A769FAD56D71AF49B23F" box="[990,1126,1360,1383]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">E. Meesters</collectorName>
, field nr. BON2/
<specimenCode id="DBBB9EB21234A769FC2E6D6EAEB7B230" box="[1317,1432,1359,1384]" collectionCode="BDR" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">BDR0020</specimenCode>
,
<date id="FFA310091234A769F99C6D55AA1FB2D5" box="[151,304,1396,1421]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" value="2013-05-30">
<collectingDate id="EFE7E9E11234A769F99C6D55AA1FB2D5" box="[151,304,1396,1421]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" value="2013-05-30">30 May 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421234A76FF9CC6DB6AF64B78C" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="421" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91234A769F9CC6DB6AF93B2A2" blockId="18.[151,1436,1324,2035]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F9CC6DB6AA77B2F7" box="[199,344,1431,1456]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F9CC6DB6AA7EB2E8" bold="true" box="[199,337,1431,1456]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Description</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Orange hispid encrustation (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769FB966DB6A822B2E8" box="[669,781,1431,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Figs. 12 a</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769FA066DB6A81BB2E8" box="[781,820,1431,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionTargetBox="[169,1414,1098,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-397@2.[151,1436,1094,1770]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the positions of Bonaire and Klein Curaçao (Southern Caribbean), where the present collections were obtained. Insets show details of locations and course of dives 2–4 of the Curasub." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948910/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">1–a</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769FA3E6DB6A86BB2E8" box="[821,836,1431,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,913,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-354@7.[151,1436,913,1934]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pachastrella pacoi n. sp., habits in situ and on deck, a–b. Holotype RMNH Por. 9255, c–d. Paratype RMNH Por. 9246." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948921/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">4</figureCitation>
) on a vermetid gastropod shell, lodged in a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1234A769F9BC6D9DAA92B28D" baseAuthorityName="Van Soest &amp; Stentoft" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[183,445,1468,1493]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Spongosorites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F9BC6D9DAA92B28D" box="[183,445,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Spongosorites ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The sponge specimen was detected only when on deck. The
<typeStatus id="54A6886B1234A769FD896D9DAFCBB28D" box="[1154,1252,1468,1493]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
consists of four fragments, on vermetids and on
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1234A769F8F46DC2A82BB2A3" baseAuthorityName="Van Soest &amp; Stentoft" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[511,772,1506,1531]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Spongosorites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F8F46DC2A82BB2A3" box="[511,772,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Spongosorites ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens. Size of fragments
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1234A769FD516DC3AF82B2A2" box="[1114,1197,1506,1531]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
<superScript id="7C689B811234A769FDA66DFEAF9AB2B5" attach="left" box="[1197,1205,1503,1517]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">2</superScript>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91234A769F9CC6E27A90DB1D3" blockId="18.[151,1436,1324,2035]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F9CC6E27AA1BB146" box="[199,308,1542,1567]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F9CC6E27AA02B147" bold="true" box="[199,301,1542,1567]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Skeleton</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Microcionid (i.e. choanosomal styles and echinating acanthostyles are grouped) or hymedesmioid (i.e. choanosomal styles and echinating acanthostyles are arranged singly erect with heads embedded in the spongin plate adhering to the substratum) (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769FB9F6E6FA86EB13F" box="[660,833,1614,1639]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Figs. 12a, 12b</figureCitation>
). Ectosomal subtylostyles are strewn in the dermal membrane and also form bouquets.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91234A769F9CC6EB7AAC9B18B" blockId="18.[151,1436,1324,2035]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F9CC6EB7AA1FB1F6" box="[199,304,1686,1711]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769F9CC6EB7AA06B1F7" bold="true" box="[199,297,1686,1711]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Spicules</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Choanosomal principal styles, ectosomal subtylostyles, acanthostyles/cladostyles, toxas in two shape categories, palmate isochelae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91234A769F9CC6EFFAE3EB067" blockId="18.[151,1436,1324,2035]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
Choanosomal styles (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769F8BD6EFFA96CB1AF" box="[438,579,1758,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Figs. 12 c–d</figureCitation>
), smooth, slightly curved, apparently occurring in two size classes, (1) larger styles (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769F9E36F23AAAAB043" box="[232,389,1794,1819]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12c, 12c</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769F88F6F23AAA1B043" box="[388,398,1794,1819]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionTargetBox="[169,1414,1098,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-397@2.[151,1436,1094,1770]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the positions of Bonaire and Klein Curaçao (Southern Caribbean), where the present collections were obtained. Insets show details of locations and course of dives 2–4 of the Curasub." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948910/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">1</figureCitation>
) with predominantly smooth heads, 550–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769FA666F23A8B8B043" box="[877,919,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">895</emphasis>
–1110 x 20–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769FD2D6F23AF6DB043" box="[1062,1090,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">22</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1234A769FD5B6F23AFB4B043" box="[1104,1179,1794,1819]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 µm</quantity>
and (2) smaller styles (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769F9946F07AA6EB067" box="[159,321,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Figs. 12d, 12d</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769F84A6F07AA60B067" box="[321,335,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,831,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[151,1436,831,1738]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakinastrella stinapa n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9252, a. habit of holotype in situ on limestone rockwall W of Bonaire, b. preserved fragments, c. light microscope image of surface skeleton, d. light microscope overview of the spicule complement." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948912/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">2</figureCitation>
) predominantly with rugose heads (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769FBE86F07A87DB067" box="[739,850,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Figs. 12d</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769FA596F07A873B067" box="[850,860,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionTargetBox="[169,1414,1098,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-397@2.[151,1436,1094,1770]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the positions of Bonaire and Klein Curaçao (Southern Caribbean), where the present collections were obtained. Insets show details of locations and course of dives 2–4 of the Curasub." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948910/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769FA636F07A8BAB067" box="[872,917,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">12d</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769FA9E6F07A88DB067" box="[917,930,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1447,1469]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1422]" captionTargetId="figure-113@6.[151,1436,193,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plakinastrella stinapa n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9252, SEM images of the spicules, a. overview, b. calthrops, c. large diods, d. small diods, d1. enlarged small diod, e. triods, e1. enlarged triod." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948916" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948916/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">3</figureCitation>
), 150–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769FAE46F07AF36B067" box="[1007,1049,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">344</emphasis>
–640 x 10–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769FD9C6F07AF9CB067" box="[1175,1203,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">14</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1234A769FDC86F07AE22B067" box="[1219,1293,1830,1855]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91234A769F9CC6F6BAE0AB03B" blockId="18.[151,1436,1324,2035]" box="[199,1317,1866,1891]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
Ectosomal subtylostyles (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769F8ED6F6BA9A5B03B" box="[486,650,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Figs. 12e, 12e</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769FB826F6BA9BCB03B" box="[649,659,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionTargetBox="[169,1414,1098,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-397@2.[151,1436,1094,1770]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the positions of Bonaire and Klein Curaçao (Southern Caribbean), where the present collections were obtained. Insets show details of locations and course of dives 2–4 of the Curasub." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948910/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">1</figureCitation>
), with faint microspination on the head, 380–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769FD996F6BAF93B03B" box="[1170,1212,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">512</emphasis>
–620 x 5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91234A769F9CC6F4FA98AB097" blockId="18.[151,1436,1324,2035]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
Acanthostyles/cladostyles (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769F8F06F4FA976B0DF" box="[507,601,1902,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12f</figureCitation>
), unique spicule
<typeStatus id="54A6886B1234A769FA166F4EA862B0DF" box="[797,845,1903,1927]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">type</typeStatus>
shaped like a ‘normal’ echinating acanthostyle, but provided with four sharp hooks at the pointed end, 60–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769FA0D6FB3A80DB0F3" box="[774,802,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">70</emphasis>
–75 x
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1234A769FA616FB3A886B0F3" box="[874,937,1938,1963]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 µm</quantity>
. The hooked ends are pointed outwards, the heads are embedded in the basal spongin plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91234A769F9CC6FFBA839B0AB" blockId="18.[151,1436,1324,2035]" box="[199,790,2010,2035]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
Oxhorn toxa (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1234A769F8686FFBAAEBB0AB" box="[355,452,2010,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
Fig.
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1234A769F89C6FFBAAEBB0AB" box="[407,452,2010,2035]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="g" value="12.0">12g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
), 30–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769FB086FFAA930B0AA" box="[515,543,2011,2034]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">77</emphasis>
–115 x 2.5–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1234A769FBA96FFBA9EAB0AB" box="[674,709,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">4.7</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1234A769FBDE6FFBA83EB0AB" box="[725,785,2010,2035]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6266411235A768F99C6F5EAE5AB0A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" startId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" targetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91235A768F99C6F5EAE5AB0A8" blockId="19.[151,1436,1919,2033]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1235A768F99C6F5EAA37B0CC" bold="true" box="[151,280,1919,1941]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">FIGURE 12</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1235A768F82E6F5EA951B0CD" authority="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[293,638,1919,1941]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acarnoides" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Microciona">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1235A768F82E6F5EA951B0CD" box="[293,638,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B969EADB1235A768FB886F5EA993B0CC" bold="true" box="[643,700,1919,1940]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25A57A01235A768FB886F5EA993B0CC" box="[643,700,1919,1940]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91232A76FF9CC68B9A844B7E8" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,933]" box="[199,875,151,176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
Long thin shallow-curved toxa (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1232A76FFB2468B6A9A1B7E8" box="[559,654,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Fig. 12h</figureCitation>
) 190–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFBDE68B6A9D0B7E8" box="[725,767,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">331</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1232A76FFA0668B6A848B7E8" box="[781,871,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" unit="mm" value="450.0">450 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91232A76FF9CC689DAF64B78C" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,933]" box="[199,1099,188,213]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
Palmate isochelae (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1232A76FF894689DAAD5B78D" box="[415,506,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-111@19.[203,1389,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9243, a1–a4. habit of the four holotype fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b. cross section of hymedesmioid skeleton, c–i. SEM images of the spicules, c. style, c1. details of smooth style, d. smaller style with rugose head, d1. detail of head of d, d2. even smaller style, d3. detail of head of d2, e. subtylostyle, e1. details of subtylostyle, f. cladotylote acanthostyle, g. oxhorn toxa, h. long thin shallow-curved toxa, i. palmate isochela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948947/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Fig. 12i</figureCitation>
), rather narrow, but normal-shaped, 15–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFAB7689DA8C2B78D" box="[956,1005,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">20.4</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1232A76FFAF7689DAF68B78C" box="[1020,1095,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421232A76FF9CC68FEAA9FB645" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91232A76FF9CC68FEAA9FB645" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF9CC68FEAAD7B7AF" box="[199,504,223,248]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF9CC68FEAADEB7A0" bold="true" box="[199,497,223,248]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Ecology and distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Known only from the
<typeStatus id="54A6886B1232A76FFBF568C1A801B7A0" box="[766,814,224,248]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">type</typeStatus>
locality, encrusting a mollusk, at a depth of
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1232A76FFC2068FEAE5BB7AF" box="[1323,1396,223,248]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" unit="m" value="152.0">
<elevation id="0030D1FA1232A76FFC2068FEAE5BB7AF" box="[1323,1396,223,248]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" unit="m" value="152.0">152 m</elevation>
</quantity>
off the SW coast of
<collectingCountry id="F30A76591232A76FF85B6925AA83B645" box="[336,428,260,285]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421232A76FF9CC6906AF97B63D" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91232A76FF9CC6906AF97B63D" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF9CC6906AA62B667" box="[199,333,295,320]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF9CC6906AA69B618" bold="true" box="[199,326,295,320]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Etymology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The name refers to the presence of acanthocladotylote-shaped acanthostyles, which so far were known only from members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FFB55696DA811B63D" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[606,830,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFB55696DA994B63B" box="[606,699,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Acarnus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B381232A76FFBC9696DA811B63D" author="Gray, J. E." box="[706,830,332,357]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" pagination="492 - 558" refId="ref23419" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(family
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FFA95696DAF83B63D" authority="Dendy, 1922" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1922" box="[926,1196,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Acarnidae Dendy, 1922</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421232A76FF9CC694EAAFFB4FD" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91232A76FF9CC694EAAFFB4FD" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF9CC694EAA14B6DF" box="[199,315,367,392]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF9CC694EAA1BB6D0" bold="true" box="[199,308,367,392]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Remarks</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The new species is unique among
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FFA0F694EA8EAB6D0" box="[772,965,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFA0F694EA84CB6D0" box="[772,867,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Clathria</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
by the modification of its echinating acanthostyles to resemble the acanthocladotylotes of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FFA7869B5A8FFB6F3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[883,976,404,427]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFA7869B5A8FFB6F3" box="[883,976,404,427]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Acarnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, more in particular those of the species
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FF99C6999AAADB697" authorityName="Hiemstra &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,386,440,463]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenius">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF99C6999AAADB697" box="[151,386,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Acarnus primigenius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B381232A76FF89A6996A997B688" author="Hiemstra, F. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[401,696,439,464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" pagination="431 - 442" refId="ref23555" refString="Hiemstra, F. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (1991) Additions to the Indo-Australian representatives of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida), with description of a new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 30 (3), 431 - 442." type="journal article" year="1991">Hiemstra &amp; Hooper, 1991</bibRefCitation>
(see also
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B381232A76FFA226999AF32B688" author="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Hiemstra, F." box="[809,1053,439,464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" pagination="49 - 88" refId="ref26475" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M., Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Hiemstra, F. (1991) Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia, 42 (3), 49 - 88." type="journal article" year="1991">
Van Soest
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFAAA6998A8F5B688" box="[929,986,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
). For that reason, we assigned the new species at first to
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FF8AC69FDA92BB6AB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[423,516,476,499]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF8AC69FDA92BB6AB" box="[423,516,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Acarnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but a major feature does not match: the presence of unmistakable ectosomal subtylostyles, in all its aspects thoroughly representative of the genus
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFAD269DEAF11B540" box="[985,1086,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FFAD269DEAF14B540" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[985,1083,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Clathria</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
whereas all
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FFDD06A21AEB7B540" box="[1243,1432,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFDD06A21AE17B54F" box="[1243,1336,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Acarnus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, including
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FF8036A05AA82B564" authorityName="Hiemstra &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="1991" box="[264,429,548,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenius">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF8036A05AA82B564" box="[264,429,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">A. primigenius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have microspined tylotes as ectosomal spicules. Furthermore, most
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FFDA06A05AE4FB565" box="[1195,1376,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFDA06A05AE27B563" box="[1195,1288,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Acarnus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have two categories of cladotylotes, one of which appears derived of the principal styles (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B381232A76FFD796A69AE49B538" author="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Hiemstra, F." box="[1138,1382,583,608]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" pagination="49 - 88" refId="ref26475" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M., Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Hiemstra, F. (1991) Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia, 42 (3), 49 - 88." type="journal article" year="1991">
Van Soest
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFDE16A68AE0CB538" box="[1258,1315,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
). An exception is
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FF8206A4DAAFBB5DB" box="[299,468,620,644]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigeniu">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF8206A4DAAE7B5DC" box="[299,456,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">A. primigeniu</emphasis>
s
</taxonomicName>
, which has only the acanthocladotylote
<typeStatus id="54A6886B1232A76FFAAC6A4DA8F5B5DC" box="[935,986,620,644]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">type</typeStatus>
, but significantly, this species also has normal echinating acanthostyles, without the hooks at the pointed end. We conclude that the combination of ectosomal subtylostyles with the acanthostyle-like cladotylotes, makes the new species morphologically more similar to many
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FF8516AF6A977B5B7" authority="" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1862" box="[346,600,727,752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Microciona">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF8516AF6A977B5B7" box="[346,600,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Clathria (Microciona)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FFBCA6AF9A831B5B7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[705,798,728,751]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFBCA6AF9A831B5B7" box="[705,798,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Acarnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and that this constitutes a remarkable case of parallel development in these two genera. There are more overlapping features between the two: several
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FFC366ADDAA04B46F" authority="" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1862" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Microciona">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFC366ADDAA04B46F" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Clathria (Microciona)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are known to have the feature of (partial) modification of their ectosomal microspined subtylostyles to quasitylotes, often provided with microspines at both ends (see e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B381232A76FFD786B65AE5AB405" author="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Beglinger, E. J. &amp; De Voogd, N. J." box="[1139,1397,836,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" pagination="275 - 404" refId="ref26161" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M., Beglinger, E. J. &amp; De Voogd, N. J. (2013) Microcionid sponges from Northwest Africa and the Macaronesian Islands (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 87 (4), 275 - 404." type="journal article" year="2013">
Van Soest
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFDFA6B64AE02B405" box="[1265,1325,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). It indicates that the two groups (
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FF8FD6B49A97CB427" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[502,595,872,895]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FF8FD6B49A97CB427" box="[502,595,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Acarnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1232A76FFB9B6B46A9C0B4D8" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[656,751,871,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1232A76FFB9B6B46A9C0B4D8" box="[656,751,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Clathria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are likely closely related and their assignment to different families may be unjustified.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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