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<document ID-DOI="10.7717/peerj.2321" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bfee38ac-d1ef-47d5-b4a3-ffa07cc53f18" ID-PMC="PMC4991871" ID-PubMed="27602287" ID-Zenodo-Dep="270212" checkinTime="1472036144924" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Alexandra T. Boersma &amp; Nicholas D. Pyenson" docDate="2016" docId="E03BF937AF27FFCA0484FD9AFD15D816" docLanguage="en" docName="peerj-2321.pdf" docOrigin="Peerj 2321" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Platanistoidea" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="1C02814FAF3FFFD1056FFFD3FF93DC0D" masterDocTitle="Arktocara yakataga, a new fossil odontocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Oligocene of Alaska and the antiquity of Platanistoidea" masterLastPageNumber="41" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1668138771274" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Arktocara yakataga, a new fossil odontocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Oligocene of Alaska and the antiquity of Platanistoidea</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Alexandra T. Boersma</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Nicholas D. Pyenson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2321</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7717/peerj.2321</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5658610" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124407780" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5658610" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E03BF937AF27FFCA0484FD9AFD15D816" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E03BF937AF27FFCA0484FD9AFD15D816" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection box="[491,863,585,614]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="24.[491,1542,534,1913]" box="[491,863,585,614]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<heading bold="true" box="[491,863,585,614]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,863,585,614]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName box="[491,672,585,614]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Platanistoidea">Platanistoid</taxonomicName>
systematics
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="24.[491,1542,534,1913]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The present day concept of Platanistoidea has its origins with
<bibRefCitation author="Simpson GG." box="[1224,1403,628,654]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1" part="85" refString="Simpson GG. 1945. The principles of classification, and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85: 1 350." title="The principles of classification, and a classification of mammals" type="journal article" year="1945">Simpson (1945)</bibRefCitation>
, although by the late 20th century, it became clear that genera such as Inia, Pontoporia, and Lipotes were more closely related to Delphinoidea than to
<taxonomicName box="[1076,1190,706,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Platanistidae" genus="Platanista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Platanista</taxonomicName>
(Muizon, 1984; Muizon, 1985; Muizon, 1987), especially with the advent of molecular datasets in the 21st century (see
<bibRefCitation author="Geisler JH &amp; McGowen MR &amp; Yang G &amp; Gatesy J." box="[491,698,785,811]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="112" part="11" publicationUrl="10.1186/1471-2148-11-112." refString="Geisler JH, McGowen MR, Yang G, Gatesy J. 2011. A supermatrix analysis of genomic, morphological and paleontological data from crown Cetacea. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 112 DOI 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 112." title="A supermatrix analysis of genomic, morphological and paleontological data from crown Cetacea" type="journal article" year="2011">Geisler et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
for a comprehensive review). Muizon (1984) provided the first modern articulation of Platanistoidea to include the numerous fossil forms that appeared to be most closely related to
<taxonomicName box="[763,877,864,890]" class="Mammalia" family="Platanistidae" genus="Platanista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Platanista</taxonomicName>
than any other odontocete, living or extinct, including
<taxonomicName box="[491,643,903,929]" class="Mammalia" family="Platanistidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Platanistidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[656,873,903,929]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
(DSqualodelphidae sensu Muizon, 1984, an alternative spelling that according to
<bibRefCitation author="Rice DW." box="[799,929,943,969]" journalOrPublisher="Society for Marine Mammology Special Publication" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1" part="4" refString="Rice DW. 1998. Marine mammals of the world, systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammology Special Publication 4: 1 231." title="Marine mammals of the world, systematics and distribution" type="journal article" year="1998">Rice (1998)</bibRefCitation>
was wrongly formed), and
<taxonomicName box="[1256,1442,942,968]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodontidae</taxonomicName>
. Later, Muizon (1987) described two synapomorphies for Platanistoidea: a loss or reduction of the coracoid process and supraspinatus fossa of the scapula; and the acromion process located on the anterior edge of the scapula. In a review of fossil and extant Delphinida, Muizon (1988a) added another extinct family,
<taxonomicName box="[1040,1203,1100,1126]" class="Mammalia" family="Dalpiazinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dalpiazinidae</taxonomicName>
, to the aggregate of extinct families in Platanistoidea, tentatively placing it as sister group to
<taxonomicName box="[1258,1441,1139,1165]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodontidae</taxonomicName>
within Platanistoidea.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[491,1542,534,1913]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Muizon (1994) modified this diagnosis of the Platanistoidea to include three more characteristics: a deep subcircular fossa located dorsal to the spiny process of the squamosal; a hook­like articular process or rim on the periotic; and the migration of the palatines dorsolaterally, surrounded by the maxilla and pterygoid which partly overlap them. The
<typeStatus box="[491,541,1376,1402]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
and only specimen of Arktocara does not possess any of the elements required to evaluate these synapomorphies, though the palatine is located dorsolaterally (ventral of the sphenopalatine foramina) and is slightly overlapped by the pterygoid (though not the maxilla) (see ‘Description’, palatine).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[491,1542,534,1913]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Muizon (1994) maintained that
<taxonomicName box="[896,1057,1533,1559]" class="Mammalia" family="Dalpiazinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dalpiazinidae</taxonomicName>
may be a sister group to
<taxonomicName box="[1351,1537,1533,1559]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodontidae</taxonomicName>
, but admitted that the available material referable to
<taxonomicName box="[1101,1262,1572,1598]" class="Mammalia" family="Dalpiazinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dalpiazinidae</taxonomicName>
was too fragmentary to evaluate any synapomorphies of Platanistoidea. As a result,
<bibRefCitation author="Fordyce RE." box="[1180,1350,1612,1638]" editor="Berta A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="147" part="29" refString="Fordyce RE. 1994. Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand. In: Berta A, Demere TA, eds. Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 29. San Diego, 147 176." title="Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr" year="1994">Fordyce (1994)</bibRefCitation>
excluded
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Dalpiazinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dalpiazinidae</taxonomicName>
from his analysis of Platanistoidea.
<taxonomicName box="[1013,1139,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Dalpiazinidae" genus="Dalpiazina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dalpiazina</taxonomicName>
ombonii (Muizon, 1988b) (
<collectionCode box="[1455,1526,1651,1677]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">IGUP</collectionCode>
26405), which was originally given the genus name Champsodelphis by Longhi (1898), was later reviewed by and given its new genus by Muizon (1988b), and is the only described member of this group. Based on observations by one of us (NDP) of the
<typeStatus box="[1330,1380,1769,1795]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
specimen, we follow
<bibRefCitation author="Fordyce RE." box="[572,742,1809,1835]" editor="Berta A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="147" part="29" refString="Fordyce RE. 1994. Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand. In: Berta A, Demere TA, eds. Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 29. San Diego, 147 176." title="Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr" year="1994">Fordyce (1994)</bibRefCitation>
in excluding this taxon from consideration as a platanistoid until a more detailed study can resolve the confusing history of associated material that forms the basis for this taxon (and potential membership of other odontocetes).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[491,1542,228,1889]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
In his description of Waipatia maerewhenua,
<bibRefCitation author="Fordyce RE." box="[1062,1232,229,255]" editor="Berta A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="147" part="29" refString="Fordyce RE. 1994. Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand. In: Berta A, Demere TA, eds. Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 29. San Diego, 147 176." title="Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr" year="1994">Fordyce (1994)</bibRefCitation>
articulated the current concept of Platanistoidea (and largely the basis for the node­based definition used here), which narrowed Muizon’s (1987, 1991) definition to include only the families
<taxonomicName box="[491,677,348,374]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodontidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[689,909,348,374]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName box="[973,1125,348,374]" class="Mammalia" family="Platanistidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Platanistidae</taxonomicName>
, although
<bibRefCitation author="Fordyce RE." box="[1248,1418,348,374]" editor="Berta A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="147" part="29" refString="Fordyce RE. 1994. Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand. In: Berta A, Demere TA, eds. Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 29. San Diego, 147 176." title="Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr" year="1994">Fordyce (1994)</bibRefCitation>
hinted at possibly platanistoid affinities of other taxa, such as Prosqualodon davidis.
<bibRefCitation author="Fordyce RE." box="[1361,1531,388,414]" editor="Berta A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="147" part="29" refString="Fordyce RE. 1994. Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand. In: Berta A, Demere TA, eds. Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 29. San Diego, 147 176." title="Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr" year="1994">Fordyce (1994)</bibRefCitation>
also added two synapomorphies: the anterior process of the periotic roughly cylindrical in cross section; and the anterior process smoothly deflected ventrally.
<bibRefCitation author="Fordyce RE." box="[1331,1501,468,494]" editor="Berta A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="147" part="29" refString="Fordyce RE. 1994. Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand. In: Berta A, Demere TA, eds. Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 29. San Diego, 147 176." title="Waipatia maerewhenua. New genus and new species (Waipatiidae, New Family), an archaic late oligocene dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Platanistoidea) from New Zealand" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr" year="1994">Fordyce (1994)</bibRefCitation>
’s diagnosis of Platanistoidea also omitted any mention of synapomorphies related to the palatines, and noted that the previous two synapomorphies of the scapula were equivocal, as they are not seen in all platanistoids. The
<typeStatus box="[1010,1060,587,613]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
specimen of Arktocara has no associated tympanoperiotics, but the periotics of both Allodelphis pratti and Zarhinocetus errabundus possess both periotic synapomorphies of the Platanistoidea (
<figureCitation box="[1199,1263,667,693]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1570,1592]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[491,1541,229,1525]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9 Right periotic of the holotype of Allodelphis pratti (YPM 13408). Right periotic of Allodelphis pratti in dorsal (A, B), and lateral (C, D) views. (A, C), Illustrated periotic with low opacity mask and interpretive line art. The two periotic synapomorphies for the Platanistoidea are labelled: the parabullary sulcus, and the dorsal crest. (B, D), photography by James Di Loreto, Smithsonian Institution. Courtesy of the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology; YPM 13408, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; peabody. yale. edu." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270221/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[491,1542,228,1889]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
More recent revisions of the Platanistoidea have supported the exclusion of
<taxonomicName box="[491,677,747,773]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodontidae</taxonomicName>
, restructuring Platanistoidea to some combination of the families
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[491,1542,228,1889]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName box="[491,643,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Platanistidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Platanistidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[656,845,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Allodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Allodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[857,1074,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[1134,1278,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Waipatiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Waipatiidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Lambert O &amp; Bianucci G &amp; Urbina M." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="987" part="34" publicationUrl="10.1080/02724634.2014.858050." refString="Lambert O, Bianucci G, Urbina M. 2014. Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (5): 987 1004 DOI 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.858050." title="Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru" type="journal article" year="2014">Lambert, Bianucci &amp; Urbina (2014)</bibRefCitation>
’s description of the squalodelphinid Huaridelphis pointed to the inclusion of
<taxonomicName box="[523,675,866,892]" class="Mammalia" family="Platanistidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Platanistidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[686,872,866,892]" class="Mammalia" family="Allodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Allodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[930,1147,866,892]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
in a monophyletic Platanistoidea based on a number of descriptive synapomorphies: deeply grooved rostral suture between the premaxilla and maxilla; elevation of the antorbital region higher than dorsal margin of rostrum base in lateral view; widening of cranium; presence of a deep fossa in orbit roof; vertex distinctly shifted to the left compared with the sagittal plane of the skull; reduction of the ventral exposure of palatine; hamular fossa of the pterygoid sinus extended anteriorly on the palatal surface of rostrum; presence of an articular rim on the periotic; elongation of anterior spine on the tympanic bulla and associated anterolateral convexity; loss of double rooted posterior teeth; and tooth count greater than 25. Of these synapomorphies, Arktocara lacks two: the antorbital region is not higher than the rostrum base, and the vertex is not shifted to the left. Both Squalodon and Waipatia were excluded from Platanistoidea in the results, though a broader sample size may change the relationship between the heterodont and homodont platanistoids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[491,1542,228,1889]" lastBlockId="26.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
In contrast to
<bibRefCitation author="Lambert O &amp; Bianucci G &amp; Urbina M." box="[692,1098,1384,1410]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="987" part="34" publicationUrl="10.1080/02724634.2014.858050." refString="Lambert O, Bianucci G, Urbina M. 2014. Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (5): 987 1004 DOI 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.858050." title="Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru" type="journal article" year="2014">Lambert, Bianucci &amp; Urbina (2014)</bibRefCitation>
, Tanaka &amp; Fordyce’ s (2015a) equally weighted strict consensus recovered a monophyletic Platanistoidea that included both Waipatia maerewhenua and Waipatia hectori (
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka, Fordyce RE" box="[1031,1322,1464,1490]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="135" part="45" publicationUrl="10.1080/03036758.2015.1016046." refString="Tanaka, Fordyce RE. 2015 b. Historically significant late Oligocene dolphin Microcetus hectori Benham 1935: a new species of Waipatia (Platanistoidea). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 45 (3): 135 150 DOI 10.1080 / 03036758.2015.1016046." title="Historically significant late Oligocene dolphin Microcetus hectori Benham 1935: a new species of Waipatia (Platanistoidea)" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="b">Tanaka &amp; Fordyce, 2015b</bibRefCitation>
), both Otekaikea spp.,
<taxonomicName authority="Squalodelphis" authorityName="Squalodelphis" box="[555,874,1504,1530]" class="Mammalia" family="Platanistidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Platanistidae, Squalodelphis</taxonomicName>
fabianii, and Notocetus vanbenedeni (i.e., a paraphyletic
<taxonomicName box="[491,714,1544,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
). However, in their implied weighting strict consensus, Squalodon was added to Platanistoidea.
<taxonomicName box="[829,1015,1583,1609]" class="Mammalia" family="Allodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Allodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
was not included in their analysis.
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka Y &amp; Fordyce RE." journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1" part="18" refString="Tanaka Y, Fordyce RE. 2015 a. A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea. Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2.23 A): 1 71." title="A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">Tanaka &amp; Fordyce (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
diagnosed Platanistoidea sensu stricto (i.e., with Squalodon excluded) based on 6 synapomorphies: presence of the posterior dorsal infraorbital foramina of the maxilla (character 59); C­shaped or weakly curved parabullary sulcus (character 169); presence of the articular rim on the periotic (character 186); presence of the anterior spine of the tympanic bulla (character 195); presence of the anterolateral convexity of the tympanic bulla with anterolateral notch (character 196); and presence of the ventral groove (median furrow) of bulla anteriorly (character 212).
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka Y &amp; Fordyce RE." box="[996,1302,1863,1889]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1" part="18" refString="Tanaka Y, Fordyce RE. 2015 a. A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea. Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2.23 A): 1 71." title="A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">Tanaka &amp; Fordyce (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
also mentioned that character 59 was seen in other odontocete lineages besides the Platanistoidea, and it is the only character that is preserved in Arktocara.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
In a broad review of
<taxonomicName authority="Kimura &amp; Barnes (2016)" authorityName="Kimura &amp; Barnes" authorityYear="2016" box="[787,1274,307,334]" class="Mammalia" family="Allodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Allodelphinidae,
<bibRefCitation author="Kimura T &amp; Barnes LG." box="[991,1274,308,334]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1" part="20" refString="Kimura T, Barnes LG. 2016. New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 20: 1 58." title="New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean" type="journal article" year="2016">Kimura &amp; Barnes (2016)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
described three new allodelphinids from the Miocene of western North America and revised the
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
definition of Platanistoidea to include
<taxonomicName box="[945,1088,386,412]" class="Mammalia" family="Waipatiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Waipatiidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[1101,1321,386,412]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[1333,1522,386,412]" class="Mammalia" family="Allodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Allodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[491,677,426,452]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodontidae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName box="[743,895,426,452]" class="Mammalia" family="Platanistidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Platanistidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Kimura T &amp; Barnes LG." box="[908,1192,426,452]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1" part="20" refString="Kimura T, Barnes LG. 2016. New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 20: 1 58." title="New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean" type="journal article" year="2016">Kimura &amp; Barnes (2016)</bibRefCitation>
, however, did not provide a computer­assisted phylogenetic analysis to support their claim about the familial level relationships among platanistoids, pointing instead to a matrix and an analysis in
<bibRefCitation author="Barnes LG." box="[521,681,545,571]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="25" part="30" refString="Barnes LG. 2006. A phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily Platanistoidea (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti). Beitrage zur Palaontologie 30: 25 42." title="A phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily Platanistoidea (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti)" type="journal article" year="2006">Barnes (2006)</bibRefCitation>
that included only two outgroups in a taxon list that exclusively contained presumed platanistoids. More crucially,
<bibRefCitation author="Kimura T &amp; Barnes LG." box="[974,1257,584,610]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1" part="20" refString="Kimura T, Barnes LG. 2016. New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 20: 1 58." title="New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean" type="journal article" year="2016">Kimura &amp; Barnes (2016)</bibRefCitation>
did not perform a phylogenetic analysis nor code the character states for the three novel allodelphinid taxa that they described (i.e., Goedertius oregonensis, Ninjadelphis ujiharai, and Zarhinocetus donnamatsonae
<bibRefCitation author="Kimura T &amp; Barnes LG." box="[680,949,703,729]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1" part="20" refString="Kimura T, Barnes LG. 2016. New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 20: 1 58." title="New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean" type="journal article" year="2016">Kimura &amp; Barnes, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Our phylogenetic analysis herein addresses some of the shortfalls of previous studies by including
<typeStatus box="[741,791,781,807]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
genera belonging to all potential platanistoid families that have been presented in recent phylogenetic analyses (i.e.,
<bibRefCitation author="Lambert O &amp; Bianucci G &amp; Urbina M." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="987" part="34" publicationUrl="10.1080/02724634.2014.858050." refString="Lambert O, Bianucci G, Urbina M. 2014. Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (5): 987 1004 DOI 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.858050." title="Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru" type="journal article" year="2014">Lambert, Bianucci &amp; Urbina, 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka Y &amp; Fordyce RE." box="[562,854,861,887]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1" part="18" refString="Tanaka Y, Fordyce RE. 2015 a. A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea. Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2.23 A): 1 71." title="A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">Tanaka &amp; Fordyce, 2015a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Kimura T &amp; Barnes LG." box="[870,1140,861,887]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1" part="20" refString="Kimura T, Barnes LG. 2016. New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 20: 1 58." title="New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean" type="journal article" year="2016">Kimura &amp; Barnes, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). We resolved a monophyletic Platanistoidea that included
<taxonomicName box="[837,989,900,926]" class="Mammalia" family="Platanistidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Platanistidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[1004,1145,900,926]" class="Mammalia" family="Waipatiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Waipatiidae</taxonomicName>
(Waipatia maerewhenua C Waipatia hectori C Otekaikea marplesi C Otekaikea huata),
<taxonomicName box="[1204,1390,939,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Allodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Allodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
and a
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
polyphyletic
<taxonomicName box="[644,865,979,1005]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
. We note that, for Phocageneus venustus, we followed
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka Y &amp; Fordyce RE." box="[491,798,1019,1045]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1" part="18" refString="Tanaka Y, Fordyce RE. 2015 a. A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea. Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2.23 A): 1 71." title="A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">Tanaka &amp; Fordyce (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
’s coding, which is primarily based on
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21039 (
<bibRefCitation author="Kellogg R." journalOrPublisher="National Museum" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="279" part="107" refString="Kellogg R. 1957. Two additional Miocene porpoises from the Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum 107 (3387): 279 337." title="Two additional Miocene porpoises from the Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. Proceedings of the U. S" type="journal article" year="1957">Kellogg, 1957</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Lambert O &amp; Bianucci G &amp; Urbina M." box="[580,987,1058,1084]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="987" part="34" publicationUrl="10.1080/02724634.2014.858050." refString="Lambert O, Bianucci G, Urbina M. 2014. Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (5): 987 1004 DOI 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.858050." title="Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru" type="journal article" year="2014">Lambert, Bianucci &amp; Urbina (2014)</bibRefCitation>
provide a valuable discussion of material that has been referred to this taxon. Our analysis departs most sharply from
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka Y &amp; Fordyce RE." journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1" part="18" refString="Tanaka Y, Fordyce RE. 2015 a. A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea. Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2.23 A): 1 71." title="A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">Tanaka &amp; Fordyce (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
with the addition of the four allodelphinid genera. Though our recovery of a monophyletic
<taxonomicName box="[662,803,1176,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Waipatiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Waipatiidae</taxonomicName>
consisting of all described species of Waipatia and Otekaikea is consistent with
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka, Fordyce RE" box="[701,1008,1216,1242]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="135" part="45" publicationUrl="10.1080/03036758.2015.1016046." refString="Tanaka, Fordyce RE. 2015 b. Historically significant late Oligocene dolphin Microcetus hectori Benham 1935: a new species of Waipatia (Platanistoidea). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 45 (3): 135 150 DOI 10.1080 / 03036758.2015.1016046." title="Historically significant late Oligocene dolphin Microcetus hectori Benham 1935: a new species of Waipatia (Platanistoidea)" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="b">Tanaka &amp; Fordyce (2015b)</bibRefCitation>
, the authors chose to limit their definition of
<taxonomicName box="[491,632,1255,1281]" class="Mammalia" family="Waipatiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Waipatiidae</taxonomicName>
to both species of Waipatia, differing from the results in
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka Y &amp; Fordyce RE." journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="9" part="9" publicationUrl="10.1371/journal.pone.0107972." refString="Tanaka Y, Fordyce RE. 2014. Fossil Dolphin Otekaikea marplesi (Latest Oligocene, New Zealand) expands the morphological and taxonomic diversity of Oligocene Cetaceans. PLoS ONE 9 (9): e 107972 DOI 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0107972." title="Fossil Dolphin Otekaikea marplesi (Latest Oligocene, New Zealand) expands the morphological and taxonomic diversity of Oligocene Cetaceans" type="journal article" year="2014">Tanaka &amp; Fordyce (2014)</bibRefCitation>
where the authors definied
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as including Waipatia maerewhenua and Otekaikea marplesi. Our results are consistent with
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka Y &amp; Fordyce RE." box="[1094,1400,1335,1361]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1" part="18" refString="Tanaka Y, Fordyce RE. 2015 a. A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea. Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2.23 A): 1 71." title="A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">Tanaka &amp; Fordyce (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
’s findings with the resolution of a polyphyletic
<taxonomicName box="[933,1153,1374,1400]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
, with Squalodelphis fabianii as a basal member of Platanistoidea and an unnamed clade of Notocetus vanbenedeni C Phocageneus venustus as the sister group to
<taxonomicName box="[1011,1163,1453,1479]" class="Mammalia" family="Platanistidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Platanistidae</taxonomicName>
. A more detailed coding of
<taxonomicName box="[491,708,1492,1518]" class="Mammalia" family="Squalodelphinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Squalodelphinidae</taxonomicName>
in future work, especially one that includes Huaridelphis raimondii, will provide more insight into the relationships among this group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="26.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastBlockId="27.[491,1542,228,1051]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">We diagnose a node­based Platanistoidea by the following synapomorphies: moderately elevated coronoid process (character 33*); premaxillae&gt;65% of width of rostrum at antorbital notches (character 51*); alisphenoidal­squamosal suture coursing along groove for mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve in ventral view (character 147[1]); lateral groove or depression with profile of periotic becoming slightly to markedly sigmoidal in dorsal view (character 166[1]); anteroposterior ridge on dorsal side anterior process and body of periotic (character 167[1]); parabullary sulcus on the periotic weakly to strongly curved and c­shaped (character 169[1,2]); and ventral surface of the posterior process of the periotic not flat along a straight path perpendicular to its long axis (character 191[1,2]) Of these synapomorphies, the two marked by an asterisk () are equivocal across the group, demonstrating character state reversals or independent origins (characters 33, 51). Two characters are ambiguous and show independent origins (characters 169 and character 191), but we argue remain useful for characterizing this group.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="27.[491,1542,228,1051]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Only one of the six synapomorphies presented by
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka Y &amp; Fordyce RE." box="[1090,1396,388,414]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1" part="18" refString="Tanaka Y, Fordyce RE. 2015 a. A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea. Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2.23 A): 1 71." title="A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoidea" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">Tanaka &amp; Fordyce (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
is consistent with ours (character 169). The other 5 characters are all equivocal across the Platanistoidea, but some are still useful for diagnosing members of certain sub­clades. For example, the presence of the articular rim or on the periotic (character 186) is seen in all platanistoids except Allodelphis pratti, where there is no distinguishable rim lateral to the posterior process and separated by a sulcus (
<figureCitation box="[900,964,587,613]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1570,1592]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[491,1541,229,1525]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9 Right periotic of the holotype of Allodelphis pratti (YPM 13408). Right periotic of Allodelphis pratti in dorsal (A, B), and lateral (C, D) views. (A, C), Illustrated periotic with low opacity mask and interpretive line art. The two periotic synapomorphies for the Platanistoidea are labelled: the parabullary sulcus, and the dorsal crest. (B, D), photography by James Di Loreto, Smithsonian Institution. Courtesy of the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology; YPM 13408, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; peabody. yale. edu." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270221/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). In Zarhinocetus errabundus, this trait is present as an extremely reduced rim.
<bibRefCitation author="Kimura T &amp; Barnes LG." box="[830,1113,627,653]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1" part="20" refString="Kimura T, Barnes LG. 2016. New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 20: 1 58." title="New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean" type="journal article" year="2016">Kimura &amp; Barnes (2016)</bibRefCitation>
make no mention of an articular rim or process on the periotic of Ninjadelphis ujiharai, and there is no evidence of it from the published photos of the
<typeStatus box="[774,824,707,733]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
specimen. The presence of the anterior spine of the tympanic bulla (character 195), the anterolateral convexity of the tympanic bulla with anterolateral notch (character 196), and the ventral groove (median furrow) of bulla anteriorly (character 212) are all ambiguous characters, represented by two states each across Platanistoidea. All of the latter traits are present in Allodelphis pratti and Zarhinocetus errabundus, with perhaps the exception of the ventral groove of the anterior surface of the bulla in Allodelphis pratti, which could not be determined from the photos of the referred specimen (
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83791) provided by
<bibRefCitation author="Kimura T &amp; Barnes LG." box="[728,1011,986,1012]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1" part="20" refString="Kimura T, Barnes LG. 2016. New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 20: 1 58." title="New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean" type="journal article" year="2016">Kimura &amp; Barnes (2016)</bibRefCitation>
, nor was not mentioned in their description of this taxon.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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