treatments-xml/data/71/66/7A/71667A3FADE6ABF7670DC4CC41826D9E.xml

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<mods:title id="981EA3FE70D9205DE19BF71A709FCB52">The hyper-diverse ant genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Malagasy region taxonomic revision of the T. naganum, T. plesiarum, T. schaufussii, and T. severini species groups</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A7563EC1856A89392CFD63EA28F1710A">Hita Garcia, Francisco</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="71667A3FADE6ABF7670DC4CC41826D9E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152053306" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:71667A3FADE6ABF7670DC4CC41826D9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/71667A3FADE6ABF7670DC4CC41826D9E" lastPageId="108" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera">
<subSubSection id="E4D1E6F4642DD1E5C207D9B640526AC1" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1190E7B27DCD605A416236CA9DB83CF9" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="B467EAC4C4C75AF11C6C9F445EEC7677" ID-CoL="55PTT" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_sikorae" authority="Forel, 1892" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae Forel, 1892</taxonomicName>
Figs 41D, 43C, 44B, 45A, 58, 66
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F391F7E6F4F7503C30E40997CC8B500E" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="DEFEF853003F35C9F422876FC6912AA1" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="392E82DADC815E805FE80BD886D35BB2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium (Xiphomyrmex) sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae" subGenus="Xiphomyrmex">Tetramorium (Xiphomyrmex) sikorae</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1892: 522. [Combination in 
<taxonomicName id="368B1A1F5951267AF8D533C53EEBB696" genus="Xiphomyrmex" lsidName="Xiphomyrmex" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" rank="genus">Xiphomyrmex</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="BE208F8DF0DF5DE9AB56EE6BE6551CC6" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="336 - 345" title="Mission scientifique de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire de Diego-Suarez (Madagascar-Nord). (Avril-aout 1893)." volume="39" year="1895">Emery 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 343; in 
<taxonomicName id="DEBE7A62C919B9950302E20EA75DAECB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tetramorium</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="15D5B97F6DAEA772362FE228AF864FBB" author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="129 - 181" title="The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Malagasy region and in the New World." volume="38" year="1979">Bolton 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 138]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3CFF5D1C681AB44B7AB973D928694850" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="334195451A94EF8058F89DB95E041690" genus="Xiphomyrmex" lsidName="Xiphomyrmex latior" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" rank="species" species="latior">Xiphomyrmex latior</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1926: 243. [Synonymy with 
<taxonomicName id="9700823082FAF9D5F1F47FF45778B705" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="25A90366CAACAC5C6DC171BB6747F493" author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="129 - 181" title="The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Malagasy region and in the New World." volume="38" year="1979">Bolton 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 138; here confirmed]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="960DE2C0C864846E071CA10D77FA8BD5" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="type material">
<paragraph id="0271F835D8F141B4693171D11A462F19" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="37522383B3FA634E54981946999AB7EB" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
Of 
<taxonomicName id="7BDF38A721A5710AC08C32C39C271335" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
: lectotype [designated here], pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, Amparafaravantsiv, Mangoro Ufer 984, 20°S, 
<geoCoordinate id="91AB58FC1F6B9EEAF9FA09B54307FAE1" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.08333">47.08333°E</geoCoordinate>
(Sikora) (MHNG: CASENT0101260) [examined]. Paralectotypes [designated here], three pinned workers with same data as holotype (MHNG: CASENT0101259; CASENT0101898) [examined]. Of 
<taxonomicName id="A4E88C30F8BD8F381CC39D9581E0A075" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium latior" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latior">Tetramorium latior</taxonomicName>
: syntypes, six pinned workers, MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, 
<geoCoordinate id="449D4C7BB3571B99291D7F752956C904" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-21.45">21.45°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="F5BE12426BBDEB808505414E9622E429" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.083332">47.083333°E</geoCoordinate>
(Descarpentries) (NHMB: CASENT0101140; CASENT0101141; CASENT0101142; CASENT0101143; CASENT0101144) [examined].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="61FFE39E9D4CFEE35A7A57A386EA189E" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">[Note: the GPS data of both type localities was not provided by either locality labels or the original descriptions. The GPS data presented above is based on our own geo-referencing of the locality Amparafara, which is close to the Mangoro River, and the city Fianarantsoa. The data for both locliaties should be considered as approximations and not the exact positions of the type localities.]</paragraph>
<caption id="5851D17EA3892E276CEEA9973E59A748" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<paragraph id="06D5F4F1A9EA6FFB57143FB8E0E7F460" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
Figure 58. 
<taxonomicName id="A5C8A46BF5236B4BEB1B1EF06CFBAA69" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
syntype worker of junior synonym 
<taxonomicName id="A12CCC350222642F0AB8802DB049BD14" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium latior" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latior">Tetramorium latior</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0101141). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1992BD56A5539AD0B726A20F6FF0ED90" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="non-type material">
<paragraph id="709CD15CBCD6786A6F64B5FD0E044B76" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Non-type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3630BFE81AA4375DD1A5657CF197FF41" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
MADAGASCAR: no locality, 1.II.1977 (W.L. &amp; D.E. Brown); Antsiranana, 
<normalizedToken id="258928C9446477EC7F146D74CC9C4FB3" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
Ambanitaza, 26.1 km 347° Antalaha, 
<geoCoordinate id="221EBD13E67CD56D65F02534AD6B2754" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.67933">14.67933°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C5EFA0896100C83AE4EE24645CDE47F9" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="50.18367">50.18367°E</geoCoordinate>
, 240 m, rainforest, 27.XI.2004 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Res. 
<normalizedToken id="1A1E364300FD2A48BC244EC1FE33944E" originalValue="d’">d'</normalizedToken>
Anjanaharibe-Sud, 17 km W Andapa, 
<geoCoordinate id="B5792ECB8DE7F0B72490D05D22DC6DD2" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.75775">14.75775°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="52B9E4145E9B66AC58C43C33D3E6B048" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="49.51019">49.51019°E</geoCoordinate>
, 875 m, primary rainforest, 7.XI.1994 (G.D. Alpert); Antsiranana, 
<normalizedToken id="25EF22480B7ADFF42733BDD43D71359E" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
de Binara, 9.4 km 235° SW Daraina, 
<geoCoordinate id="34BF5D03A5DD5DF3C2EB172DE38C0678" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-13.26333">13.26333°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="95B8F4D2B84A089A1718F5BFF5C076C1" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="49.6">49.6°E</geoCoordinate>
, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 6.XII.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0 km 38° NE Andapa, 8.2 km 333° NNW Manantenina, 
<geoCoordinate id="9CAB884E6FCC9728FF9105D5BDAB92F1" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.43667">14.43667°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D7F33AB4370803ECB37DAB6F6EF08DFE" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="49.775">49.775°E</geoCoordinate>
, 450 m, rainforest, 12.-15.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 27.6 km 35° NE Andapa, 9.6 km 327° NNW Manantenina, 
<geoCoordinate id="7D65595201B89664D5C0C29746607856" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-14.435">14.435°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="452ABB0A56FD4BB3111983A5EF2A6FC2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="49.76">49.76°E</geoCoordinate>
, 775 m, rainforest, 16.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, 2 km W Andrambovato, along river Tatamaly, 
<geoCoordinate id="F454389FD2A49134266946DDC975CFE3" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.51167">21.51167°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EC1D1ADBC261FE18622FA45B5777B036" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="47.41">47.41°E</geoCoordinate>
, 1075 m, cultivated land (tavy), recent one- to two-year-old tavy, 3.-5.VI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Ambatoharanana, 
<geoCoordinate id="52E49B88C3FAF91EAE3EAD5555FC3CB8" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.80388">18.80388°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="ABD5D63E896A775DB4A33BB84560B61C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.40506">48.40506°E</geoCoordinate>
, 1013 m, rainforest, 12.-19.XII.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Parc National 
<normalizedToken id="F843177F6560726EAC3B5614FFF3BB9F" originalValue="d´">d'</normalizedToken>
Andasibe-Mantadia, 
<normalizedToken id="49E6B1FD12BAA76051019BE864BC8D90" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
de Mantadia, 25.7 km 248° Moramanga, 
<geoCoordinate id="F24EC60127F7411EC8BC950A67FE268E" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.81402">18.81402°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="8DF02CB7973969D48B8ADDB07B181811" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.43028">48.43028°E</geoCoordinate>
, 1040 m, rainforest, 13.VII.2006 (F.N. Raharimalala &amp; B. Blaimer); Toamasina, Ankerana, 
<geoCoordinate id="B46881744517E81C8032197DAF25D971" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-18.4061">18.4061°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="0DEB4291E3BC7ADB05B3B69AA4A61EC2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.82029">48.82029°E</geoCoordinate>
, 725 m, rainforest, 20.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Morarano-Chrome, 25 km W, forest, 15.VI.1991 (A. Pauly); Toamasina, Torotorofotsy, 
<geoCoordinate id="B16848A1D67A48686AD0DFC172600A7D" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.87082">18.87082°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CD6BF734E2A2E4D3112F12CBFA10EC28" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.34737">48.34737°E</geoCoordinate>
, 1070 m, montane rainforest, marsh edge, 27.III.2004 (Malagasy ant team); Toliara, 
<normalizedToken id="7C6470C2355D94C145B5A14C5B67F819" originalValue="Réserve">Reserve</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8D1C52CFDCD2E9DB7D37535D1229F8A1" originalValue="Spéciale">Speciale</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C2D86D351BBAE27FD7603E1C49F42E82" originalValue="d’Ambohijanahary">d'Ambohijanahary</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken id="6BB4B8D41DACBA4AF9215FFBB024A6BA" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1CB51AF8A602B3F7A8D43EC74BAA2A2B" originalValue="d’Ankazotsihitafototra">d'Ankazotsihitafototra</normalizedToken>
, 35.2 km 312° NW Ambaravaranala, 
<geoCoordinate id="92B568710952AC36D4ABB89310944196" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.26667">18.26667°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="3588F082AF3A9E1F2BDBBB2F3E85C7BF" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="45.40667">45.40667°E</geoCoordinate>
, 1050 m, montane rainforest, 13.-17.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CF02F9A5299241CED27FE4EC492D58C6" lastPageId="107" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="46B254A5780F0189F1CBF0008A71CB31" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C96B38DF50679820EE1DA5BA6D1E1260" lastPageId="107" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
The following character combination distinguishes 
<taxonomicName id="AFBAFE2E75EE1A7CEB69011DACB38B4C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">
<pageBreakToken id="A3569C70EC0CC265E75E27D9C780DA32" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" start="start">Tetramorium</pageBreakToken>
sikorae
</taxonomicName>
from the remainder of the 
<taxonomicName id="05472530749467E97E42023FCD5DDCDB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium schaufussii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schaufussii">Tetramorium schaufussii</taxonomicName>
species complex: smaller species (HW 0.53-0.61; WL 0.70-0.82); head much longer than wide (CI 86-89); antennal scapes short (SI 70-74); eyes relatively large (OI 26-28); frontal carinae moderately developed, slightly diverging posteriorly, becoming weaker halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin, ending at or shortly before posterior head margin; propodeal spines reduced to short, triangular teeth (PSLI 11-14), propodeal lobes short, triangular, and usually blunt, approximately of same size as propodeal teeth, and in profile teeth and lobes not strongly inclined towards each other; petiolar node high rounded nodiform, in profile around 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than long (LPeI 53-59), in dorsal view around 1.2 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 120-133); dorsum of mesosoma usually with two, sometimes four, pairs of long, standing hairs on promesonotum; propodeum and waist segments without any long, standing pilosity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EC53921A01B5FD5ED0BF5868AD81089" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="worker measurements">
<paragraph id="61C31674D5372C4605ABFD6A15CD7867" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Worker measurements</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E3A1CF5F3BEAC450A89A21500825198" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">(N=15). HL 0.60-0.69 (0.62); HW 0.53-0.61 (0.55); SL 0.38-0.43 (0.39); EL 0.14-0.16 (0.15); PH 0.26-0.31 (0.28); PW 0.39-0.47 (0.42); WL 0.70-0.82 (0.74); PSL 0.07-0.09 (0.08); PTL 0.12-0.15 (0.13); PTH 0.21-0.26 (0.23); PTW 0.16-0.19 (0.17); PPL 0.14-0.17 (0.16); PPH 0.21-0.25 (0.23); PPW 0.21-0.26 (0.23); CI 86-89 (88); SI 70-74 (72); OI 26-28 (27); DMI 53-63 (57); LMI 36-39 (38); PSLI 11-14 (12); PeNI 38-43 (40); LPeI 53-59 (57); DPeI 120-133 (129); PpNI 51-58 (55); LPpI 67-72 (69); DPpI 142-157 (149); PPI 131-144 (137).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D11CE50B78F3B785A63A8768B82821D9" lastPageId="108" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="worker description">
<paragraph id="1202467F49A253237461928AD3D9EDAF" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Worker description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E48FEC21873AEC8DD0CEE2DD5909A335" lastPageId="108" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
Head much longer than wide (CI 86-89); in full-face view posterior head margin weakly to moderately concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae moderately developed, slightly diverging posteriorly, becoming weaker halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin, ending at or shortly before posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes weak to absent, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 70-74). Eyes relatively large (OI 26-28). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, comparatively low and long (LMI 36-39), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove weak or absent. Propodeal spines reduced to short, triangular, and usually blunt, rarely acute, teeth (PSLI 11-14); propodeal lobes short, triangular, and usually blunt, approximately of same size as propodeal teeth, in profile teeth and lobes not strongly inclined towards each other. Petiolar node in profile high rounded nodiform, around 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than long (LPeI 53-59), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, usually anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about same height and equally rounded, petiolar dorsum weakly to moderately convex; node in dorsal view around 1.2 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 120-133), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.3 to 2.6 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 38-43). Postpetiole in profile subglobular, around 1.4 to 1.5 times higher than long (LPpI 67-72); in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPpI 142-157), pronotum between 1.7 to 2.0 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 51-58). Postpetiole in profile usually appearing less voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 131-144). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus longitudinally rugulose with three to seven rugulae, median rugula always present and usually fully developed, one or two mostly entire, rarely broken, lateral rugulae present on each side; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae irregularly longitudinally rugulose with 
<pageBreakToken id="727F513D14D7476CE1CA1B333A650673" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" start="start">six</pageBreakToken>
to ten rugulae, rugulae usually running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, but mostly irregularly shaped, meandering, interrupted or with cross-meshes; scrobal area mostly unsculptured; lateral head reticulate-rugulose to longitudinally rugulose, posteriorly often partly unsculptured; ground sculpture on head weakly to moderately punctate. Dorsum and sides of mesosoma irregularly longitudinally rugulose to reticulate-rugulose, sometimes in parts only very weakly sculptured and relatively smooth; ground sculpture on mesosoma weak to absent. Forecoxae, both waist segments, and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with numerous pairs of long, fine, standing hairs; dorsal promesonotum usually with two pairs, rarely three or four; propodeum and waist segments without long, standing pilosity; first gastral tergite with short, moderately dense, appressed pubescence in combination with several scattered, long, standing hairs. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed to decumbent hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments and gaster uniformly orange brown contrasting with yellowish to light brown mandibles, antennae, and legs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F37445DFB13A0BB1129AB866962EAC53" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" type="distribution and biology">
<paragraph id="F77056F4CAC020A8733672407900D11E" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8906B73B7245422CB230E3B22A19179A" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="7C3D860811FE7CE4A5D8F76446027DB2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed in Madagascar from Andrambovato in Fianarantsoa in the southeast to Binara in the north, and is also found in the isolated montane forest Ambohijanahary in western Madagascar (Fig. 66). Its main distribution is centered in central-eastern Madagascar in the area from Torotorofotsy and Andasibe-Mantadia north to Betampona and Zahamena. 
<taxonomicName id="7F2C90DDCD427E9C9988D5992CC213B8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
clearly prefers montane rainforests, rarely lowland rainforests, and the elevational range of 240 m to 1100 m must be taken with caution since it is predominantly found at the higher range limit. Also, 
<taxonomicName id="C141ECD8AE54E7ACD4305065886D4338" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
seems to be a leaf litter inhabitant.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="464704F1070F0A790D0D0B38F13EB25F" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3A13FA13A998C605C398DABEF41310F8" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D9F77202DDF26893AFA71A0D00685BFB" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="C8D132193997C766BEC7F23402C364B3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
is easily identifiable within the 
<taxonomicName id="E2E822D9BDFBF88953C2D10EB08FA872" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium schaufussii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schaufussii">Tetramorium schaufussii</taxonomicName>
species complex. The character that best separates it from most species is the lack of long, standing pilosity on the waist segments since such pilosity is present in 
<taxonomicName id="E6689950E3045BB4BD618C76CA73C5DF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium merina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="merina">Tetramorium merina</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="859E03517278DF42195BEEC4DA1A1CD6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium monticola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monticola">Tetramorium monticola</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B7E15380595FAE3A187EA9AD306A65DC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium nassonowii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nassonowii">Tetramorium nassonowii</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="5E38CA34D456B46C5909EC6529374E26" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium pseudogladius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudogladius">Tetramorium pseudogladius</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="90A9F82D9BDEA5A44C371A23F9656535" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium schaufussii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schaufussii">Tetramorium schaufussii</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="29431817F59174F0DC075DEF8C82E905" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium scutum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scutum">Tetramorium scutum</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="61DB1BEFCF5B68F9462C18CF36CB3DD4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium xanthogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthogaster">Tetramorium xanthogaster</taxonomicName>
. Only 
<taxonomicName id="997C0B2E499A3A71E13D673F40B21E74" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rala">Tetramorium rala</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="968B8ED0553BE995C1103AFD90CDD23E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium obiwan" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obiwan">Tetramorium obiwan</taxonomicName>
share the lack of pilosity on the waist segments, and sometimes pilosity is present in the latter species. However, 
<taxonomicName id="DAA0C82C4AC437C26F4DC62FF93FF58D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
is unlikely to be confused with 
<taxonomicName id="DD0FCFA29F58F2212D3434DBED95A1D0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium obiwan" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obiwan">Tetramorium obiwan</taxonomicName>
for several reasons. First, the latter species is much larger in body size (HW 0.71-0.84; WL 1.00-1.20) than 
<taxonomicName id="413078191CAB7A637399F1AEA610023A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
(HW 0.53-0.61; WL 0.70-0.82). Second, 
<taxonomicName id="5D4B345A40ED3A93A60FF31EF570A1F4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium obiwan" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obiwan">Tetramorium obiwan</taxonomicName>
has longer antennal scapes (SI 77 -82) than 
<taxonomicName id="A7433B30ABA2F0FA2E4FCDDA562300F5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
(SI 70-74). Third, both species appear to live in different microhabitats with 
<taxonomicName id="DBF6476CBC7C011F74C98993F3F73C5E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium obiwan" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obiwan">Tetramorium obiwan</taxonomicName>
in the lower vegetation and 
<taxonomicName id="F64890B3C91936CC6B747518B736D77B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
in leaf litter. Beyond the differing pilosity on the waist segments, 
<taxonomicName id="4AEADA238EBFA8399FC676C0963AF245" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
is morphologically very close to 
<taxonomicName id="5DD4B3CBC509A43808EC9633B2737A8B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium schaufussii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schaufussii">Tetramorium schaufussii</taxonomicName>
. Since the presence or absence of this pilosity seems fairly stable at species levelwe retain these as separate species. 
<taxonomicName id="466D4BFBF68AD98A072EBC7A05E7249E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
is also relatively similar to 
<taxonomicName id="B76D6D61045F24324987E771A61A389F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium cognatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognatum">Tetramorium cognatum</taxonomicName>
in the 
<taxonomicName id="FF7586FDF9BAADEE8E774D80E1788155" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium cognatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognatum">Tetramorium cognatum</taxonomicName>
complex, but apart from the gastral pilosity diagnostic for the species complexes, both species also differ in antennal scape length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9752DAF214624EB975062EB1BC28E9A3" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
Currently, there seems to be no obvious intraspecific variation in 
<taxonomicName id="12FB3117271F5A69D2F35015915B9587" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium sikorae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Tetramorium sikorae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>