819 lines
124 KiB
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819 lines
124 KiB
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<document id="3A87BA74E34D6837F48585B554AE8C64" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.180168" ID-GBIF-Dataset="49263d36-36e5-4e5c-ac24-32fd28b18798" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="180168" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460039608666" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rouse, Greg W. & Pleijel, Fredrik" docDate="2007" docId="03FC87EBFFA05820FF45FE4BF4BEF93F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01668p264.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1668" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Aeolosoma major" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="255" masterDocId="FFC5FF93FFA5582AFFD2FF9CF449FFCB" masterDocTitle="Annelida *" masterLastPageNumber="264" masterPageNumber="245" pageNumber="250" updateTime="1698234301068" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="200BA47C331247501F1C506CE2CBCB8D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F5C2F7C4196C9DF6FCD86E94F0041C2A">
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<mods:title id="C0C7B0457CFA4A68C259DF882CA7ECED">Annelida *</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="7FB041C9AC621AC777A50A0C3ED578E6" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7BF10FF6472344E353E706D3148FBBD5">Rouse, Greg W.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="0A09EFABE81B9A78E3710BB3CB2B189B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E1FDC5E149BBE917380311DA33300790">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1077157E5DC45287401EB08A1BDAA5FF">Pleijel, Fredrik</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5A4CCEA6AB346B6694C52126227E7050">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="47280A3FD97B501DD7BE9E72261A64C6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="8372FD5D1C4ED9B7944CBD9F7EEF02B8">
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<mods:date id="8A11638BE9AC743990D364DC26F49EC2">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="17F04D12D9222D6DD4EFAFC9CE468DC5" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="DF0ED2CDB9F021470F9061FAF85519D4">1668</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="5D5A917C4F02DB30F9F7B5763C84F218">245</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="F62BB5ED4669CE188632848AA90C52E2">264</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="7FCBFB3BD0BEF221FE539BB0A888C8E5">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B4374F87606CA18AD5FE4972ADFE2AEF" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.180168</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A53F8C28F3D2F72DF06AF68B1954BF19" type="GBIF-Dataset">49263d36-36e5-4e5c-ac24-32fd28b18798</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="591DA598E78137182AE668CCA78013A1" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E0F35472695EF1E6DFC3DBB49A37DA89" type="Zenodo-Dep">180168</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FC87EBFFA05820FF45FE4BF4BEF93F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6244305" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119382542" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6244305" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC87EBFFA05820FF45FE4BF4BEF93F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC87EBFFA05820FF45FE4BF4BEF93F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="255" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">
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<subSubSection id="C34F6576FFA0582FFF45FE4BF7E2FC6F" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA0582FFF45FE4BF5F8FE3A" blockId="5.[151,433,471,497]" box="[151,433,471,497]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">
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<heading id="D0A28191FFA0582FFF45FE4BF5F8FE3A" bold="true" box="[151,433,471,497]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA0582FFF45FE4BF5F8FE3A" bold="true" box="[151,433,471,497]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFF45FE4BF4AEFE3A" box="[151,231,471,497]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aeolosomatidae" genus="Aeolosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="260" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="major">Major</taxonomicName>
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polychaete taxa
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA0582FFF45FDBEF7E2FC6F" blockId="5.[151,1436,546,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">
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<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA0582FFF45FDBEF545FDF7" bold="true" box="[151,268,546,572]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Scolecida</emphasis>
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. The name Scolecida, derived from
|
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<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA0582FFD6CFDBEF74EFDF0" box="[702,775,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">skolex</emphasis>
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(Greek), meaning worm, was applied with reference to an annelid group by Rouse & Fauchald (1997), though it has historically been used with reference to parasitic non-annelids. Taxa included were
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFDE4FDEEF699FD47" box="[566,720,626,652]" class="Polychaeta" family="Arenicolidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Arenicolidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFD32FDEEF724FD47" box="[736,877,626,652]" class="Polychaeta" family="Capitellidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Capitellidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA0582FFC53FDEEF78CFD47" box="[897,965,626,652]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1791,1815]" captionText="FIGURE 1. — Various annelid groups A. Dinophilus sp. from California (Dinophilidae), dorsal view. — B. Aeolosoma sp. (Aeolosomatidae), dorsal view. — C. Metabonellia haswelli (Johnston and Tiegs, 1920) (Echiura) from the Australia, female specimen. Inset shows Capitella sp. (Capitellidae) anterior, now thought to be the sister group to Echiura. — D. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis Grygier, 1992 from Australia, on crinoid host, lateral view. — E. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis, ventral view of entire specimen showing parapodia and everted pharynx. F. Polygordius lacteus, lateral view of head and anterior body. — G. Protodrilus rubropharyngeus, whole animal. — H. Nerilla antennata, whole animal. — I. A phascolionid sipunculid. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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C inset),
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFBE9FDEEF089FD47" box="[1083,1216,626,652]" class="Polychaeta" family="Cossuridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Cossuridae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFB1DFDEEF110FD47" box="[1231,1369,626,652]" class="Polychaeta" family="Maldanidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Maldanidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA0582FFABEFDEEF4EEFD7F" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1878,1902]" captionTargetBox="[198,1411,199,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[198,1412,199,1843]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. — Clitellata and Scolecida. A. Lumbricus terrestris (Clitellata, Lumbricidae) from USA, dorsal view of entire specimen. — B. Macrobdella decora Say, 1824 (Clitellata, Hirudinidae) from USA, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Scoloplos arimiger (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Scolecida, Orbiniidae) from Sweden, whole specimen. — D. Euzonus mucronatus (Treadwell, 1914) (Scolecida, Opheliidae) from California, whole specimen. — E. Clymenella sp. (Scolecida, Orbiniidae) from Belize. All photos G. Rouse, except 2 B. courtesy of Mark Siddall." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180169/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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E),
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFF02FD06F518FD7F" box="[208,337,666,692]" class="Polychaeta" family="Opheliidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Opheliidae</taxonomicName>
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(
|
||
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<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA0582FFEB2FD06F5EEFD7F" box="[352,423,666,692]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1878,1902]" captionTargetBox="[198,1411,199,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[198,1412,199,1843]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. — Clitellata and Scolecida. A. Lumbricus terrestris (Clitellata, Lumbricidae) from USA, dorsal view of entire specimen. — B. Macrobdella decora Say, 1824 (Clitellata, Hirudinidae) from USA, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Scoloplos arimiger (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Scolecida, Orbiniidae) from Sweden, whole specimen. — D. Euzonus mucronatus (Treadwell, 1914) (Scolecida, Opheliidae) from California, whole specimen. — E. Clymenella sp. (Scolecida, Orbiniidae) from Belize. All photos G. Rouse, except 2 B. courtesy of Mark Siddall." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180169/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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D),
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFE01FD06F619FD7F" box="[467,592,666,692]" class="Polychaeta" family="Orbiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Orbiniidae</taxonomicName>
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(
|
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<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA0582FFDB2FD06F6EFFD7F" box="[608,678,666,692]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1878,1902]" captionTargetBox="[198,1411,199,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[198,1412,199,1843]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. — Clitellata and Scolecida. A. Lumbricus terrestris (Clitellata, Lumbricidae) from USA, dorsal view of entire specimen. — B. Macrobdella decora Say, 1824 (Clitellata, Hirudinidae) from USA, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Scoloplos arimiger (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Scolecida, Orbiniidae) from Sweden, whole specimen. — D. Euzonus mucronatus (Treadwell, 1914) (Scolecida, Opheliidae) from California, whole specimen. — E. Clymenella sp. (Scolecida, Orbiniidae) from Belize. All photos G. Rouse, except 2 B. courtesy of Mark Siddall." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180169/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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C) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFD2EFD06F7CBFD7F" box="[764,898,666,692]" class="Polychaeta" family="Paraonidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Paraonidae</taxonomicName>
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. The name Scolecida is derived from Scoleciformia, a name introduced by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA0582FFE2EFD5EF6FDFD17" author="Benham" box="[508,692,706,732]" pageId="5" pageNumber="261" refString="Benham, W. B. (1896) Archiannelida, Polychaeta, Myzostomidaria. In: S. F. Harmer & A. E. Shipley (Eds), The Cambridge Natural History. Macmillan, London, pp. 241 - 334." type="book chapter" year="1896">Benham (1896)</bibRefCitation>
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for a similar group of taxa. Only two apomorphies support the clade Scolecida in Rouse & Fauchald (1997), the presence of parapodia with similar rami and the possession of two or more pairs of pygidial cirri, and both of these are homoplastic. In many ways, this group represents the simple-bodied forms of polychaetes and it is likely that further analysis will show that it is not monophyletic. In fact to date no molecular sequence analyses have recovered any assemblage like Scolecida and it usually appears as a polyphyletic assemblage (e.g.,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA0582FFD18FC16F7D6FC6F" author="Struck" box="[714,927,906,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="264" refString="Struck, T H., Schult, N., Kusen, T., Hickman, E., Bleidorn, C., McHugh, D. & Halanych, K. M. (2007) Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7, 57." type="journal article" year="2007">
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Struck
|
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<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA0582FFCCFFC16F711FC68" box="[797,856,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">et al.</emphasis>
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2007
|
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34F6576FFA0582FFF45FC46F003F8DF" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA0582FFF45FC46F727FA4F" blockId="5.[151,1436,986,1412]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">
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<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA0582FFF45FC46F4BEFC3F" bold="true" box="[151,247,986,1012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Palpata</emphasis>
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. Palpata was a new name coined by Rouse & Fauchald (1997) and such a group of polychaetes has never been formulated before. Virtually all non-Scolecida polychaetes, except a few
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<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA0582FFBABFB9EF155FBD0" box="[1145,1308,1026,1051]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">incertae sedis</emphasis>
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taxa, were placed into Palpata. The name is based on an apomorphy for the group, the presence of palps. Palps can be divided into two structurally different groups, grooved “feeding” palps and ventral, “sensory” palps (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA0582FFAE8FBCEF49FFB5F" author="Orrhage" pageId="5" pageNumber="263" refString="Orrhage, L. (1980) On the structure and homologues of the anterior end of the polychaete families Sabellidae and Serpulidae. Zoomorphology, 96, 113 - 168." type="journal article" year="1980">Orrhage 1980</bibRefCitation>
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). Feeding palps usually have ciliated paths, often located in a longitudinal groove, giving each palp a Ushaped cross-section. Ventral sensory palps are morphologically more uniform than grooved palps. In most cases they are tapering or digitiform and relatively short, compared to grooved palps. Given the fact that the presence of palps and a limited peristomium were the only synapomorphies supporting this taxon in Rouse & Fauchald (1997), the validity of Palpata requires further investigation and it has yet to be recovered as a monophyletic group in any broad molecular analyses (see below). Rouse & Fauchald (1997) proposed that Palpata contains two
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFE43FAF6F59FFA4F" box="[401,470,1386,1412]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aeolosomatidae" genus="Aeolosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
|
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taxa, Aciculata and
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFD17FAF6F723FA4F" box="[709,874,1386,1412]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Canalipalpata" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Canalipalpata</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA0582FFF45FA26F003F8DF" blockId="5.[151,1437,1466,1812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">
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<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA0582FFF45FA26F547FA1F" bold="true" box="[151,270,1466,1492]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Aciculata</emphasis>
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. Aciculata was a new name erected by Rouse & Fauchald (1997) for one of the most the strongly supported clades in their analyses. The name refers to one of the apomorphies for the group; the presence of a particular chaetal
|
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<typeStatus id="54EE885FFFA0582FFEBBF996F5D5F9EF" box="[361,412,1546,1572]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">type</typeStatus>
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called aciculae. Aciculae are stout chaetae that differ from others in that much or all of the chaeta remains internalized in the parapodium. Numerous other features such as the presence of ventral sensory palps, prostomial antennae, dorsal cirri, ventral cirri, one pair of pygidial cirri, and segmental organs in most segments were proposed to be apomorphic for Aciculata. Aciculata is divided here into the three
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFF45F936F492F90F" box="[151,219,1706,1732]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aeolosomatidae" genus="Aeolosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
|
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clades
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFEE1F936F596F90F" box="[307,479,1706,1732]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Amphinomida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
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,
|
||
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFE39F936F61AF90F" box="[491,595,1706,1732]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Eunicida</taxonomicName>
|
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and
|
||
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFD5FF936F762F90F" box="[653,811,1706,1732]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
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, and also with a few taxa as
|
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<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA0582FFBA9F937F155F90F" box="[1147,1308,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
. Aciculata was recovered as a clade by
|
||
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA0582FFE23F94EF697F927" box="[497,734,1746,1772]" pageId="5" pageNumber="264" refString="Struck, T H., Schult, N., Kusen, T., Hickman, E., Bleidorn, C., McHugh, D. & Halanych, K. M. (2007) Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7, 57." type="journal article">
|
||
|
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Struck
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA0582FFD94F94FF635F927" box="[582,636,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">et al</emphasis>
|
||
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. (2007)
|
||
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
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, if
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFCD5F94EF7CDF927" box="[775,900,1746,1772]" class="Polychaeta" family="Orbiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Orbiniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(usually placed in Scolecida, although some members actually have chaetae that can be interpreted as aciculae) was included.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C34F6576FFA0582CFF45F8D6F79BF931" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="251" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" type="reference_group">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA0582CFF45F8D6F125FDD1" blockId="5.[151,1436,1866,2012]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,538]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="251" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFF45F8D6F573F8AF" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[151,314,1866,1892]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA0582FFF45F8D6F573F8AF" bold="true" box="[151,314,1866,1892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Phyllodocida</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. The name
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA0582FFE10F8D6F615F8AF" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[450,604,1866,1892]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was coined by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA0582FFCC2F8D6F7EEF8AF" author="Dales" box="[784,935,1866,1892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="261" refString="Dales, R. P. (1962) The polychaete stomodeum and the interrelationships of the families of the Polychaeta. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139, 289 - 328." type="journal article" year="1962">Dales (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
and was subsequently used by other workers, such as
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA0582FFEFCF8EEF5BBF847" author="Fauchald" box="[302,498,1906,1932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="262" refString="Fauchald, K. (1977) The polychaete worms. Definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Science Series, 28, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1977">Fauchald (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA0582FFDE3F8EEF6B2F847" author="Pettibone" box="[561,763,1906,1932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="263" refString="Pettibone, M. H. (1982) Annelida. In: S. P. Parker (Ed), Synopsis and classification of living organisms, vol. 2. McGraw- Hill Book Co, New York, pp. 1 - 43." type="book chapter" year="1982">Pettibone (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
, for essentially the same group of polychaetes. Prior to
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA0582FFF45F806F57BF87F" author="Dales" box="[151,306,1946,1972]" pageId="5" pageNumber="261" refString="Dales, R. P. (1962) The polychaete stomodeum and the interrelationships of the families of the Polychaeta. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139, 289 - 328." type="journal article" year="1962">Dales (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
, the group had never been formulated as a monophyletic taxon. Rouse & Fauchald (1997) found strong support for the monophyly of this assemblage, indicated by the ventral position of sensory palps, the presence of anterior enlarged cirri, the loss of dorsolateral folds, the presence of an axial muscular proboscis, and the presence of compound chaetae with a single ligament.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFCABFF5CF793FF11" box="[889,986,192,218]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aeolosomatidae" genus="Aeolosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="major">A major</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
difference in the formulation of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFA8EFF5CF4B5FEC9" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
by Rouse & Fauchald (1997), and that of previous workers, was that they placed
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFB69FF74F115FEC9" box="[1211,1372,232,258]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myzostomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Myzostomida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFABEFF74F4EBFEE1" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1791,1815]" captionText="FIGURE 1. — Various annelid groups A. Dinophilus sp. from California (Dinophilidae), dorsal view. — B. Aeolosoma sp. (Aeolosomatidae), dorsal view. — C. Metabonellia haswelli (Johnston and Tiegs, 1920) (Echiura) from the Australia, female specimen. Inset shows Capitella sp. (Capitellidae) anterior, now thought to be the sister group to Echiura. — D. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis Grygier, 1992 from Australia, on crinoid host, lateral view. — E. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis, ventral view of entire specimen showing parapodia and everted pharynx. F. Polygordius lacteus, lateral view of head and anterior body. — G. Protodrilus rubropharyngeus, whole animal. — H. Nerilla antennata, whole animal. — I. A phascolionid sipunculid. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
D, E) (as
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFEC8FE8CF596FEE1" box="[282,479,272,298]" class="Polychaeta" family="Myzostomatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myzostomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Myzostomatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) in the group (but see
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFD3CFE8CF7B1FEE1" author="Eeckhaut" box="[750,1016,272,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="262" refString="Eeckhaut, I., McHugh, D., Mardulyn, P., Tiedemann, R., Monteyne, D., Jangoux, M., & Milinkovitch C. (2000) Myzostomida: a link between trochozoans and flatworms? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 267, 1383 - 1392." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
|
|
Eeckhaut
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFCB6FE8CF7D6FEE2" box="[868,927,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
, 2000
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Rouse & Fauchald (1997) did not further subdivide
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFEB9FEA4F640FE99" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[363,521,312,338]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, since their analyses resulted in dramatically different topologies for various
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFF45FEFCF57BFEB1" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[151,306,352,378]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
taxa. Based on the results of
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFD77FEFCF7AFFEB1" author="Pleijel" box="[677,998,352,378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="263" refString="Pleijel, F. & Dahlgren, T. (1998) Position and delineation of Chrysopetalidae and Hesionidae (Annelida, Polychaeta, Phyllodocida). Cladistics, 14, 129 - 150." type="journal article" year="1998">Pleijel & Dahlgren (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
, two names were used by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFAE2FEFCF575FE69" author="Rouse" pageId="6" pageNumber="263" refString="Rouse, G. W. & Pleijel, F. (2001) Polychaetes. London: Oxford University Press. p. 354." type="book chapter" year="2001">Rouse & Pleijel (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
for clades within
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFDF4FE14F68CFE69" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[550,709,392,418]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
; Aphroditiformia (or scale-worms) and Nereidiformia. The remaining taxa in
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFEA1FE2CF647FE01" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[371,526,432,458]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
are treated as “unplaced”. There are numerous family-ranked taxa in
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFA8FFE2CF4B5FE39" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
with representatives shown here of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFD7FFE44F71CFE39" ID-CoL="84KNB" box="[685,853,472,498]" class="Polychaeta" family="Phyllodocidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Phyllodocidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFCB4FE44F7E4FE39" box="[870,941,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1799,1823]" captionText="FIGURE 3. — Aciculata: Phyllodocida. A. Eulalia clavigera Quatrefages, 1866 (Phyllodocidae) from the English Channel, dorsal view of entire specimen. — B. Sphaerodoropsis philippi Fauvel, 1911 (Sphaerodoridae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Hediste diversicolor (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Nereididae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — D. Trypanosyllis sp. (Syllidae) from North Carolina, dorsal view of entire specimen with stolon. All photos F. Pleijel." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
A),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFC0FFE44F0DCFE39" ID-CoL="84KSG" box="[989,1173,472,498]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Sphaerodoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFB74FE44F0A7FE39" box="[1190,1262,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1799,1823]" captionText="FIGURE 3. — Aciculata: Phyllodocida. A. Eulalia clavigera Quatrefages, 1866 (Phyllodocidae) from the English Channel, dorsal view of entire specimen. — B. Sphaerodoropsis philippi Fauvel, 1911 (Sphaerodoridae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Hediste diversicolor (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Nereididae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — D. Trypanosyllis sp. (Syllidae) from North Carolina, dorsal view of entire specimen with stolon. All photos F. Pleijel." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
B),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFAC9FE44F1D5FE39" ID-CoL="84KJY" box="[1307,1436,472,498]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Nereididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFF4DFD9CF4ADFDD1" box="[159,228,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1799,1823]" captionText="FIGURE 3. — Aciculata: Phyllodocida. A. Eulalia clavigera Quatrefages, 1866 (Phyllodocidae) from the English Channel, dorsal view of entire specimen. — B. Sphaerodoropsis philippi Fauvel, 1911 (Sphaerodoridae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Hediste diversicolor (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Nereididae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — D. Trypanosyllis sp. (Syllidae) from North Carolina, dorsal view of entire specimen with stolon. All photos F. Pleijel." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
C),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFEC3FD9CF538FDD1" ID-CoL="84KTJ" box="[273,369,512,538]" class="Polychaeta" family="Syllidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Syllidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFE53FD9CF58FFDD1" box="[385,454,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1799,1823]" captionText="FIGURE 3. — Aciculata: Phyllodocida. A. Eulalia clavigera Quatrefages, 1866 (Phyllodocidae) from the English Channel, dorsal view of entire specimen. — B. Sphaerodoropsis philippi Fauvel, 1911 (Sphaerodoridae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Hediste diversicolor (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Nereididae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — D. Trypanosyllis sp. (Syllidae) from North Carolina, dorsal view of entire specimen with stolon. All photos F. Pleijel." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
D),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFE26FD9CF6FBFDD1" ID-CoL="84K2N" box="[500,690,512,538]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Chrysopetalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFD10FD9CF740FDD1" box="[706,777,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. — Aciculata: Phyllodocida, Eunicida and Amphinomida. A. Dysponetus sp. (Phyllodocida, Chrysopetalidae) from California, dorsal view of entire mature male. — B. Nephtys hombergi Savigny, 1818 (Phyllodocida, Nephtyidae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Ophryotrocha sp. (Eunicida, Dorvilleidae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal and ventral view of entire specimen. — D. Pareurythoe sp. (Amphinomidae) from California, antero-dorsal view. — E. Bylgides elegans (Théel, 1879) (Phyllodocida, Polynoidae) from the Swedish westcoast, dorsal view of entire specimen. All photos F. Pleijel." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
A),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFCE7FD9CF7F5FDD1" ID-CoL="84KJX" box="[821,956,512,538]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nephtyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Nephtyidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFC1EFD9CF05AFDD1" box="[972,1043,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. — Aciculata: Phyllodocida, Eunicida and Amphinomida. A. Dysponetus sp. (Phyllodocida, Chrysopetalidae) from California, dorsal view of entire mature male. — B. Nephtys hombergi Savigny, 1818 (Phyllodocida, Nephtyidae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Ophryotrocha sp. (Eunicida, Dorvilleidae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal and ventral view of entire specimen. — D. Pareurythoe sp. (Amphinomidae) from California, antero-dorsal view. — E. Bylgides elegans (Théel, 1879) (Phyllodocida, Polynoidae) from the Swedish westcoast, dorsal view of entire specimen. All photos F. Pleijel." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
B), and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFBBDFD9CF0BAFDD1" ID-CoL="84KP5" box="[1135,1267,512,538]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Polynoidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFAD1FD9CF103FDD1" box="[1283,1354,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. — Aciculata: Phyllodocida, Eunicida and Amphinomida. A. Dysponetus sp. (Phyllodocida, Chrysopetalidae) from California, dorsal view of entire mature male. — B. Nephtys hombergi Savigny, 1818 (Phyllodocida, Nephtyidae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Ophryotrocha sp. (Eunicida, Dorvilleidae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal and ventral view of entire specimen. — D. Pareurythoe sp. (Amphinomidae) from California, antero-dorsal view. — E. Bylgides elegans (Théel, 1879) (Phyllodocida, Polynoidae) from the Swedish westcoast, dorsal view of entire specimen. All photos F. Pleijel." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
E).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA3582CFF45FDD9F7FAFBAC" blockId="6.[151,1437,581,1127]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFF45FDD9F54EFD94" ID-CoL="37M" box="[151,263,581,607]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFF45FDD9F54EFD94" bold="true" box="[151,263,581,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Eunicida</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. The name
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFE72FDD9F641FD94" ID-CoL="37M" box="[416,520,581,607]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Eunicida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was first used by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFD26FDD9F7DDFD94" author="Dales" box="[756,916,581,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Dales, R. P. (1962) The polychaete stomodeum and the interrelationships of the families of the Polychaeta. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139, 289 - 328." type="journal article" year="1962">Dales (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
, but encompassed a well-delineated group known prior to that as Eunicea, Euniceformia, Eunicimorpha or simply
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFC2CFDF1F03EFD4C" ID-CoL="84K78" box="[1022,1143,621,647]" class="Polychaeta" family="Eunicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Eunicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. This grouping included polychaetes with a ventral muscularized pharynx with ventral mandibles and dorsal maxillae (and a few that had lost jaws) and is very likely a monophyletic assemblage. Another putative apomorphy for the clade would appear to be a peristomium forming a two rings, although this feature is not present in all the subgroups. Rouse & Fauchald (1997) expanded the traditionally delineated
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFC61FC91F052FCEC" ID-CoL="37M" box="[947,1051,781,807]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Eunicida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
to include
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFB7CFC91F12CFCEC" ID-CoL="84JVK" box="[1198,1381,781,807]" class="Polychaeta" family="Amphinomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Amphinomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFF45FCA9F509FC84" ID-CoL="84K79" box="[151,320,821,847]" class="Polychaeta" family="Euphrosinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Euphrosinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
although this is not accepted here as the relationships between them is uncertain.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFB29FCA9F12FFC84" ID-CoL="37M" box="[1275,1382,821,847]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Eunicida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, following
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFF3DFCC1F648FCBC" author="Rouse" box="[239,513,861,887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="263" refString="Rouse, G. W. & Pleijel, F. (2001) Polychaetes. London: Oxford University Press. p. 354." type="book chapter" year="2001">Rouse & Pleijel (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
, includes
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFDA7FCC1F74EFCBC" ID-CoL="84K64" box="[629,775,861,887]" class="Polychaeta" family="Dorvilleidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Dorvilleidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFCCAFCC1F717FCBC" box="[792,862,861,887]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. — Aciculata: Phyllodocida, Eunicida and Amphinomida. A. Dysponetus sp. (Phyllodocida, Chrysopetalidae) from California, dorsal view of entire mature male. — B. Nephtys hombergi Savigny, 1818 (Phyllodocida, Nephtyidae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Ophryotrocha sp. (Eunicida, Dorvilleidae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal and ventral view of entire specimen. — D. Pareurythoe sp. (Amphinomidae) from California, antero-dorsal view. — E. Bylgides elegans (Théel, 1879) (Phyllodocida, Polynoidae) from the Swedish westcoast, dorsal view of entire specimen. All photos F. Pleijel." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
C),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFC5AFCC1F048FCBC" ID-CoL="84K78" box="[904,1025,861,887]" class="Polychaeta" family="Eunicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Eunicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFBDEFCC1F085FCBC" ID-CoL="84K92" box="[1036,1228,861,887]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hartmaniellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Hartmaniellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFB0AFCC1F1D1FCBC" ID-CoL="84K9H" box="[1240,1432,861,887]" class="Polychaeta" family="Histriobdellidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Histriobdellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFF45FC19F501FC54" ID-CoL="84KFT" box="[151,328,901,927]" class="Polychaeta" family="Lumbrineridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Lumbrineridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFE85FC19F59FFC54" ID-CoL="84KKN" box="[343,470,901,927]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oenonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Oenonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFDC7FC19F6D0FC54" ID-CoL="84KKV" box="[533,665,901,927]" class="Polychaeta" family="Onuphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Onuphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. A recent comprehensive molecular phylogeny of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFB2EFC19F12DFC54" ID-CoL="37M" box="[1276,1380,901,927]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Eunicida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was undertaken by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFE9EFC31F60DFC0C" box="[332,580,941,967]" pageId="6" pageNumber="264" refString="Struck, T. H., Purschke, G. & Halanych, K. M. (2006) Phylogeny of Eunicida (Annelida) and Exploring Data Congruence Using a Partition Addition Bootstrap Alteration (PABA) Approach. Systematic Biology, 55, 1 - 20." type="journal article">
|
||
|
|
Struck
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFE70FC31F5A8FC0D" box="[418,481,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
(2006)
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
who found a topology where a labidognath clade (i.e., a “
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFADDFC31F1C0FC0C" ID-CoL="84K78" box="[1295,1417,941,967]" class="Polychaeta" family="Eunicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Eunicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
”/
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFF45FC49F55EFC24" ID-CoL="84KKV" box="[151,279,981,1007]" class="Polychaeta" family="Onuphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Onuphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
/
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFECDFC49F587FC24" ID-CoL="84KFT" box="[287,462,981,1007]" class="Polychaeta" family="Lumbrineridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Lumbrineridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
clade) was significantly rejected, a result that goes against most traditional view of the relationships within the group. Prior to this Struck
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFCC6FC61F701FBDD" box="[788,840,1021,1046]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
. (2005), in a molecular study suggested that
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFA85FC61F4BCFBF4" ID-CoL="84K5P" class="Polychaeta" family="Dinophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Dinophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFED8FBB9F506FBF4" box="[266,335,1061,1087]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1791,1815]" captionText="FIGURE 1. — Various annelid groups A. Dinophilus sp. from California (Dinophilidae), dorsal view. — B. Aeolosoma sp. (Aeolosomatidae), dorsal view. — C. Metabonellia haswelli (Johnston and Tiegs, 1920) (Echiura) from the Australia, female specimen. Inset shows Capitella sp. (Capitellidae) anterior, now thought to be the sister group to Echiura. — D. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis Grygier, 1992 from Australia, on crinoid host, lateral view. — E. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis, ventral view of entire specimen showing parapodia and everted pharynx. F. Polygordius lacteus, lateral view of head and anterior body. — G. Protodrilus rubropharyngeus, whole animal. — H. Nerilla antennata, whole animal. — I. A phascolionid sipunculid. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
A)—a group long associated with
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFCD2FBB9F725FBF4" ID-CoL="37M" box="[768,876,1061,1087]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Eunicida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, either as a family or as part of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFADBFBB9F60DFBAC" ID-CoL="84K64" authority="Eibye-Jacobsen & Kristensen 1994" authorityName="Eibye-Jacobsen & Kristensen" authorityYear="1994" class="Polychaeta" family="Dorvilleidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">
|
||
|
|
Dorvilleidae (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFF4CFBD1F675FBAC" author="Eibye-Jacobsen" box="[158,572,1101,1127]" pageId="6" pageNumber="262" refString="Eibye-Jacobsen, D. & Kristensen, R. M. (1994) A new genus and species of Dorvilleidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Bermuda, with a phylogenetic analysis of Dorvilleidae, Iphitimidae and Dinophilidae. Zoologica Scripta, 23, 107 - 131." type="journal article" year="1994">Eibye-Jacobsen & Kristensen 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
—does not belong in
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFC91FBD1F7E6FBAC" ID-CoL="37M" box="[835,943,1101,1127]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Eunicida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA3582CFF45FB0EF67AFA0F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1170,1476]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFF45FB0EF505FB67" ID-CoL="P5" box="[151,332,1170,1196]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFF45FB0EF505FB67" bold="true" box="[151,332,1170,1196]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Amphinomida</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFE89FB0EF64DFB67" ID-CoL="P5" box="[347,516,1170,1196]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Amphinomida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
contains
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFDA4FB0EF765FB67" ID-CoL="84JVK" box="[630,812,1170,1196]" class="Polychaeta" family="Amphinomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Amphinomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFCECFB0EF7CDFB67" box="[830,900,1170,1196]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. — Aciculata: Phyllodocida, Eunicida and Amphinomida. A. Dysponetus sp. (Phyllodocida, Chrysopetalidae) from California, dorsal view of entire mature male. — B. Nephtys hombergi Savigny, 1818 (Phyllodocida, Nephtyidae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Ophryotrocha sp. (Eunicida, Dorvilleidae) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal and ventral view of entire specimen. — D. Pareurythoe sp. (Amphinomidae) from California, antero-dorsal view. — E. Bylgides elegans (Théel, 1879) (Phyllodocida, Polynoidae) from the Swedish westcoast, dorsal view of entire specimen. All photos F. Pleijel." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
D) and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFC0FFB0EF0CFFB67" ID-CoL="84K79" box="[989,1158,1170,1196]" class="Polychaeta" family="Euphrosinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Euphrosinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and has never been the subject of a detailed modern phylogenetic revision. A taxon, Amphinomae, equivalent to
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFB7AFB26F11CFB1F" ID-CoL="P5" box="[1192,1365,1210,1236]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Amphinomida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, dates back to
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFF2AFB7EF5FAFB37" author="Savigny" box="[248,435,1250,1276]" pageId="6" pageNumber="263" refString="Savigny, J. - C. (1822) Systemes des annelides, principalement de celles des cotes de l'Egypte et de la Syrie. In: M. J. L. Savigny (Ed), Description de l'Egypte, Histoire Naturelle, Paris, p. 128." type="book chapter" year="1822">Savigny (1822)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFE13FB7EF622FB37" ID-CoL="P5" box="[449,619,1250,1276]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Amphinomida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was first used as a taxon name by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFBC4FB7EF0FAFB37" author="Dales" box="[1046,1203,1250,1276]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Dales, R. P. (1962) The polychaete stomodeum and the interrelationships of the families of the Polychaeta. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139, 289 - 328." type="journal article" year="1962">Dales (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
, but names such as Amphinomorpha have also been applied. Although
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFD2BFA96F7EAFAEF" ID-CoL="P5" box="[761,931,1290,1316]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Amphinomida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
is well supported by a number of apomorphies, including calcareous chaetae and nuchal organs forming a caruncle, both their position within Aciculata and the interrelationships within the group are uncertain. Rouse & Fauchald (1997) in their classification included
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFED0FA1EF5F0FA57" ID-CoL="84JVK" box="[258,441,1410,1436]" class="Polychaeta" family="Amphinomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Amphinomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFE23FA1EF6D3FA57" ID-CoL="84K79" box="[497,666,1410,1436]" class="Polychaeta" family="Euphrosinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Euphrosinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
in
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFD6DFA1EF762FA57" ID-CoL="37M" box="[703,811,1410,1436]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Eunicida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, whereas
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFC4EFA1EF0E3FA57" author="Rouse" box="[924,1194,1410,1436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="263" refString="Rouse, G. W. & Pleijel, F. (2001) Polychaetes. London: Oxford University Press. p. 354." type="book chapter" year="2001">Rouse & Pleijel (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
instead treated them as a separate taxon,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFE50FA36F666FA0F" ID-CoL="P5" box="[386,559,1450,1476]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Amphinomida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA3582CFF45FA73F79BF931" blockId="6.[151,1436,1519,1786]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFF45FA73F5D8F9C2" bold="true" box="[151,401,1519,1545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Aciculata unplaced.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Rouse & Fauchald (1997) placed
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFCE7FA6CF022F9C1" ID-CoL="84KZQ" authority="Hartman, 1965" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1965" box="[821,1131,1520,1546]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aberrantidae" genus="Aberranta" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFCE7FA6CF7E7F9C2" box="[821,942,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Aberranta</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Hartman, 1965
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(as
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFB70FA6CF109F9C1" ID-CoL="84JTN" box="[1186,1344,1520,1546]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aberrantidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Aberrantidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFA84FA6CF499F9F9" ID-CoL="84KJZ" class="Polychaeta" family="Nerillidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Nerillidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA3582CFF33F984F56AF9F9" box="[225,291,1560,1586]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1791,1815]" captionText="FIGURE 1. — Various annelid groups A. Dinophilus sp. from California (Dinophilidae), dorsal view. — B. Aeolosoma sp. (Aeolosomatidae), dorsal view. — C. Metabonellia haswelli (Johnston and Tiegs, 1920) (Echiura) from the Australia, female specimen. Inset shows Capitella sp. (Capitellidae) anterior, now thought to be the sister group to Echiura. — D. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis Grygier, 1992 from Australia, on crinoid host, lateral view. — E. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis, ventral view of entire specimen showing parapodia and everted pharynx. F. Polygordius lacteus, lateral view of head and anterior body. — G. Protodrilus rubropharyngeus, whole animal. — H. Nerilla antennata, whole animal. — I. A phascolionid sipunculid. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
H) and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFE53F984F6D6F9F9" ID-CoL="84TRR" authority="Johnston, 1845" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1845" box="[385,671,1560,1586]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spintheridae" genus="Spinther" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFE53F984F5ADF9FA" box="[385,484,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Spinther</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Johnston, 1845
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(as
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFD03F984F72EF9F9" ID-CoL="84KSL" box="[721,871,1560,1586]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spintheridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Spintheridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) as parts of Aciculata, but did not include them in any other sub-taxon of the group. These three taxa have never been related to each other and are not to be regarded as closely related by being grouped together here. Of these taxa, only
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFBE5F9F4F0D3F94A" ID-CoL="84TRR" box="[1079,1178,1640,1665]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spintheridae" genus="Spinther" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFBE5F9F4F0D3F94A" box="[1079,1178,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Spinther</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
actually has aciculae, but all three are likely to have sister groups with different members of Aciculata.
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA3582CFB40F90CF1D5F961" box="[1170,1436,1680,1706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="264" refString="Worsaae, K., Nygren, A., Rouse, G. W., Giribet, G., Persson, J., Sundberg, P. & Pleijel, F. (2005) Phylogeny of Nerillidae (Polychaeta, Annelida) as inferred from combined 18 S rDNA and morphological data. Cladistics, 21, 143 - 162." type="journal article">
|
||
|
|
Worsaae
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFAD1F90CF10BF962" box="[1283,1346,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
(2005)
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
assessed the phylogenetic position of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFD85F924F685F919" ID-CoL="84KJZ" box="[599,716,1720,1746]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nerillidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Nerillidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFCDAF924F7C8F91A" ID-CoL="84KZQ" box="[776,897,1720,1745]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aberrantidae" genus="Aberranta" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFCDAF924F7C8F91A" box="[776,897,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Aberranta</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
using morphology and 18S rDNA, but failed to provide any strong conclusions as to the placement for either group.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C34F6576FFA3582DFF45F8BBF640FF11" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" type="description">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA3582DFF45F8BBF640FF11" blockId="6.[151,1436,1831,2018]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,218]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFF45F8BBF500F88A" box="[151,329,1831,1857]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Canalipalpata" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA3582CFF45F8BBF500F88A" bold="true" box="[151,329,1831,1857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Canalipalpata</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFE88F8B4F5B2F889" box="[346,507,1832,1858]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Canalipalpata" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Canalipalpata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(referring to the presence of grooved palps) is a name that was first used by Rouse & Fauchald (1997) and is a massive group of polychaetes that encompasses around half the number of described species. The only apomorphy for
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFD76F8E4F70CF859" box="[676,837,1912,1938]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Canalipalpata" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Canalipalpata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
is the presence of grooved palps and so the clade must be regarded as weakly supported. The groove along each palp is longitudinal and ciliated and, in contrast to those of Aciculata, function as feeding structures. Rouse & Fauchald (1997) identified three
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA3582CFAD4F854F103F829" box="[1286,1354,1992,2018]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aeolosomatidae" genus="Aeolosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
clades within the
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFEC8FF04F5F2FF79" box="[282,443,152,178]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Canalipalpata" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Canalipalpata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFE1CFF04F609FF79" box="[462,576,152,178]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Sabellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD9CFF04F6FFFF79" box="[590,694,152,178]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Spionida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD27FF04F733FF79" box="[757,890,152,178]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Terebellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) and a number of taxa that were regarded as
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFF45FF5CF570FF12" box="[151,313,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
within the group.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C34F6576FFA25820FF45FE99F4BEF93F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="255" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="reference_group">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA2582DFF45FE99F034FD34" blockId="7.[151,1436,261,767]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFF45FE99F542FED4" ID-CoL="8ZXJ2" box="[151,267,261,287]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFF45FE99F542FED4" bold="true" box="[151,267,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Sabellida</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. The apomorphy for
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFDDEFE99F635FED4" ID-CoL="8ZXJ2" box="[524,636,261,287]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Sabellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, as formulated by Rouse & Fauchald (1997), was the fusion of the prostomium with the peristomium, hence it is weakly supported. This name has been used to contain
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFA83FEB1F4A6FEA4" ID-CoL="84KR6" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Sabellariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA2582DFED0FEC9F502FEA4" box="[258,331,341,367]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1711,1735]" captionText="FIGURE 5. — Canalipalpata. A. Osedax rubiplumus Rouse et al. 2004 (Sabellida, Siboglinidae) from California, lateral view of several female specimens. — B. Owenia sp. (Sabellida, Oweniidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior. — C. Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Bruguière, 1789) (Sabellida, Sabellidae) from Iceland, anterior in tube. — D. Terebellides stroemi Sars, 1835 (Terebelliformia, Trichobranchidae) from Iceland, lateral anterior end. — E. Pectinaria granulata Linnaeus, 1767 (Terebelliformia, Pectinariidae) from Iceland. — F. Phyllochaetopterus lauensis Nishi & Rouse, 2007 (Spionida, Chaetopteridae) from the Lau Basin — G. Cirratulus sp. (Cirratuliformia, Cirratulidae) from Japan, dorsal anterior end. — H. Malacoceros fuliginosus (Claparède, 1868) (Spionida, Spionidae) from Iceland, dorsal anterior end. — I. Sabellaria vulgaris Verrill, 1873 (Sabellida, Sabellariidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior in tube. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
|
||
|
|
Fig.
|
||
|
|
<date id="FFEB103DFFA2582DFEEEFEC9F502FEA4" box="[316,331,341,367]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">5</date>
|
||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
I),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFEA2FEC9F5A3FEA4" ID-CoL="84KR7" box="[368,490,341,367]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Sabellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA2582DFE2CFEC9F60FFEA4" box="[510,582,341,367]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1711,1735]" captionText="FIGURE 5. — Canalipalpata. A. Osedax rubiplumus Rouse et al. 2004 (Sabellida, Siboglinidae) from California, lateral view of several female specimens. — B. Owenia sp. (Sabellida, Oweniidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior. — C. Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Bruguière, 1789) (Sabellida, Sabellidae) from Iceland, anterior in tube. — D. Terebellides stroemi Sars, 1835 (Terebelliformia, Trichobranchidae) from Iceland, lateral anterior end. — E. Pectinaria granulata Linnaeus, 1767 (Terebelliformia, Pectinariidae) from Iceland. — F. Phyllochaetopterus lauensis Nishi & Rouse, 2007 (Spionida, Chaetopteridae) from the Lau Basin — G. Cirratulus sp. (Cirratuliformia, Cirratulidae) from Japan, dorsal anterior end. — H. Malacoceros fuliginosus (Claparède, 1868) (Spionida, Spionidae) from Iceland, dorsal anterior end. — I. Sabellaria vulgaris Verrill, 1873 (Sabellida, Sabellariidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior in tube. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
C) and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD76FEC9F7B6FEA4" ID-CoL="84KRW" authority="Fitzhugh, 1989" authorityName="Fitzhugh" authorityYear="1989" box="[676,1023,341,367]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">
|
||
|
|
Serpulidae (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFCE6FEC9F7BEFEA4" author="Fitzhugh" box="[820,1015,341,367]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" refString="Fitzhugh, K. (1989) A systematic revision of the Sabellidae-Caobangiidae-Sabellongidae complex (Annelida: Polychaeta). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 192, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1989">Fitzhugh, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and these three were included by Rouse & Fauchald (1997), plus two other taxa. A dramatic shift compared with traditional systematics was that Rouse & Fauchald (1997) placed
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD89FE39F6A6FE74" ID-CoL="84KRZ" box="[603,751,421,447]" class="Polychaeta" family="Siboglinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Siboglinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA2582DFCD3FE39F70EFE74" box="[769,839,421,447]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1711,1735]" captionText="FIGURE 5. — Canalipalpata. A. Osedax rubiplumus Rouse et al. 2004 (Sabellida, Siboglinidae) from California, lateral view of several female specimens. — B. Owenia sp. (Sabellida, Oweniidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior. — C. Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Bruguière, 1789) (Sabellida, Sabellidae) from Iceland, anterior in tube. — D. Terebellides stroemi Sars, 1835 (Terebelliformia, Trichobranchidae) from Iceland, lateral anterior end. — E. Pectinaria granulata Linnaeus, 1767 (Terebelliformia, Pectinariidae) from Iceland. — F. Phyllochaetopterus lauensis Nishi & Rouse, 2007 (Spionida, Chaetopteridae) from the Lau Basin — G. Cirratulus sp. (Cirratuliformia, Cirratulidae) from Japan, dorsal anterior end. — H. Malacoceros fuliginosus (Claparède, 1868) (Spionida, Spionidae) from Iceland, dorsal anterior end. — I. Sabellaria vulgaris Verrill, 1873 (Sabellida, Sabellariidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior in tube. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
A), (formerly outside polychaetes as Pogonophora and Vestimentifera), as part of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFDD9FE51F635FE2C" ID-CoL="8ZXJ2" box="[523,636,461,487]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Sabellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. They also included
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFCA5FE51F7BFFE2C" ID-CoL="84KL9" box="[887,1014,461,487]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Oweniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA2582DFBDAFE51F019FE2C" box="[1032,1104,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1711,1735]" captionText="FIGURE 5. — Canalipalpata. A. Osedax rubiplumus Rouse et al. 2004 (Sabellida, Siboglinidae) from California, lateral view of several female specimens. — B. Owenia sp. (Sabellida, Oweniidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior. — C. Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Bruguière, 1789) (Sabellida, Sabellidae) from Iceland, anterior in tube. — D. Terebellides stroemi Sars, 1835 (Terebelliformia, Trichobranchidae) from Iceland, lateral anterior end. — E. Pectinaria granulata Linnaeus, 1767 (Terebelliformia, Pectinariidae) from Iceland. — F. Phyllochaetopterus lauensis Nishi & Rouse, 2007 (Spionida, Chaetopteridae) from the Lau Basin — G. Cirratulus sp. (Cirratuliformia, Cirratulidae) from Japan, dorsal anterior end. — H. Malacoceros fuliginosus (Claparède, 1868) (Spionida, Spionidae) from Iceland, dorsal anterior end. — I. Sabellaria vulgaris Verrill, 1873 (Sabellida, Sabellariidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior in tube. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
B), a taxon that has a “chequered” systematic history as a polychaete. It should be noted that in further analyses by Rouse (1999; 2000),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFF45FD81F55FFDFC" ID-CoL="84KL9" box="[151,278,541,567]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Oweniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
did not group with the remaining
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD7BFD81F750FDFC" ID-CoL="8ZXJ2" box="[681,793,541,567]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Sabellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, whereas
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFC5EFD81F074FDFC" ID-CoL="84JZZ" box="[908,1085,541,567]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chaetopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Chaetopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA2582DFB9FFD81F0DAFDFC" box="[1101,1171,541,567]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1711,1735]" captionText="FIGURE 5. — Canalipalpata. A. Osedax rubiplumus Rouse et al. 2004 (Sabellida, Siboglinidae) from California, lateral view of several female specimens. — B. Owenia sp. (Sabellida, Oweniidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior. — C. Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Bruguière, 1789) (Sabellida, Sabellidae) from Iceland, anterior in tube. — D. Terebellides stroemi Sars, 1835 (Terebelliformia, Trichobranchidae) from Iceland, lateral anterior end. — E. Pectinaria granulata Linnaeus, 1767 (Terebelliformia, Pectinariidae) from Iceland. — F. Phyllochaetopterus lauensis Nishi & Rouse, 2007 (Spionida, Chaetopteridae) from the Lau Basin — G. Cirratulus sp. (Cirratuliformia, Cirratulidae) from Japan, dorsal anterior end. — H. Malacoceros fuliginosus (Claparède, 1868) (Spionida, Spionidae) from Iceland, dorsal anterior end. — I. Sabellaria vulgaris Verrill, 1873 (Sabellida, Sabellariidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior in tube. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
F) (included here in as part of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFF3FFDD9F51EFD94" ID-CoL="44T" box="[237,343,581,607]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Spionida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) did. A recent combined analysis of molecular and morphological data (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFB7CFDD9F1DAFD94" author="Rousset" box="[1198,1427,581,607]" pageId="7" pageNumber="263" refString="Rousset, V., Rouse, G. W., Siddall, M. E., Tillier, A. & Pleijel, F. (2004) The phylogenetic position of Siboglinidae (Annelida), inferred from 18 S rRNA, 28 S rRNA, and morphological data. Cladistics, 20, 518 - 533." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
|
|
Rousset
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFAC6FDD9F119FD95" box="[1300,1360,581,606]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
2004
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
) also did not recover the
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFE7CFDF1F652FD4C" ID-CoL="8ZXJ2" box="[430,539,621,647]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Sabellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
as formulated here but did suggest
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFC6AFDF1F07EFD4C" ID-CoL="84KL9" box="[952,1079,621,647]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Oweniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFBBDFDF1F14AFD4C" ID-CoL="84KRZ" box="[1135,1283,621,647]" class="Polychaeta" family="Siboglinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Siboglinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
to be closely related, as did
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFE94FD09F678FD64" box="[326,561,661,687]" pageId="7" pageNumber="264" refString="Struck, T H., Schult, N., Kusen, T., Hickman, E., Bleidorn, C., McHugh, D. & Halanych, K. M. (2007) Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7, 57." type="journal article">
|
||
|
|
Struck
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFE49FD09F586FD65" box="[411,463,661,686]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">et al</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
. (2007)
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
. Clearly further study is required. In addition, similarities between
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFA83FD09F4A6FD1C" ID-CoL="84KR6" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Sabellariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFA2582DFED2FD21F50FFD1C" box="[256,326,701,727]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1711,1735]" captionText="FIGURE 5. — Canalipalpata. A. Osedax rubiplumus Rouse et al. 2004 (Sabellida, Siboglinidae) from California, lateral view of several female specimens. — B. Owenia sp. (Sabellida, Oweniidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior. — C. Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Bruguière, 1789) (Sabellida, Sabellidae) from Iceland, anterior in tube. — D. Terebellides stroemi Sars, 1835 (Terebelliformia, Trichobranchidae) from Iceland, lateral anterior end. — E. Pectinaria granulata Linnaeus, 1767 (Terebelliformia, Pectinariidae) from Iceland. — F. Phyllochaetopterus lauensis Nishi & Rouse, 2007 (Spionida, Chaetopteridae) from the Lau Basin — G. Cirratulus sp. (Cirratuliformia, Cirratulidae) from Japan, dorsal anterior end. — H. Malacoceros fuliginosus (Claparède, 1868) (Spionida, Spionidae) from Iceland, dorsal anterior end. — I. Sabellaria vulgaris Verrill, 1873 (Sabellida, Sabellariidae) from North Carolina, lateral view of anterior in tube. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
|
||
|
|
Fig.
|
||
|
|
<date id="FFEB103DFFA2582DFEEAFD21F50FFD1C" box="[312,326,701,727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">5</date>
|
||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
I) and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFE47FD21F667FD1C" ID-CoL="84KMF" box="[405,558,701,727]" class="Polychaeta" family="Pectinariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Pectinariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(in
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFDB2FD21F6ACFD1C" ID-CoL="475" box="[608,741,701,727]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Terebellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) also deserve further study (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFBE5FD21F175FD1C" author="Rouse" box="[1079,1340,701,727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="263" refString="Rouse, G. W. & Pleijel, F. (2001) Polychaetes. London: Oxford University Press. p. 354." type="book chapter" year="2001">Rouse & Pleijel 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFA83FD21F4A6FD34" ID-CoL="84KR6" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Sabellariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
have previously been considered as part of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD22FD79F73AFD34" ID-CoL="475" box="[752,883,741,767]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Terebellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(e.g.,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFC6CFD79F039FD34" author="Fauchald" box="[958,1136,741,767]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" refString="Fauchald, K. (1977) The polychaete worms. Definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Science Series, 28, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1977">Fauchald 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA2582DFF45FCB6F750FAEF" blockId="7.[151,1437,810,1316]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFF45FCB6F691FC8F" ID-CoL="475" authority="Cirratuliformia, Terebelliformia" authorityName="Cirratuliformia, Terebelliformia" box="[151,728,810,836]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFF45FCB6F691FC8F" bold="true" box="[151,728,810,836]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Terebellida (Cirratuliformia, Terebelliformia)</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. The name
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFCBBFCB6F7A5FC8F" ID-CoL="475" box="[873,1004,810,836]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Terebellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was first used by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFB1FFCB6F12EFC8F" author="Dales" box="[1229,1383,810,836]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Dales, R. P. (1962) The polychaete stomodeum and the interrelationships of the families of the Polychaeta. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139, 289 - 328." type="journal article" year="1962">Dales (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
and included
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFED6FCCEF5E4FCA7" ID-CoL="84JVH" box="[260,429,850,876]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ampharetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Ampharetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFE68FCCEF61AFCA7" ID-CoL="84KMF" box="[442,595,850,876]" class="Polychaeta" family="Pectinariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Pectinariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD5DFCCEF76BFCA7" ID-CoL="84KTY" box="[655,802,850,876]" class="Polychaeta" family="Terebellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Terebellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, all polychaetes having multiple grooved palps. Prior to this, the names Terebellomorpha or Terebelliformia had often been used for essentially the same grouping of taxa.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFF27FC3EF531FC77" ID-CoL="475" box="[245,376,930,956]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Terebellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was expanded by Rouse & Fauchald (1997) to include a clade in which most have a single pair of palps (e.g.,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFEA1FC56F643FC2F" ID-CoL="84JTW" box="[371,522,970,996]" class="Polychaeta" family="Acrocirridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Acrocirridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFDC4FC56F6ECFC2F" ID-CoL="84K2S" box="[534,677,970,996]" class="Polychaeta" family="Cirratulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Cirratulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD63FC56F72FFC2F" ID-CoL="84K7S" box="[689,870,970,996]" class="Polychaeta" family="Flabelligeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Flabelligeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
), but recent studies have not recovered this relationship (see below). Rouse & Fauchald (1997) identified several synapomorphies for this overall grouping, namely the presence of a first segment with no chaetae, a gular membrane, and a heart body. The clade within
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFF45FBDEF553FB97" ID-CoL="475" box="[151,282,1090,1116]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Terebellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
that has taxa with a single pair of palps (with exceptions such as some
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFB88FBDEF0AFFB97" ID-CoL="84K2S" box="[1114,1254,1090,1116]" class="Polychaeta" family="Cirratulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Cirratulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
with numerous palps and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFEC2FBF6F5F9FB4F" box="[272,432,1130,1156]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ctenodrilinae">Ctenodrilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFE39FBF6F6D5FB4F" ID-CoL="84K7P" box="[491,668,1130,1156]" class="Polychaeta" family="Fauveliopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Fauveliopsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
with none) was referred to as Cirratuliformia in
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFB32FBF6F4A1FB67" author="Rouse" pageId="7" pageNumber="263" refString="Rouse, G. W. & Pleijel, F. (2001) Polychaetes. London: Oxford University Press. p. 354." type="book chapter" year="2001">Rouse & Pleijel (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
, a name that has been used previously for a somewhat similar grouping (e.g.,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFB54FB0EF170FB67" author="Fauchald" box="[1158,1337,1170,1196]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" refString="Fauchald, K. (1977) The polychaete worms. Definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Science Series, 28, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1977">Fauchald 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). It contains
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFF05FB26F527FB1F" ID-CoL="84JTW" box="[215,366,1210,1236]" class="Polychaeta" family="Acrocirridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Acrocirridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFEAEFB26F642FB1F" ID-CoL="84K2S" box="[380,523,1210,1236]" class="Polychaeta" family="Cirratulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Cirratulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFDCBFB26F687FB1F" ID-CoL="84K7P" box="[537,718,1210,1236]" class="Polychaeta" family="Fauveliopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Fauveliopsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD09FB26F7C7FB1F" ID-CoL="84K7S" box="[731,910,1210,1236]" class="Polychaeta" family="Flabelligeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Flabelligeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFC1DFB27F098FB1F" ID-CoL="84TVJ" authority="Otto, 1821" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="1821" box="[975,1233,1210,1236]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sternaspidae" genus="Sternaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFC1DFB27F001FB1F" box="[975,1096,1211,1236]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Sternaspis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Otto, 1821
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. The clade comprised of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFEDAFB7EF5D5FB37" ID-CoL="84JVD" box="[264,412,1250,1276]" class="Polychaeta" family="Alvinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Alvinellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFE7AFB7EF618FB37" ID-CoL="84JVH" box="[424,593,1250,1276]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ampharetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Ampharetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD8CFB7EF6B3FB37" ID-CoL="84KMF" box="[606,762,1250,1276]" class="Polychaeta" family="Pectinariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Pectinariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFCD5FB7EF7DEFB37" ID-CoL="84KTY" box="[775,919,1250,1276]" class="Polychaeta" family="Terebellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Terebellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFC00FB7EF0E9FB37" ID-CoL="84KW6" box="[978,1184,1250,1276]" class="Polychaeta" family="Trichobranchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Trichobranchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
is referred to here as Terebelliformia, also a fairly “traditional” formulation.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA2582DFF45FAD3F633F961" blockId="7.[151,1437,1359,1706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFF45FAD3F54FFAA2" ID-CoL="44T" box="[151,262,1359,1385]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFF45FAD3F54FFAA2" bold="true" box="[151,262,1359,1385]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Spionida</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. The name
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFE44FACCF5B7FAA1" ID-CoL="44T" box="[406,510,1360,1386]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Spionida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was first used by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFD0EFACCF73CFAA1" author="Dales" box="[732,885,1360,1386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Dales, R. P. (1962) The polychaete stomodeum and the interrelationships of the families of the Polychaeta. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139, 289 - 328." type="journal article" year="1962">Dales (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
to contain
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFC2CFACCF03AFAA1" ID-CoL="84KSM" box="[1022,1139,1360,1386]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Spionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and a number of similar groups, as well as taxa such as
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFDDAFAE4F6C3FA59" ID-CoL="84KLZ" box="[520,650,1400,1426]" class="Polychaeta" family="Paraonidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Paraonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD16FAE4F728FA59" ID-CoL="84KR6" box="[708,865,1400,1426]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Sabellariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. These groups are not considered closely related today, and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFECCFA3CF5CFFA71" ID-CoL="44T" box="[286,390,1440,1466]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Spionida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
in
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFE61FA3CF684FA71" author="Rouse" box="[435,717,1440,1466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="263" refString="Rouse, G. W. & Pleijel, F. (2001) Polychaetes. London: Oxford University Press. p. 354." type="book chapter" year="2001">Rouse & Pleijel (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
contained
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFC87FA3CF09AFA71" ID-CoL="84LGX" authority="Levinsen, 1883" authorityName="Levinsen" authorityYear="1883" box="[853,1235,1440,1466]" class="Polychaeta" family="Apistobranchidae" genus="Apistobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFC87FA3CF044FA72" box="[853,1037,1440,1465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Apistobranchus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Levinsen, 1883
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFB31FA3CF1DEFA71" ID-CoL="84JZZ" box="[1251,1431,1440,1466]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chaetopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Chaetopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFF45FA54F57AFA29" ID-CoL="84KGD" box="[151,307,1480,1506]" class="Polychaeta" family="Magelonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Magelonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFE93FA54F62FFA29" ID-CoL="84P48" authority="Ehlers, 1875" authorityName="Ehlers" authorityYear="1875" box="[321,614,1480,1506]" class="Polychaeta" family="Longosomatidae" genus="Heterospio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFE93FA54F58BFA2A" box="[321,450,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Heterospio</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Ehlers, 1875
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFDA4FA54F7E2FA29" ID-CoL="84SHH" authority="Claparede" authorityName="Claparede" box="[630,939,1480,1506]" class="Polychaeta" family="Poecilochaetidae" genus="Poecilochaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFDA4FA54F760FA2A" box="[630,809,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Poecilochaetus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Claparède
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
in Ehlers, 1875,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFBADFA54F49DF9C1" ID-CoL="84VG9" authority="Levinsen, 1883" authorityName="Levinsen" authorityYear="1883" class="Polychaeta" family="Trochochaetidae" genus="Trochochaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFBADFA54F156FA2A" box="[1151,1311,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Trochochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Levinsen, 1883
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFEC3FA6CF5F4F9C1" ID-CoL="84KWY" box="[273,445,1520,1546]" class="Polychaeta" family="Uncispionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Uncispionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, though the latter four taxa should reasonably be all treated as members of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFAF5FA6CF598F9F9" ID-CoL="84KSM" authority="Blake & Arnofsky 1999" authorityName="Blake & Arnofsky" authorityYear="1999" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">
|
||
|
|
Spionidae (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFA2582DFF4DF984F581F9F9" author="Blake" box="[159,456,1560,1586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Blake, J. A. & Arnofsky, P. L. (1999) Reproduction and larval development of the spioniform Polychaeta with application to systematics and phylogeny. Hydrobiologia, 402, 57 - 106." type="journal article" year="1999">Blake & Arnofsky 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. The positions of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD7FF984F717F9F9" ID-CoL="84JZZ" box="[685,862,1560,1586]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chaetopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Chaetopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFC4FF984F07FF9F9" ID-CoL="84KGD" box="[925,1078,1560,1586]" class="Polychaeta" family="Magelonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Magelonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
deserve further investigation. The synapomorphies for
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFE12F9DCF661F991" ID-CoL="44T" box="[448,552,1600,1626]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Spionida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
listed by Rouse & Fauchald (1997) were the presence of a pair of peristomial grooved palps, nuchal organs forming posterior projections, and anterior excretory nephridia and posterior segmental organs for gamete release.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<caption id="DF2A6675FFA2582DFF45F89BF62AF87D" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFA2582DFF45F89BF62AF87D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1799,1974]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFF45F89BF558F8D4" bold="true" box="[151,273,1799,1823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
. — Aciculata:
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFE61F894F60AF8D4" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[435,579,1800,1823]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFD9EF894F615F8D4" box="[588,604,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">A</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFDB8F894F0D5F8D4" ID-CoL="3C9MB" authority="Quatrefages, 1866" authorityName="Quatrefages" authorityYear="1866" box="[618,1180,1800,1823]" class="Polychaeta" family="Phyllodocidae" genus="Eulalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="clavigera">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFDB8F894F76AF8D4" box="[618,803,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Eulalia clavigera</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Quatrefages, 1866 (Phyllodocidae)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
from the English Channel, dorsal view of entire specimen. —
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFD94F8B1F61FF88F" box="[582,598,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">B</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFDB5F8B1F099F88F" ID-CoL="4YQF5" authority="Fauvel, 1911" authorityName="Fauvel" authorityYear="1911" box="[615,1232,1837,1860]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="philippi">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFDB5F8B1F73FF88F" box="[615,886,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Sphaerodoropsis philippi</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Fauvel, 1911 (Sphaerodoridae)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. —
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFD53F8CEF6DAF8A2" box="[641,659,1874,1897]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">C</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD72F8CEF093F8A2" ID-CoL="3JZBG" authority="O.F. Muller, 1776" authorityName="O.F. Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[672,1242,1874,1897]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Hediste" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diversicolor">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFD72F8CEF731F8A2" box="[672,888,1874,1897]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Hediste diversicolor</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
(O.F. Müller, 1776) (Nereididae)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. —
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFD55F8E4F6D3F844" box="[647,666,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">D</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFD7AF8E4F77EF844" ID-CoL="84VH4" box="[680,823,1912,1935]" class="Polychaeta" family="Syllidae" genus="Trypanosyllis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFA2582DFD7AF8E4F77EF844" box="[680,823,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Trypanosyllis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. (
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFA2582DFCB9F8E4F78CF844" ID-CoL="84KTJ" box="[875,965,1912,1935]" class="Polychaeta" family="Syllidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Syllidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) from North Carolina, dorsal view of entire specimen with stolon. All photos F. Pleijel.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</caption>
|
||
|
|
<caption id="DF2A6675FFAF5820FF45FF0BF745FE97" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFAF5820FF45FF0BF745FE97" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,348]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FF45FF0BF55CFF64" bold="true" box="[151,277,151,175]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
. — Aciculata:
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FE12FF04F619FF64" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[448,592,152,175]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FD8FFF04F6F5FF64" ID-CoL="37M" box="[605,700,152,175]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Eunicida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FD27FF04F7DAFF64" ID-CoL="P5" box="[757,915,152,175]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Amphinomida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FC4DFF04F7E6FF64" box="[927,943,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">A</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FC6DFF04F075FF64" ID-CoL="84NC9" box="[959,1084,152,175]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Dysponetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FC6DFF04F075FF64" box="[959,1084,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Dysponetus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. (
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FBA6FF04F14CFF64" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[1140,1285,152,175]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FAC0FF04F48CFF1A" ID-CoL="84K2N" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Chrysopetalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) from California, dorsal view of entire mature male. —
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FCC8FF26F763FF1A" box="[794,810,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">B</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FCEAFF26F0D3FF1A" ID-CoL="472VP" authority="Savigny, 1818" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1818" box="[824,1178,186,209]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nephtyidae" genus="Nephtys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hombergi">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FCEAFF26F7B3FF1A" box="[824,1018,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Nephtys hombergi</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Savigny, 1818
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FB7AFF26F170FF1A" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[1192,1337,186,209]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FA97FF26F48CFF3F" ID-CoL="84KJX" class="Polychaeta" family="Nephtyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Nephtyidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal view of entire specimen. —
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FCADFF41F7D8FF3F" box="[895,913,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">C</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FC4CFF41F07DFF3F" ID-CoL="84R9X" box="[926,1076,221,244]" class="Polychaeta" family="Dorvilleidae" genus="Ophryotrocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FC4CFF41F07DFF3F" box="[926,1076,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Ophryotrocha</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. (
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FBB4FF41F080FF3F" ID-CoL="37M" box="[1126,1225,221,244]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Eunicida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FB01FF41F113FF3F" ID-CoL="84K64" box="[1235,1370,221,244]" class="Polychaeta" family="Dorvilleidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Dorvilleidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) from the Swedish west-coast, dorsal and ventral view of entire specimen. —D.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FC6BFE9CF077FEDC" ID-CoL="84RSC" box="[953,1086,256,279]" class="Polychaeta" family="Amphinomidae" genus="Pareurythoe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FC6BFE9CF077FEDC" box="[953,1086,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Pareurythoe</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. (
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FBA0FE9CF155FEDC" ID-CoL="84JVK" box="[1138,1308,256,279]" class="Polychaeta" family="Amphinomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphinomida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Amphinomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) from California, antero-dorsal view. —
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FE0FFEBEF5A4FEF2" box="[477,493,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">E</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FE2DFEBEF71EFEF2" ID-CoL="NZRS" authority="Theel, 1879" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1879" box="[511,855,290,313]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Bylgides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FE2DFEBEF6FEFEF2" box="[511,695,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Bylgides elegans</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
(Théel, 1879)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FCBAFEBEF7B0FEF2" ID-CoL="8ZXHR" box="[872,1017,290,313]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Phyllodocida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FBDAFEBEF0CBFEF2" ID-CoL="84KP5" box="[1032,1154,290,313]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Polynoidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) from the Swedish westcoast, dorsal view of entire specimen. All photos F. Pleijel.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</caption>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFAF5820FF45FE46F690FC97" blockId="10.[151,1437,474,860]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FF45FE46F58AFE3F" bold="true" box="[151,451,474,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FF45FE46F500FE3F" box="[151,329,474,500]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Canalipalpata" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Canalipalpata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
unplaced
|
||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
. Rouse & Fauchald (1997) placed
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FCB7FE46F040FE3F" ID-CoL="84KP3" box="[869,1033,474,500]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polygordiidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Polygordiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and Protodrilida (as
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FAD7FE46F482FDD7" ID-CoL="84KPV" class="Polychaeta" family="Protodriloididae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Protodriloididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FF0AFD9EF538FDD7" ID-CoL="84KPT" box="[216,369,514,540]" class="Polychaeta" family="Protodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Protodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FE7FFD9EF607FDD7" ID-CoL="84KR8" box="[429,590,514,540]" class="Polychaeta" family="Saccocirridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Saccocirridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) as part of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FD05FD9EF732FDD7" box="[727,891,514,540]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Canalipalpata" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Canalipalpata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, but did not place them within any other subtaxon. In their complete cladistic analyses, these taxa formed a clade that was either associated with taxa that belong within
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FE93FDCEF62DFDA7" authority="Scolecida" authorityName="Scolecida" box="[321,612,594,620]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Canalipalpata" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Canalipalpata, Scolecida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
or were part of a basal polytomy of Polychaeta, so their decision was arbitrary. However, there is good evidence to support Protodrilida being placed in
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FB8DFDE6F56CFD77" authority="Purschke & Jouin 1988" authorityName="Purschke & Jouin" authorityYear="1988" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Canalipalpata" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">
|
||
|
|
Canalipalpata (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FAC2FDE6F555FD77" author="Purschke" pageId="10" pageNumber="263" refString="Purschke, G. & Jouin, C. (1988) Anatomy and ultrastructure of the ventral pharyngeal organs of Saccocirrus (Saccocirridae) and Protodriloides (Protodriloidae fam. n.) with remarks on the phylogenetic relationships within Protodrilida (Annelida: Polychaeta). Journal of Zoology, 215, 405 - 432." type="journal article" year="1988">Purschke & Jouin 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, perhaps near
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FE1DFD3EF672FD77" ID-CoL="44T" box="[463,571,674,700]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Spionida</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. On the other hand, placement of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FC19FD3EF026FD77" ID-CoL="84KP3" box="[971,1135,674,700]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polygordiidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Polygordiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
in
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FB44FD3EF17EFD77" box="[1174,1335,674,700]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Canalipalpata" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Canalipalpata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
must be regarded as suspect. Rouse & Fauchald (1997) made scoring errors in regard to
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FBA9FD56F16AFD2F" ID-CoL="84KP3" box="[1147,1315,714,740]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polygordiidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Polygordiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, the most important being that the animals cannot be regarded as having grooved palps. It was suggested by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FAE1FD6EF57EFCFF" author="Rouse" pageId="10" pageNumber="263" refString="Rouse, G. W. & Pleijel, F. (2001) Polychaetes. London: Oxford University Press. p. 354." type="book chapter" year="2001">Rouse & Pleijel (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
that investigation of a sister group relationship with, or within,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FBFBFC86F0E3FCFF" ID-CoL="84KKX" box="[1065,1194,794,820]" class="Polychaeta" family="Opheliidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Opheliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
may be worthwhile, and this is actually an old idea (e.g.,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FD91FCDEF684FC97" author="Giard" box="[579,717,834,860]" pageId="10" pageNumber="262" refString="Giard, A. (1880) On the affinities of the genus Polygordius with the annelids of the family Opheliidae. Annals and Magazines of Natural History, 6, 324 - 326." type="journal article" year="1880">Giard 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEA36FDFFAF5820FF45FC0EF4BEF93F" blockId="10.[151,1437,914,1780]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FF45FC0EF5C3FC67" bold="true" box="[151,394,914,940]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Annelida unplaced.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Rouse & Fauchald (1997) included
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FCEAFC0EF7BFFC67" box="[824,1014,914,940]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aeolosomatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Aeolosomatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFAF5820FBD5FC0EF003FC67" box="[1031,1098,914,940]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1791,1815]" captionText="FIGURE 1. — Various annelid groups A. Dinophilus sp. from California (Dinophilidae), dorsal view. — B. Aeolosoma sp. (Aeolosomatidae), dorsal view. — C. Metabonellia haswelli (Johnston and Tiegs, 1920) (Echiura) from the Australia, female specimen. Inset shows Capitella sp. (Capitellidae) anterior, now thought to be the sister group to Echiura. — D. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis Grygier, 1992 from Australia, on crinoid host, lateral view. — E. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis, ventral view of entire specimen showing parapodia and everted pharynx. F. Polygordius lacteus, lateral view of head and anterior body. — G. Protodrilus rubropharyngeus, whole animal. — H. Nerilla antennata, whole animal. — I. A phascolionid sipunculid. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
B),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FBA8FC0EF49BFC1F" authority="Lastockin, 1935" authorityName="Lastockin" authorityYear="1935" class="Polychaeta" family="Potamodrilidae" genus="Potamodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FBA8FC0EF153FC60" box="[1146,1306,914,939]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Potamodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Lastockin, 1935
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(as
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FED5FC26F5F6FC1F" box="[263,447,954,980]" class="Polychaeta" family="Potamodrilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Potamodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FE04FC26F6C3FC1F" ID-CoL="84KM6" box="[470,650,954,980]" class="Polychaeta" family="Parergodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Parergodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FD15FC26F7CFFC1F" ID-CoL="84KPZ" box="[711,902,954,980]" class="Polychaeta" family="Psammodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Psammodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
in their complete taxon set analyses. In one analysis, these taxa either fell as part of a large basal polytomy of polychaetes, or
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FBBAFC7EF163FC37" box="[1128,1322,994,1020]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aeolosomatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Aeolosomatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FAE5FC7EF492FBE8" class="Polychaeta" family="Potamodrilidae" genus="Potamodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FAE5FC7EF492FBE8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Potamodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FEC7FB96F580FBEF" ID-CoL="84KM6" box="[277,457,1034,1060]" class="Polychaeta" family="Parergodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Parergodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
formed a clade with
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FD11FB96F72FFBEF" box="[707,870,1034,1060]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ctenodrilinae">Ctenodrilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FC76FB96F02BFBEF" ID-CoL="84KPZ" box="[932,1122,1034,1060]" class="Polychaeta" family="Psammodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Psammodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
grouped with
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FADCFB96F1D2FBEF" ID-CoL="84JYH" box="[1294,1435,1034,1060]" class="Polychaeta" family="Capitellidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Capitellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFAF5820FF4DFBAEF4AAFB87" box="[159,227,1074,1100]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1791,1815]" captionText="FIGURE 1. — Various annelid groups A. Dinophilus sp. from California (Dinophilidae), dorsal view. — B. Aeolosoma sp. (Aeolosomatidae), dorsal view. — C. Metabonellia haswelli (Johnston and Tiegs, 1920) (Echiura) from the Australia, female specimen. Inset shows Capitella sp. (Capitellidae) anterior, now thought to be the sister group to Echiura. — D. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis Grygier, 1992 from Australia, on crinoid host, lateral view. — E. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis, ventral view of entire specimen showing parapodia and everted pharynx. F. Polygordius lacteus, lateral view of head and anterior body. — G. Protodrilus rubropharyngeus, whole animal. — H. Nerilla antennata, whole animal. — I. A phascolionid sipunculid. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
C inset),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FE84FBAEF5A4FB87" ID-CoL="84JW8" box="[342,493,1074,1100]" class="Polychaeta" family="Arenicolidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Arenicolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FDF8FBAEF6FDFB87" ID-CoL="84KGH" box="[554,692,1074,1100]" class="Polychaeta" family="Maldanidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Maldanidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFAF5820FD15FBAEF759FB87" box="[711,784,1074,1100]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1878,1902]" captionTargetBox="[198,1411,199,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[198,1412,199,1843]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. — Clitellata and Scolecida. A. Lumbricus terrestris (Clitellata, Lumbricidae) from USA, dorsal view of entire specimen. — B. Macrobdella decora Say, 1824 (Clitellata, Hirudinidae) from USA, dorsal view of entire specimen. — C. Scoloplos arimiger (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Scolecida, Orbiniidae) from Sweden, whole specimen. — D. Euzonus mucronatus (Treadwell, 1914) (Scolecida, Opheliidae) from California, whole specimen. — E. Clymenella sp. (Scolecida, Orbiniidae) from Belize. All photos G. Rouse, except 2 B. courtesy of Mark Siddall." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180169/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
E). In another analysis,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FBFFFBAEF0A6FB87" box="[1069,1263,1074,1100]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aeolosomatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Aeolosomatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FB2EFBAEF1D2FB80" box="[1276,1435,1074,1099]" class="Polychaeta" family="Potamodrilidae" genus="Potamodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FB2EFBAEF1D2FB80" box="[1276,1435,1074,1099]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Potamodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FF1AFBC6F535FBBF" ID-CoL="84KM6" box="[200,380,1114,1140]" class="Polychaeta" family="Parergodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Parergodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
either formed a grade with respect to
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FCE8FBC6F796FBBF" ID-CoL="84KP3" box="[826,991,1114,1140]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polygordiidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Polygordiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFAF5820FC3DFBC6F079FBBF" box="[1007,1072,1114,1140]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1791,1815]" captionText="FIGURE 1. — Various annelid groups A. Dinophilus sp. from California (Dinophilidae), dorsal view. — B. Aeolosoma sp. (Aeolosomatidae), dorsal view. — C. Metabonellia haswelli (Johnston and Tiegs, 1920) (Echiura) from the Australia, female specimen. Inset shows Capitella sp. (Capitellidae) anterior, now thought to be the sister group to Echiura. — D. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis Grygier, 1992 from Australia, on crinoid host, lateral view. — E. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis, ventral view of entire specimen showing parapodia and everted pharynx. F. Polygordius lacteus, lateral view of head and anterior body. — G. Protodrilus rubropharyngeus, whole animal. — H. Nerilla antennata, whole animal. — I. A phascolionid sipunculid. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
F),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FB8FFBC6F0BFFBBF" ID-CoL="84KPT" box="[1117,1270,1114,1140]" class="Polychaeta" family="Protodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Protodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFAF5820FAD4FBC6F101FBBF" box="[1286,1352,1114,1140]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1791,1815]" captionText="FIGURE 1. — Various annelid groups A. Dinophilus sp. from California (Dinophilidae), dorsal view. — B. Aeolosoma sp. (Aeolosomatidae), dorsal view. — C. Metabonellia haswelli (Johnston and Tiegs, 1920) (Echiura) from the Australia, female specimen. Inset shows Capitella sp. (Capitellidae) anterior, now thought to be the sister group to Echiura. — D. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis Grygier, 1992 from Australia, on crinoid host, lateral view. — E. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis, ventral view of entire specimen showing parapodia and everted pharynx. F. Polygordius lacteus, lateral view of head and anterior body. — G. Protodrilus rubropharyngeus, whole animal. — H. Nerilla antennata, whole animal. — I. A phascolionid sipunculid. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
G) and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FF45FB1EF510FB57" ID-CoL="84KPV" box="[151,345,1154,1180]" class="Polychaeta" family="Protodriloididae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Protodriloididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, or they were a basal clade of polychaetes.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FCBBFB1EF061FB57" ID-CoL="84KPZ" box="[873,1064,1154,1180]" class="Polychaeta" family="Psammodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Psammodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
either were a basal polychaete group, or were sister group to a large clade that was mainly comprised of taxa with grooved palps. Thus, it was not possible to place these taxa with any confidence. Prior to the study by Rouse & Fauchald (1997),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FF45FB66F51CFADF" box="[151,341,1274,1300]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aeolosomatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Aeolosomatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136E2A78FFAF5820FEB7FB66F5EFFADF" box="[357,422,1274,1300]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1791,1815]" captionText="FIGURE 1. — Various annelid groups A. Dinophilus sp. from California (Dinophilidae), dorsal view. — B. Aeolosoma sp. (Aeolosomatidae), dorsal view. — C. Metabonellia haswelli (Johnston and Tiegs, 1920) (Echiura) from the Australia, female specimen. Inset shows Capitella sp. (Capitellidae) anterior, now thought to be the sister group to Echiura. — D. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis Grygier, 1992 from Australia, on crinoid host, lateral view. — E. Hypomyzostoma dodecephalcis, ventral view of entire specimen showing parapodia and everted pharynx. F. Polygordius lacteus, lateral view of head and anterior body. — G. Protodrilus rubropharyngeus, whole animal. — H. Nerilla antennata, whole animal. — I. A phascolionid sipunculid. All photos G. Rouse." pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
B) and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FE2DFB67F6D6FADF" box="[511,671,1275,1300]" class="Polychaeta" family="Potamodrilidae" genus="Potamodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FE2DFB67F6D6FADF" box="[511,671,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Potamodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
were usually considered in relation to Clitellata, either as a member of the group (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FEB6FABEF5B1FAF7" author="Bunke" box="[356,504,1314,1340]" pageId="10" pageNumber="261" refString="Bunke, D. (1967) Zur Morphologie und Systematik der Aeolosomatidae Beddard 1895 und Potamodrilidae nov. fam. (Oligochaeta). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung Anatomie und Ontogenie det Tiere, 94, 187 - 368." type="journal article" year="1967">Bunke 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
), or more recently as the sister group to Clitellata (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FB9DFABEF0ADFAF7" author="Bunke" box="[1103,1252,1314,1340]" pageId="10" pageNumber="261" refString="Bunke, D. (1985) Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon and spermiogenesis in the interstitial annelid Potamodrilus fluviatilis. Journal of Morphology, 185, 203 - 216." type="journal article" year="1985">Bunke 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). This was then rejected by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FEF0FAD6F580FAAF" author="Bunke" box="[290,457,1354,1380]" pageId="10" pageNumber="261" refString="Bunke, D. (1986) Ultrastructural investigation on the spermatozoon and its genesis on Aeolosoma litorale with considerations on the phylogenetic implications for the Aeolosomatidae. Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research, 95, 113 - 130." type="journal article" year="1986">Bunke (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
, who also could not relate them to any group of polychaetes, thus leaving the two taxa “isolated”. The most recent analysis is from a molecular perspective (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FBDBFAEEF0ABFA47" author="Struck" box="[1033,1250,1394,1420]" pageId="10" pageNumber="264" refString="Struck, T., Hessling, R. & Purschke, G. (2002) The phylogenetic position of the Aeolosomatidae and Parergodrilidae, two enigmatic oligochaete-like taxa of the ' Polychaeta', based on molecular data from 18 S rDNA sequences. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 40, 155 - 163." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
|
|
Struck
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FB8DFAEFF0D3FA47" box="[1119,1178,1395,1420]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
2002
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
), and this study found no support for a relationship of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FDBCFA06F764FA7F" box="[622,813,1434,1460]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aeolosomatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Aeolosomatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
with Clitellata or with any other particular annelid group.
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FF3EFA5EF5E6FA17" author="Fauchald" box="[236,431,1474,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="262" refString="Fauchald, K. (1977) The polychaete worms. Definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Science Series, 28, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1977">Fauchald (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
grouped
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FDF3FA5EF69CFA17" ID-CoL="84KM6" box="[545,725,1474,1500]" class="Polychaeta" family="Parergodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Parergodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
with
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FCC9FA5EF7F7FA17" box="[795,958,1474,1500]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Ctenodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, but did not justify this decision. Otherwise, the group has also been treated as “isolated” within polychaetes. A recent molecular study by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FAF4FA76F547F9E7" pageId="10" pageNumber="262" refString="Jordens, J., Struck, T. & Purschke, G. (2004) Phylogenetic inference regarding Parergodrilidae and Hrabeiella periglandulata (' Polychaeta', Annelida) based on 18 S rDNA, 28 S rDNA and COI sequences. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 42, 270 - 280." type="journal article">
|
||
|
|
Jördens
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FA55FA77F4E7F9E7" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">et al</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
. (2004)
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
indicated that
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FE15F98EF632F9E7" ID-CoL="84KM6" box="[455,635,1554,1580]" class="Polychaeta" family="Parergodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Parergodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
may be closely related to orbiniids; the position of the terrestrial polychaete
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FEF6F9A7F6A9F99F" authority="Pizl & Chalupsky, 1984" authorityName="Pizl & Chalupsky" authorityYear="1984" box="[292,736,1594,1620]" class="Polychaeta" family="Parergodrilidae" genus="Hrabeiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B921EAEFFFAF5820FEF6F9A7F5EAF99F" box="[292,419,1595,1620]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Hrabeiella</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Pizl & Chalupsky, 1984
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, however, was inconclusive.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FB80F9A6F159F99F" ID-CoL="84KPZ" box="[1106,1296,1594,1620]" class="Polychaeta" family="Psammodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Psammodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
have been treated as a singular group of polychaetes since they were first discovered by
|
||
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FB98F9FEF16DF9B7" author="Swedmark" box="[1098,1316,1634,1660]" pageId="10" pageNumber="264" refString="Swedmark, B. (1952) Note preliminaire sur un polychete sedentaire aberrant, Psammodrilus balanoglossoides, n. gen., n. sp. Arkiv for Zoologi, 4, 159 - 162." type="journal article" year="1952">Swedmark (1952)</bibRefCitation>
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. Rouse & Fauchald (1997) suggested that a relationship for
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FD37F916F7EAF96F" ID-CoL="84KPZ" box="[741,931,1674,1700]" class="Polychaeta" family="Psammodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Psammodrilidae</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FC3AF916F036F96F" ID-CoL="84JW8" box="[1000,1151,1674,1700]" class="Polychaeta" family="Arenicolidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Arenicolidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D7EFFAF5820FB69F916F10CF96F" ID-CoL="84KGH" box="[1211,1349,1674,1700]" class="Polychaeta" family="Maldanidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Maldanidae</taxonomicName>
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should be assessed; this was proposed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FDFDF92EF7DCF907" author="Meyer" box="[559,917,1714,1740]" pageId="10" pageNumber="263" refString="Meyer, K. & Bartolomaeus, T. (1996) Ultrastructure and formation of the hooked setae in Owenia fusiformis delle Chiaje, 1842 - implications for annelid phylogeny. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 2143 - 2153." type="journal article" year="1996">Meyer & Bartolomaeus (1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B0CFFAF5820FC73F92EF7A9F907" author="Bartolomaeus" box="[929,992,1714,1740]" pageId="10" pageNumber="263" refString="Meyer, R. & Bartolomaeus, T. (1997) Ultrastruktur und morphogenese der hakenborsten bei Psammodrilus balanoglossoides? bedeutung fur die stellung der Psammodrilida (Annelida). Microfauna Marina, 11, 87 - 113." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
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), but the present anatomical evidence is weak.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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