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<document id="7738E97FAE7A606E7054153B487CB6C9" ID-DOI="10.24199/j.mmv.2004.61.1" ID-ISSN="1447-2554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10665495" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1708004431046" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="O’Loughlin, P. Mark &amp; Waters, Jonathan M." docDate="2004" docId="185387DDFF9BFF94FCACE2BAFDB44C04" docLanguage="en" docName="MemMusVictoria.61.1.1-40.pdf" docOrigin="Memoirs of Museum Victoria 61 (1)" docSource="https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-61-issue-1-2004/pages-1-40/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45.2:MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45" docStyleName="MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Stegnaster Sladen 1889" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="E46AFFA5FFBAFFB6FF85E377FFC94846" masterDocTitle="A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1708004824033" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="1F04DCFA960DE58FD2F7BB9B11A25686">A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8B7A18A84DFE17AB095ABC892A6C0ADE">O’Loughlin, P. Mark</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="2B85BF52CFF7A8F069D71F5CAFCA0E77">Waters, Jonathan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D9EEE3C7ACB2904245E3C0F5080A7283">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="430FDCEB0D0FAD3327FF2CA128A94FCE">Memoirs of Museum Victoria</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:date id="4A7CA306A78A877B3145C9BB30F1D1E9">2004</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="470E62DB31A12F162D9C64AA53A3101F" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="2A1FDC430740450DED987FE331AC2374">2004-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="6A5609D2E674561CD25A3460F230F0BB" type="volume">
<mods:number id="3FFED2D053DF40D8FD251B1A66CD7E97">61</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="98E469E191C348DDC9657BA8C5ECBD53">https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-61-issue-1-2004/pages-1-40/</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="3E4F483DDE17A7581AF5585E291713CE">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="3F777B9E546DECAC23AC99E27DFE5BA9" type="DOI">10.24199/j.mmv.2004.61.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="12459ACF7ADBA8C36F0B45DD1D3E0872" type="ISSN">1447-2554</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="795E51E4295656C0410377476887511B" type="Zenodo-Dep">10665495</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="185387DDFF9BFF94FCACE2BAFDB44C04" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFF9BFF94FCACE2BAFDB44C04" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/185387DDFF9BFF94FCACE2BAFDB44C04" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FF9BFF97FCACE2BAFC2A49A5" box="[809,995,461,483]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="904536CBFF9BFF97FCACE2BAFC2A49A5" blockId="33.[809,995,461,483]" box="[809,995,461,483]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="CB0D81A7FF9BFF97FCACE2BAFC2A49A5" box="[809,995,461,483]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FCACE2BAFC2A49A5" ID-CoL="7Q2QR" authority="Sladen" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[809,995,461,483]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FCACE2BAFC5E49A5" bold="true" box="[809,919,461,483]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stegnaster</emphasis>
Sladen
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FF9BFF97FCACE28DFC304A56" box="[809,1017,506,528]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="904536CBFF9BFF97FCACE28DFC304A56" blockId="33.[809,1017,506,528]" box="[809,1017,506,528]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<figureCitation id="08C12A4EFF9BFF97FCACE28DFC404A56" box="[809,905,506,528]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[139,198,1838,1858]" captionTargetBox="[137,1460,223,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-68@2.[136,1460,223,1709]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of asterinid mtDNA sequences (after Waters et al., 2004). Support for particular reconstructions is indicated by bootstrap values (&gt;50%; in bold) and by decay indices (in italics). MtDNA Clades I–VI are identified on the basis of high bootstrap support. Generic assignments made in this paper appear on the right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665497/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Figures
<geoCoordinate id="F5CE500CFF9BFF97FCF9E28DFC664A56" box="[892,943,506,528]" degrees="1, 3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" precision="5555" value="1.3">
1,
<figureCitation id="08C12A4EFF9BFF97FC13E28DFC664A56" box="[918,943,506,528]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[139,198,964,984]" captionTargetBox="[139,1460,222,918]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Abactinal views of type species of Asterinidae genera (continued; Tremaster mirabilis is figure 17e). a, Patiria miniata (R = 67 mm, NMV F98040). b, Patiriella regularis (R = 31 mm, AM J5594). c, Pseudonepanthia gotoi (R = 74 mm, holotype, USNM 36899). d, Pseudopatiria obtusa (R = 54 mm, holotype, BMNH 1938.6.23.24). e, Stegnaster inflatus (R = 45 mm, NMV F95675). f, Tegulaster emburyi (R = 19 mm, holotype, AM J5605)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665501/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">3e</figureCitation>
</geoCoordinate>
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="08C12A4EFF9BFF97FC3EE28DFC304A56" box="[955,1017,506,528]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="35.[131,190,935,955]" captionTargetBox="[129,1451,223,916]" captionTargetId="graphics-475@35.[669,1208,374,787]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 17. a–d, Stegnaster inflatus (cleared, R = 45 mm, NMV F95675): a, abactinal globose spinelets and granules; b, internal adradial interradius, showing absence of superambulacral plates (left) and presence of superactinal plates (right); c, actinal furrow spines, and granule-covered integument; d, actinal glassy thorn-tipped spines. e–f, Tremaster mirabilis (R = 60 mm, NMV F67741): e, arched body, with abactinal brood chamber pore (arrow); f, ambulacrum showing vertical series of furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665537/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">17a–d</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FF9BFF97FCC6E153FA4D4ACE" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="904536CBFF9BFF97FCC6E153FA4D4ACE" blockId="33.[809,1449,548,648]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B0EA11E5FF9BFF97FCC6E153FA4D4ACE" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FCC6E153FBEA4A7E" ID-CoL="7Q2QR" authority="Sladen, 1889" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[835,1059,548,568]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FCC6E153FC6B4A7E" box="[835,930,548,568]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stegnaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFF9BFF97FC2DE153FBEA4A7E" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[936,1059,548,568]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 935" refId="ref37043" refString="Sladen, W. P. 1889. Asteroidea. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology 30: 1 - 935, 118 pls." type="book chapter" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: xxxiv, 375, 376 (key).—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFF9BFF97FA8DE153FA604A7E" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1288,1449,548,568]" page="254" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1911">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFF9BFF97FA8DE153FA604A7E" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1288,1449,548,568]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref35687" refString="Fisher, W. K. 1911. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosa. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 76: vi + 419 pp, 120 pls." type="book" year="1911">Fisher, 1911: 254</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(key).—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFF9BFF97FCF7E148FBE94A15" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[882,1056,575,595]" page="481" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFF9BFF97FCF7E148FBE94A15" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[882,1056,575,595]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="477 - 485" refId="ref37400" refString="Verrill, A. E. 1913. Revision of the genera of starfishes of the subfamily Asterininae. American Journal of Science (4) 35 (209): 477 - 485." type="journal article" year="1913">Verrill, 1913: 481</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(key).—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFF9BFF97FBF0E148FADE4A15" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[1141,1303,575,595]" page="65" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1915">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFF9BFF97FBF0E148FADE4A15" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[1141,1303,575,595]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 232" refId="ref37475" refString="Verrill, A. E. 1915. Report on the starfishes of the West Indies, Florida and Brazil. Bulletins from the Laboratories of Natural History, University, Iowa City, Iowa 7 (1): 1 - 232, 29 pls." type="book chapter" year="1915">Verrill, 1915: 65</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFF9BFF97FAB4E148FC604A28" author="Spencer, W. K. &amp; Wright, C. W." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref37118" refString="Spencer, W. K., and Wright, C. W. 1966. Asterozoans. Pp. U 4 - U 107, 89 figs in: R. C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press." type="book" year="1966">Spencer and Wright, 1966</bibRefCitation>
: U69.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFF9BFF97FC72E12DFAD54A28" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[1015,1308,602,622]" page="194" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFF9BFF97FC72E12DFAD54A28" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[1015,1308,602,622]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref35034" refString="Clark, A. M., and Downey, M. E. 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall (Natural History Museum Publications): London. 794 pp, 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey, 1992: 194</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—A.M.
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFF9BFF97FAF4E12DFC4C4ACE" author="Clark, A. M." page="227" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFF9BFF97FAF4E12DFC4C4ACE" author="Clark, A. M." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref34965" refString="Clark, A. M. 1993. An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2: Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies 4: 187 - 366. Balkema: Rotterdam." type="journal article" year="1993">Clark, 1993: 227</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—McKnight (in Clark and McKnight), 2001: 161–162.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FF9BFF94FCACE1E8FDB44C04" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="904536CBFF9BFF97FCACE1E8FA414BFA" blockId="33.[809,1449,670,956]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FCACE1E8FC5E4AF3" box="[809,919,671,693]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Rays 5, subpentagonal, frequently arched, integument cover, rays with median ridge, body very thin interradially; abactinal cover of fine granules only; glassy convexities present; projecting inferomarginal plates lack fringe of spinelets; projecting furrow spines covered by continuous granule-covered integument; actinal interradial plates with thorn-tipped short spines; lacking superambulacral plates, proximal interradius supported by multiple superactinal plate struts, wide thin interradius supported internally by downward projecting abactinal plate extensions meeting actinal plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFF9BFF97FCACE0A4FC644C40" blockId="33.[809,1449,978,1030]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FCACE0A4FC764BAF" box="[809,959,979,1001]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<typeStatus id="4F418869FF9BFF97FCACE0A4FC934BAF" box="[809,858,979,1001]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FC55E0A4FAF24BAE" authority="Hutton, 1872" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1872" box="[976,1339,978,1001]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pteraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflatus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FC55E0A4FB5D4BAF" box="[976,1172,979,1001]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pteraster inflatus</emphasis>
Hutton, 1872
</taxonomicName>
(original designation).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFF9BFF97FCACE76DFB554C68" blockId="33.[809,1180,1050,1070]" box="[809,1180,1050,1070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FCACE76DFC654C68" box="[809,940,1050,1070]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Other species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FC34E76DFB514C68" authority="(Perrier, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[945,1176,1050,1070]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wesseli">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FC34E76DFBC04C68" box="[945,1033,1050,1070]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. wesseli</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFF9BFF97FB93E76DFB584C68" author="Perrier, E." box="[1046,1169,1050,1070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref36872" refString="Perrier, E. 1875. Revision de la collection de stellerides du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Paris. 384 pp." type="book" year="1875">Perrier, 1875</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFF9BFF97FCACE735FA6B4C36" blockId="33.[809,1448,1090,1136]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FCACE735FB8B4C10" box="[809,1090,1090,1110]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Material examined.
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FC65E735FBF74C10" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1872" box="[992,1086,1090,1110]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pteraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflatus">S. inflatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFF9BFF97FBC3E735FB0B4C10" box="[1094,1218,1090,1110]" name="New Zealand" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, North Island,
<collectionCode id="F6EBAE0EFF9BFF97FACDE735FAA44C10" box="[1352,1389,1090,1110]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
J1856 (1); South Island,
<collectionCode id="F6EBAE0EFF9BFF97FC4BE72BFBCA4C36" box="[974,1027,1116,1136]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="Museum">NMV</collectionCode>
F95675 (1); no locality data,
<collectionCode id="F6EBAE0EFF9BFF97FA96E72BFAF14C36" box="[1299,1336,1116,1136]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
G2030 (1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFF9BFF97FCACE7F0FC404D0A" blockId="33.[809,1449,1158,1914]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FCACE7F0FB514CDB" box="[809,1176,1159,1181]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Description with species variations.</emphasis>
Rays 5, narrowly elevated median ridge, interradii very thin, form subpentagonal to rounded, body frequently in high domed (arched) shape, body covered by integument; size medium (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FB46E7A8FAC64CB3" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1872" box="[1219,1295,1247,1269]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pteraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflatus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FB46E7A8FAC64CB3" box="[1219,1295,1247,1269]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">inflatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
up to R =
<quantity id="57029B2EFF9BFF97FA0AE7A9FC9B4D54" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="53.0">53 mm</quantity>
) to small (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FC4AE78BFBD14D54" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[975,1048,1276,1298]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wesseli">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FC4AE78BFBD14D54" box="[975,1048,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">wesseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
up to R =
<quantity id="57029B2EFF9BFF97FB25E78BFB384D54" box="[1184,1265,1276,1298]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
); lacking pedicellariae; not fissiparous; gonopores abactinal (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FA84E66EFA844D69" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1872" box="[1281,1357,1305,1327]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pteraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflatus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FA84E66EFA844D69" box="[1281,1357,1305,1327]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">inflatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), actinal (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FCB4E640FCB34D0B" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[817,890,1335,1357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wesseli">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FCB4E640FCB34D0B" box="[817,890,1335,1357]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">wesseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFF9BFF97FCCCE623FC014F1A" blockId="33.[809,1449,1158,1914]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Abactinal surface even, continuous cover of granuliform spinelets partly obscured by integument, larger globose spinelets on crown of plates (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FB03E6F8FB1A4DE3" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1872" box="[1158,1235,1423,1445]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pteraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflatus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FB03E6F8FB1A4DE3" box="[1158,1235,1423,1445]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">inflatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), spinelets slightly enlarged around pores (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FB9FE6DBFBAA4D84" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1050,1123,1452,1474]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wesseli">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FB9FE6DBFBAA4D84" box="[1050,1123,1452,1474]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">wesseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); cleared plates with prominent glassy convexities; plates of radii in longitudinal series, not to end of ray; carinal series in midray raised, longitudinally oblong, not notched; plates on upper sides of rays slightly notched for papulae; secondary plates rare to absent; papulate areas not extensive, confined to narrow raised radii; papular spaces large (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FC31E52BFBC94E34" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1872" box="[948,1024,1628,1650]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pteraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflatus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FC31E52BFBC94E34" box="[948,1024,1628,1650]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">inflatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with up to 6 small papulae per space, to small (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF9BFF97FCF5E50EFC704EC9" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[880,953,1657,1679]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wesseli">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF9BFF97FCF5E50EFC704EC9" box="[880,953,1657,1679]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">wesseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with single papulae in longitudinal series; distinct pentagonal disc bordered by 5 raised radial and 5 small interradial plates; interradial areas extensive, not papulate, small plates in regular series perpendicular to margin; superomarginal and inferomarginal plates subequal, regular series, granule and integument cover; margin formed by inferomarginals, without a fringe of spinelets, continuous with actinal series of plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFF9BFF97FCCCE413FB334F3C" blockId="33.[809,1449,1158,1914]" box="[841,1274,1892,1914]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Actinal interradial plates in oblique series.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFF98FF94FF2EE397FE2549CE" blockId="34.[139,780,224,568]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Actinal spines per plate: oral 3; suboral 0; furrow 2–3, project actinally, continuous integument and granule cover; sub-ambulacral none to rare; adradial series present; actinal 1 proximally, up to 6 distally, partly obscured by granule-covered integument; actinal spines short, thick basally, tapering distally to needle-like glassy point (thorn).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFF98FF94FF2EE2E7FF074A7E" blockId="34.[139,780,224,568]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lacking superambulacral plates; superactinal plates numerous proximally, multiple plate struts between actinal plates and inward projecting extensions of abactinal plates; superactinals absent distally, wide thin interradius supported internally by downward projecting abactinal plate extensions meeting actinal plates.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFF98FF94FF0EE13CFEC44A38" blockId="34.[139,779,587,638]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF98FF94FF0EE13CFECF4A27" box="[139,262,587,609]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Distribution</emphasis>
. West Indies,
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFF98FF94FE1BE13CFDC04A27" box="[414,521,587,609]" name="Venezuela" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFF98FF94FD93E13CFD6A4A27" box="[534,675,587,609]" name="New Zealand" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, Chatham Is;
<quantity id="57029B2EFF98FF94FF29E11FFEC04A38" box="[172,265,616,638]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" metricValueMax="18.3" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="m" value="91.5" valueMax="183.0" valueMin="0.0">
0–
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FF98FF94FF43E11FFEC44A38" box="[198,269,616,638]" count="183" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="generic">183 m.</specimenCount>
</quantity>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFF98FF94FF0EE1E6FDB44C04" blockId="34.[139,780,657,1090]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF98FF94FF0EE1E6FF2D4AE1" box="[139,228,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Remarks</emphasis>
. This morphological review is based on material examined and description of
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF98FF94FE3CE1D8FDD74A83" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[441,542,687,709]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wesseli">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF98FF94FE3CE1D8FDD74A83" box="[441,542,687,709]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. wesseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFF98FF94FDCDE1D9FF1B4AA4" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref35034" refString="Clark, A. M., and Downey, M. E. 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall (Natural History Museum Publications): London. 794 pp, 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
. The phylogenetic trees of
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFF98FF94FE74E1BBFD094AA4" author="Waters, J. M. &amp; O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Roy, M. S." box="[497,704,716,738]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="872 - 878" refId="ref37522" refString="Waters, J. M., O'Loughlin, P. M., and Roy, M. S. 2004. Molecular systematics of some Indo-Pacific asterinids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea): does taxonomy reflect phylogeny? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 872 - 878." type="journal article" year="2004">Waters et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF98FF94FF0EE19EFF3F4AB9" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1872" box="[139,246,745,767]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pteraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflatus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF98FF94FF0EE19EFF3F4AB9" box="[139,246,745,767]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. inflatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on a clade separate from three species placed in
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF98FF94FF0EE070FEE84B5B" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1917" box="[139,289,775,797]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Paranepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF98FF94FF0EE070FEE84B5B" box="[139,289,775,797]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Paranepanthia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but this distinction received only weak support. Both genera lack superambulacral plates but significant morphological differences reflect the clade separation, such as the dense subpaxilliform tufts of acicular spines and spinelets in
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF98FF94FF0EE00BFEE84BD4" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1917" box="[139,289,892,914]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Paranepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF98FF94FF0EE00BFEE84BD4" box="[139,289,892,914]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Paranepanthia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Distinctive characters of
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FF98FF94FDACE00BFD5A4BD4" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[553,659,892,914]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FF98FF94FDACE00BFD5A4BD4" box="[553,659,892,914]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Stegnaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are: noticeable integument and granuliform spinelet cover; furrow spines projecting actinally and covered by continuous granule-covered integument; thorn-tipped spines actinally; lacking superambulacral plates; superactinal plates proximally; wide thin interradii supported internally by downward projecting abactinal plate extensions meeting actinal plates.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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