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<document id="356F6C107C40CE75F3D72D24B90A7C5D" ID-CLB-Dataset="39009" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4114.3.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="503e23ae-7eca-484c-a835-07770877d50b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="255821" ID-ZooBank="429938CC-5910-4811-9A6C-46A7CF3D3114" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1464071947318" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Santos, George Garcia, Sandes, Joana, Cabral, Abigail &amp; Pinheiro, Ulisses" docDate="2016" docId="D75C87E92D69383439F5B5D4B880FEBC" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4114.3.8.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4114 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Neopetrosia proxima Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="339" masterDocId="2B65FF912D6C383C3962B543B901FFD9" masterDocTitle="Neopetrosia de Laubenfels, 1949 from Brazil: description of a new species and a review of records (Haplosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera)" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="331" pageNumber="336" updateTime="1698662603213" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="7EFAFC9AC7EC151A473A0828CB54E20F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="E6C2BE89A948944B1E5B6E07C49B6BB9">Neopetrosia de Laubenfels, 1949 from Brazil: description of a new species and a review of records (Haplosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="C859547A34063FEEDCF1A533DFFC3949" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="C55D9AC924DD191117275F2A24324124">Santos, George Garcia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="28C74E5D59730D43A1A1AACC0F6D27F3">Sandes, Joana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="668352335A5C595FB83CF5E613BBB23C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7D93F3E5192BCC017DE2B240CC7EE05B">
<mods:roleTerm id="346FCF0205C91E11280A5BF4555801B5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CB0BED7A9533AC481097D660FF297D33">Cabral, Abigail</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="A7D04A4FE19C0BEE2BF47BFBD46978D6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4470F4DAFD09A7D650DB11049F00937A">
<mods:roleTerm id="AE0094DD50D7878A31C4F95AB7CCBFD8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2EF531AD79EEEEE21F5D180A1122602A">Pinheiro, Ulisses</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="250A491F8E9C586D8A764D3AFEEB99E6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9DF9D27A461A39A0A458575BA69395ED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1612B1DF8C668A2C6D46F3ED1A892AF0">
<mods:date id="AE9A95532B9AA9C3F71FDE4D30136206">2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="0F5154F48706D7BA4C97D0715B23C480" type="volume">
<mods:number id="631FD70422C82C4E5088B71957CB9DEE">4114</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DBF233C2A32E5991558C150B576AFBBC">3</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="586CA3BC6C273196120E0657DAD92262">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B54CEB6EFB648BAD7FF2E82CD385A24B" type="CLB-Dataset">39009</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="30536EAB3DE0748FFFCB846D8ADA98B4" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4114.3.8</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C7574B37E39E8E2E9B48FD4EECE99D7B" type="GBIF-Dataset">503e23ae-7eca-484c-a835-07770877d50b</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D75C87E92D69383439F5B5D4B880FEBC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5659710" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120692659" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5659710" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D75C87E92D69383439F5B5D4B880FEBC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D75C87E92D69383439F5B5D4B880FEBC" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">
<subSubSection id="17EF65742D69383939F5B5D4B885FF0A" pageId="5" pageNumber="336" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D69383939F5B5D4BA3CFF6B" blockId="5.[151,829,151,211]" box="[151,829,151,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">
<heading id="040281932D69383939F5B5D4BA3CFF6B" bold="true" box="[151,829,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="336" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D69383939F5B5D4BA3CFF6B" ID-CoL="46PZ2" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,829,151,178]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="336" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proxima">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D69383939F5B5D4BA3CFF6B" bold="true" box="[151,829,151,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D69383939F5B5D4B895FF68" bold="true" box="[151,404,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">Neopetrosia proxima</emphasis>
(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D69383939F5B5F9B885FF0A" blockId="5.[151,829,151,211]" box="[151,388,186,211]" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">
(
<figureCitation id="C7CE2A7A2D69383939FCB5F9B81CFF0A" box="[158,285,186,211]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,852,874]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetBox-1="[158,1428,193,830]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[158,1428,193,830]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864). A, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 116); B, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 135); C, tangential view of ectosomal skeleton; D, fine brushes of oxeas at surface; E, ectosome and choanosome through transverse section. Scale bars: A – B = 2 cm; C – E = 150 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. SEM images of the spicules of Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) (UFSPOR 116). A, three variations of oxeas; B, details of the apex of oxea; C, styloid form. Scale bars: A and C = 10 µm; B = 5 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/255825/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/255826/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">Figure 4–5</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="127703442D693839384AB5F9B878FF0A" box="[296,377,186,211]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,298,1884]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparative micrometric data on the oxeas, morphology, depth and location of the living species of Neopetrosia de Laubenfels, 1949 for the Atlantic. Values are in micrometers (µm), expressed as follows: minimum – maximum or minimum – mean – maximum length / width. References are numbered in parentheses and listed below the table." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0B8A66772D6B383B39F5B5DBB9D3FED6" pageId="5" pageNumber="336" tableUuid="0B8A66772D6B383B39F5B5DBB9D3FED6">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="17EF65742D69383939F5B440BB50FEC2" box="[151,593,258,283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="336" type="description">
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D69383939F5B440BB50FEC2" blockId="5.[151,593,258,283]" box="[151,593,258,283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">
For synonyms see
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D693839380AB441BB4CFEC2" box="[360,589,258,283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="336" refString="Muricy, G., Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M. S., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. &amp; Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, 300 pp. [Serie Livros; 46]" type="book">
Muricy
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D69383938A3B440B8FBFEC2" box="[449,506,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="0B8A66772D69383939F5B2DBBACCF832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255825/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="336" targetBox="[151,1436,335,1922]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D69383939F5B2DBBACCF832" blockId="5.[151,1436,1944,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D69383939F5B2DBB814F874" bold="true" box="[151,277,1944,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D693839387DB2DABA62F877" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" box="[287,867,1944,1966]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="336" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proxima">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D693839387DB2DAB8F6F877" box="[287,503,1945,1966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="336">Neopetrosia proxima</emphasis>
(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)
</taxonomicName>
. A, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 116); B, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 135); C, tangential view of ectosomal skeleton; D, fine brushes of oxeas at surface; E, ectosome and choanosome through transverse section. Scale bars: A–B = 2 cm; C–E = 150 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0B8A66772D6A383A39F5B617BDD9FC51" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255826/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" targetBox="[158,1428,193,830]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6A383A39F5B617BDD9FC51" blockId="6.[151,1436,852,904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A39F5B617B812FCB0" bold="true" box="[151,275,852,874]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
SEM images of the spicules of
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6A383A3B3FB616BD99FCB3" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" box="[605,1176,852,874]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proxima">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3B3FB616BA33FCB3" box="[605,818,853,874]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Neopetrosia proxima</emphasis>
(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)
</taxonomicName>
(UFSPOR 116). A, three variations of oxeas; B, details of the apex of oxea; C, styloid form. Scale bars: A and C = 10 µm; B = 5 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="17EF65742D6A383A39A5B6F6B856FB7F" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6A383A39A5B6F6BA3BFC2B" blockId="6.[151,1437,949,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A39A5B6F6B8B2FC17" bold="true" box="[199,435,949,974]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Examined material.</emphasis>
UFSPOR 116, 118, 135, 162, off Pirambu city (
<geoCoordinate id="3AC150382D6A383A3AADB6F6BD55FC17" box="[975,1108,949,974]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" precision="15" value="-10.76">10°45’36”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="3AC150382D6A383A3D39B6F6BDECFC17" box="[1115,1261,949,974]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" precision="15" value="-36.602222">36°36’08”W</geoCoordinate>
), Sergipe State,
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A39F5B69AB9DFFC2B" box="[151,222,985,1010]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="980D9B1A2D6A383A398BB699B823FC28" box="[233,290,986,1010]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
depth, coll. Cosme e Damião Assis,
<date id="2B4B103F2D6A383A3BA2B699BA37FC2B" box="[704,822,986,1010]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" value="2003-06">June 2003</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6A383A39A5B6BEB856FB7F" blockId="6.[151,1437,949,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A39A5B6BEBB67FBCF" bold="true" box="[199,614,1021,1046]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
External morphology (
<figureCitation id="C7CE2A7A2D6A383A38B8B6BEBB20FBCF" box="[474,545,1021,1046]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864). A, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 116); B, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 135); C, tangential view of ectosomal skeleton; D, fine brushes of oxeas at surface; E, ectosome and choanosome through transverse section. Scale bars: A – B = 2 cm; C – E = 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255825/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–B).
</emphasis>
Massive lobed sponge. The largest specimen is
<date id="2B4B103F2D6A383A3DF7B6BDBDE8FBCC" box="[1173,1257,1022,1046]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">7 x 4 x</date>
<quantity id="980D9B1A2D6A383A3D90B6BDBC2DFBCC" box="[1266,1324,1022,1046]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
(length x width x height) and the smallest is
<date id="2B4B103F2D6A383A3B43B161BB45FBE0" box="[545,580,1058,1082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">2 x</date>
1.5 x
<quantity id="980D9B1A2D6A383A3BE9B162BBD9FBE0" box="[651,728,1057,1082]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" unit="cm" value="0.5">0.5 cm</quantity>
(length x width x height). The surface is smooth to rough with scattered oscules, up to about
<quantity id="980D9B1A2D6A383A3B63B105BB49FB84" box="[513,584,1094,1118]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter, on the top of lobes, or slightly raised on the surface. The consistency is firm, hard and brittle. In ethanol, the color is purplish-brown or dark brown externally and light brown internally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="17EF65742D6A383A39A5B1F2B885F9EB" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" type="description">
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6A383A39A5B1F2BA5FFA83" blockId="6.[151,1437,949,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A39A5B1F2B8D0FB13" bold="true" box="[199,465,1201,1226]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
Skeleton (
<figureCitation id="C7CE2A7A2D6A383A3820B1F2B88DFB13" box="[322,396,1201,1226]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864). A, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 116); B, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 135); C, tangential view of ectosomal skeleton; D, fine brushes of oxeas at surface; E, ectosome and choanosome through transverse section. Scale bars: A – B = 2 cm; C – E = 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255825/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C–E).
</emphasis>
The tangential ectosome is an irregular reticulation of dense multispicular tracts, forming vague rounded meshes with various amounts of spongin (
<figureCitation id="C7CE2A7A2D6A383A3A1FB196BAC0FB37" box="[893,961,1237,1262]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864). A, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 116); B, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 135); C, tangential view of ectosomal skeleton; D, fine brushes of oxeas at surface; E, ectosome and choanosome through transverse section. Scale bars: A – B = 2 cm; C – E = 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255825/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C). At the surface there are fine brushes of oxeas issued from fascicular tracts (
<figureCitation id="C7CE2A7A2D6A383A3B55B1BABB7EFACB" box="[567,639,1273,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864). A, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 116); B, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 135); C, tangential view of ectosomal skeleton; D, fine brushes of oxeas at surface; E, ectosome and choanosome through transverse section. Scale bars: A – B = 2 cm; C – E = 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255825/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D). The choanosome is an irregular reticulation formed by fascicules made of an isotropic to confused reticulation of multispicular tracts or single spicules strewn in confusion. The meshes are rounded to oval, 250–875 Μm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="C7CE2A7A2D6A383A3B98B002BA3FFA83" box="[762,830,1345,1370]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,335,1922]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864). A, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 116); B, preserved specimen (UFSPOR 135); C, tangential view of ectosomal skeleton; D, fine brushes of oxeas at surface; E, ectosome and choanosome through transverse section. Scale bars: A – B = 2 cm; C – E = 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255825/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6A383A39A5B026BAADFA78" blockId="6.[151,1437,949,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A39A5B026B8C3FAA7" bold="true" box="[199,450,1381,1406]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
Spicules (
<figureCitation id="C7CE2A7A2D6A383A385AB026B87AFAA7" box="[312,379,1381,1406]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,852,874]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,193,830]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[158,1428,193,830]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. SEM images of the spicules of Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) (UFSPOR 116). A, three variations of oxeas; B, details of the apex of oxea; C, styloid form. Scale bars: A and C = 10 µm; B = 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255826/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–C).
</emphasis>
Hastate oxeas, smooth, slightly curved with thinner developmental stages (
<figureCitation id="C7CE2A7A2D6A383A3C6FB026BC4EFAA7" box="[1293,1359,1381,1406]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,852,874]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,193,830]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[158,1428,193,830]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. SEM images of the spicules of Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) (UFSPOR 116). A, three variations of oxeas; B, details of the apex of oxea; C, styloid form. Scale bars: A and C = 10 µm; B = 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255826/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A) and few styloids modifications (
<figureCitation id="C7CE2A7A2D6A383A38ADB0CABB12FA7B" box="[463,531,1417,1442]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,852,874]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,193,830]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[158,1428,193,830]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. SEM images of the spicules of Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) (UFSPOR 116). A, three variations of oxeas; B, details of the apex of oxea; C, styloid form. Scale bars: A and C = 10 µm; B = 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255826/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C): 96–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3B04B0CABBA4FA78" bold="true" box="[614,677,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">149.1</emphasis>
–177 / 1.6–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3A46B0CABA46FA78" bold="true" box="[804,839,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">5.3</emphasis>
–9.6 Μm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6A383A39A5B0EEBBDEFA1F" blockId="6.[151,1437,949,2018]" box="[199,735,1453,1478]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A39A5B0EEB82AFA1F" bold="true" box="[199,299,1453,1478]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Ecology.</emphasis>
This species was found at
<quantity id="980D9B1A2D6A383A3B3BB0EDBB93FA1C" box="[601,658,1454,1478]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6A383A39A5B092B885F9EB" blockId="6.[151,1437,949,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A39A5B092BB0BFA33" bold="true" box="[199,522,1489,1514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Geographical distribution.</emphasis>
Tropical Northwestern Atlantic:
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A3AF6B091BAC7FA33" box="[916,966,1490,1514]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">U.S.</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A3AB0B092BD79FA33" box="[978,1144,1489,1514]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A3DEAB091BC17FA33" box="[1160,1302,1489,1514]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A3C44B092BC96FA33" box="[1318,1431,1489,1514]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Colombia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A39F5B0B6B9F5F9D7" box="[151,244,1525,1550]" name="Jamaica" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A3862B0B6B86CF9D7" box="[256,365,1525,1550]" name="Barbados" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Barbados</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A381BB0B5B8D3F9D4" box="[377,466,1526,1549]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Panama</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A3B68B0B6BB50F9D7" box="[522,593,1525,1550]" name="Belize" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Belize</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6A383A3B03B0B6BA38F9D7" author="Muricy" box="[609,825,1525,1550]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" refString="Muricy, G., Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M. S., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. &amp; Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, 300 pp. [Serie Livros; 46]" type="book" year="2011">
Muricy
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3BDEB0B5BBF7F9D4" box="[700,758,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). In the Brazilian coast: Northeastern Region: Sergipe State (present study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6A383A39A5B37EBD84F83B" blockId="6.[151,1437,949,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A39A5B37EB83AF98F" bold="true" box="[199,315,1597,1622]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6A383A3823B37DBB2CF98C" box="[321,557,1598,1621]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proxima">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3823B37DBB2CF98C" box="[321,557,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Neopetrosia proxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a sponge that usually inhabits rocky shores and shallow to deep waters (
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6A383A3C12B37DB821F9A3" author="Zea" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" refString="Zea, S., Henkel, T. P. &amp; Pawlik, J. R. (2014) The Sponge Guide: a picture guide to Caribbean sponges. 3 rd Edition. Available from: www. spongeguide. org (accessed 1 Mar. 2016)" type="journal article" year="2014">
Zea
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A39F5B321B9CEF9A0" box="[151,207,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). The specimens examined here were similar to
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6A383A3A0DB321BD60F9A0" box="[879,1121,1634,1657]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proxima">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3A0DB321BD60F9A0" box="[879,1121,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Neopetrosia proxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Caribbean, both characterized by having massive form, oscules raised on small lobes and confused and disorganized skeleton (
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3C16B3C5BC9DF944" box="[1396,1436,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">e.g.</emphasis>
van
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6A383A39A4B3E9B845F91B" author="Soest" box="[198,324,1706,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1980) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part II. Haplosclerida. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 62 (191), 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1980">Soest 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6A383A3832B3E9B8BDF91B" author="Zea" box="[336,444,1706,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" refString="Zea, S. (1987) Esponjas del Caribe Colombiano. Catalogo Cientifico, Bogota, Colombia, 286 pp." type="book" year="1987">Zea 1987</bibRefCitation>
; Lehnert &amp; van
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6A383A3B12B3E9BBEEF91B" author="Soest" box="[624,751,1705,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (1996) North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 46 (4), 53 - 81." type="journal article" year="1996">Soest 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6A383A3B98B3E9BAA7F91B" author="Zea" box="[762,934,1705,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" refString="Zea, S., Henkel, T. P. &amp; Pawlik, J. R. (2014) The Sponge Guide: a picture guide to Caribbean sponges. 3 rd Edition. Available from: www. spongeguide. org (accessed 1 Mar. 2016)" type="journal article" year="2014">
Zea
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3A49B3E9BA62F918" box="[811,867,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
). According to
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6A383A3D33B3E9BC0CF91B" box="[1105,1293,1705,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" refString="Zea, S., Henkel, T. P. &amp; Pawlik, J. R. (2014) The Sponge Guide: a picture guide to Caribbean sponges. 3 rd Edition. Available from: www. spongeguide. org (accessed 1 Mar. 2016)" type="journal article">
Zea
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3DE0B3E9BDBBF918" box="[1154,1210,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
, the external morphology and spicules of this species are very diverse in different populations in Caribbean Sea and, probably, there are more than one species within the current scope of
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6A383A3AF9B3B1BD22F8D0" box="[923,1059,1778,1801]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="337" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proxima">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3AF9B3B1BD22F8D0" box="[923,1059,1778,1801]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">N. proxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from this area (Zea, personal communication). Compared to Bahamian, Colombian and Panamanian populations, the Brazilian specimens were more similar to the Colombian ones, sharing the massive form, purple color and robust hastate oxeas reaching larger and thicker sizes (75–223 / 1.7–10.7 µm in
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A3B96B21EBA63F8AF" box="[756,866,1885,1910]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Colombia</collectingCountry>
and 96–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3AAEB21EBD0AF8AC" bold="true" box="[972,1035,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">149.1</emphasis>
–177 / 1.6–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3DF6B21EBDB6F8AC" bold="true" box="[1172,1207,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">5.3</emphasis>
–9.6 Μm in
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6A383A3C25B21EBC91F8AF" box="[1351,1424,1885,1910]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">Brazil</collectingCountry>
). However, the Brazilian population is different from the Caribbean one in two aspects: the internal light-brown color and a tangential ectosome with dense and irregular reticulation in Brazilian
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6A383A3D5EB2E5BD85F864" box="[1084,1156,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="337">versus</emphasis>
the internal cream color and the tangential reticulation with erect spicule brushes at the intersections in Caribbean.
</paragraph>
<caption id="0B8A66772D6B383B39F5B5DBB9D3FED6" ID-Table-UUID="0B8A66772D6B383B39F5B5DBB9D3FED6" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0B8A66772D6B383B39F5B5DBB9D3FED6" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" targetBox="[159,1427,298,1884]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6B383B39F5B5DBB9D3FED6" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,271]" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39F5B5DBB811FF76" bold="true" box="[151,272,152,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Comparative micrometric data on the oxeas, morphology, depth and location of the living species of
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39F5B5FBBB01FF16" authority="de Laubenfels, 1949" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1949" box="[151,512,184,207]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39F5B5FBB819FF16" box="[151,280,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Neopetrosia</emphasis>
de Laubenfels, 1949
</taxonomicName>
for the Atlantic. Values are in micrometers (µm), expressed as follows: minimum– maximum or minimum–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B38C0B594B8DFFF36" bold="true" box="[418,478,215,239]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">mean</emphasis>
–maximum length/width. References are numbered in parentheses and listed below the table.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6B383B39FDB469BC29F8D9" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<table id="2DF5C45F2D6BC7C339FDB469BC92F885" box="[159,1427,298,1884]" gridcols="4" gridrows="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB469BC92FE99" box="[159,1427,298,320]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB469B876FE99" box="[159,375,298,320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Species</th>
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB469BBA4FE99" box="[396,677,298,320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B38EEB468BB33FE99" box="[396,562,298,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Location / depth</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3B23B468BB52FE99" box="[577,595,299,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">m</emphasis>
)
</th>
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B469BDD5FE99" box="[698,1236,298,320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Morphology</th>
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB469BC92FE99" box="[1257,1427,298,320]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Oxeas</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB417BC92FEB3" box="[159,1427,340,362]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB417B876FEB3" box="[159,375,340,362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB416B868FEB3" box="[159,361,340,362]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sulcata">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB416B868FEB3" box="[159,361,340,362]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Neopetrosia sulcata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB417BBA4FEB3" box="[396,677,340,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Rio Grande do Norte State</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B417BDD5FEB3" box="[698,1236,340,362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Cylindrical, punctiform or furrowed surface, beige to</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB417BC92FEB3" box="[1257,1427,340,362]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
119–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C79B417BC55FEB0" bold="true" box="[1307,1364,340,361]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">157.5</emphasis>
–193 /
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB431BC92FE7E" box="[159,1427,370,423]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB431B876FE7E" box="[159,375,370,423]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB436B9EEFE53" bold="true" box="[159,239,373,394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
sp.
<date id="2B4B103F2D6B383B39A6B436B9EEFE53" box="[196,239,373,394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">nov.</date>
</emphasis>
1
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB431BBA4FE7E" box="[396,677,370,423]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
(
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6B383B38F1B431B8D5FE51" box="[403,468,370,392]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Brazil</collectingCountry>
) / 70–101
</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B431BDD5FE7E" box="[698,1236,370,423]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">light pink color and incompressible consistency</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB431BC92FE7E" box="[1257,1427,370,423]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
2.8–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C77B430BC35FE51" bold="true" box="[1301,1332,371,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">4.9</emphasis>
–9.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB4F9BC4EFD92" box="[159,1359,442,587]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB4F9B876FD92" box="[159,375,442,587]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB4F8B849FE2B" authority="(Lamarck, 1814)" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1814" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB4F8B9B6FE09" box="[159,183,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">N.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39DEB4F9B82FFE09" box="[188,302,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">carbonaria</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1814)
</taxonomicName>
2
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB4F9BBA4FD92" box="[396,677,442,587]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
Caribbean Sea (
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3B4CB4F8BB4DFE09" box="[558,588,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">e.g</emphasis>
. Colombia, Martinique, Panama, United States) / 1– 10
</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B4F9BDD5FD92" box="[698,1236,442,587]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Thickly encrusting to massive, with dispersed volcano-like oscular elevations, oscules up to 1 cm in diameter, even and smooth or microrugose surface, black to very dark green color, internally and externally, and firm consistency</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB4F9BC92FD92" box="[1257,1427,442,587]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
162–299 / 1.4–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C77B49ABC35FE37" bold="true" box="[1301,1332,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">2.1</emphasis>
–4
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB71DBC7DFD4C" box="[159,1404,606,661]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB71DB876FD4C" box="[159,375,606,661]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB723B849FD4C" authority="Lamarck, 1815" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB723B9B6FDAC" box="[159,183,608,629]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">N.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39DEB71DB823FDAD" box="[188,290,606,628]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">cylindrica</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1815)
</taxonomicName>
4
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB71DBBA4FD4C" box="[396,677,606,661]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Caribbean Sea</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B71DBDD5FD4C" box="[698,1236,606,661]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Erect, cylindrical, slightly red and white color and fragile consistency</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB71DBC92FD4C" box="[1257,1427,606,661]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">120–165 / 4–6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB7EABC63FD26" box="[159,1378,681,767]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB7EAB876FD26" box="[159,375,681,767]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB7E9B9D8FD26" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1986" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1986" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dominicana">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB7E9B9B6FD66" box="[159,183,682,703]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">N.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39DEB7EAB832FD66" box="[188,307,681,703]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">dominicana</emphasis>
(Pulitzer-Finali, 1986)
</taxonomicName>
7
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB7EABBA4FD26" box="[396,677,681,767]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Boca Chica (Dominican Republic) / 20</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B7EABDD5FD26" box="[698,1236,681,767]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Subcylindrical (2.5–3 cm diameter), oscules are flush, sparse (2 mm wide), brown color, firmly resilient and consistency of cork</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB7EABC92FD26" box="[1257,1427,681,767]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">140–260 / 5–14 (strongyles)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB651BC83FC5D" box="[159,1410,786,900]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB651B876FC5D" box="[159,375,786,900]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB650B9D3FCB1" authority="van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dutchi">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB650B9B6FCF1" box="[159,183,787,808]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">N.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39DEB651B9FAFCF1" box="[188,251,786,808]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">dutchi</emphasis>
van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014
</taxonomicName>
5
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB651BBA4FC5D" box="[396,677,786,900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Southern Caribbean (Bonaire) / 217</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B651BDD5FC5D" box="[698,1236,786,900]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Thick clump of large lobes (individual lobes up to 14 cm high and 9 cm in diameter), each with prominent central oscule of 0.8–1.5 cm in diameter, smooth surface and pale beige color</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB651BC92FC5D" box="[1257,1427,786,900]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
165–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C7EB651BC43FCFE" bold="true" box="[1308,1346,786,807]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">235</emphasis>
–264 / 11–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C6CB672BC26FC9F" bold="true" box="[1294,1319,817,838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">14</emphasis>
–18
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB6D4BC83FB9E" box="[159,1410,919,1095]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB6D4B876FB9E" box="[159,375,919,1095]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB6DAB832FC34" authority="van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="eurystomata">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB6DAB9B6FC77" box="[159,183,921,942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">N.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39DEB6DAB838FC77" box="[188,313,921,942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">eurystomata</emphasis>
van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014
</taxonomicName>
5
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB6D4BBA4FB9E" box="[396,677,919,1095]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Southern Caribbean (Bonaire) / 108</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B6D4BDD5FB9E" box="[698,1236,919,1095]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Vase shaped (size of largest specimen 30 cm high, 18 cm wide, wall thickness 1.5–2 cm), surface with vague stellar sunken groups of pores, pink and white external color, dark red or brownish internal color and firm and crumbly consistency, but slightly compressible</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB6D4BC92FB9E" box="[1257,1427,919,1095]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
160–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C7EB6DBBC43FC74" bold="true" box="[1308,1346,920,941]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">187</emphasis>
–200 / 5–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C60B6F5BC0EFC12" bold="true" box="[1282,1295,950,971]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">9</emphasis>
–10
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB119BC83FB15" box="[159,1410,1114,1228]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB119B876FB15" box="[159,375,1114,1228]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB118B9D3FB69" authority="van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB118B9B6FBA9" box="[159,183,1115,1136]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">N.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39DEB118B9F5FBA9" box="[188,244,1115,1136]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">ovata</emphasis>
van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014
</taxonomicName>
5
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB119BBA4FB15" box="[396,677,1114,1228]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Southern Caribbean (Curaçao) / 149</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B119BDD5FB15" box="[698,1236,1114,1228]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Ovate sponge (size 10 cm high, 8 cm in diameter, with a central oscule of 1.4 cm in diameter), Smooth surface, punctate in life, covered with tiny zoanthids, pinkish beige color and firm to hard consistency</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB119BC92FB15" box="[1257,1427,1114,1228]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
200–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C7EB119BC43FBB6" bold="true" box="[1308,1346,1114,1135]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">235</emphasis>
–270 / 10.5–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C40B13ABC4FFB57" bold="true" box="[1314,1358,1145,1166]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">14.5</emphasis>
–15
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB19CBC89FA8B" box="[159,1416,1247,1362]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB19CB876FA8B" box="[159,375,1247,1362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB1A2B851FAEC" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proxima">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB1A2B80EFB2F" box="[159,271,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">N. proxima</emphasis>
(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)
</taxonomicName>
1
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB19CBBA4FA8B" box="[396,677,1247,1362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Sergipe State (Brazil) / 20</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B19CBDD5FA8B" box="[698,1236,1247,1362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Massive lobed, smooth to rough surface, with scattered oscules, purplish-brown or dark brown external color, light brown internal color and hard and brittle consistency</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB19CBC92FA8B" box="[1257,1427,1247,1362]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
96–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C6DB1A3BC49FB2C" bold="true" box="[1295,1352,1248,1269]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">149.1</emphasis>
–177 / 1.6–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C77B1BDBC35FACA" bold="true" box="[1301,1332,1278,1299]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">5.3</emphasis>
–9.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB026BC43F9EA" box="[159,1346,1381,1587]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB026B876F9EA" box="[159,375,1381,1587]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB025B851FA63" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proxima">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB025B9B6FAA2" box="[159,183,1382,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">N.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39DEB025B80EFAA2" box="[188,271,1382,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">proxima</emphasis>
(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)
</taxonomicName>
2
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB026BBA4F9EA" box="[396,677,1381,1587]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
Caribbean Sea (
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3B4CB025BB53FAA2" box="[558,594,1382,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">e.g.</emphasis>
Bahamas, Belize, Colombia, Martinique, Panama) / Up to 30
</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B026BDD5F9EA" box="[698,1236,1381,1587]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Shape varies from thick encrustations to massive or branched, with scattered oscules up to about 5 mm in diameter, even surface, rugose to the touch, color also varies (dark brown, pink to purple and yellowish to tannish to brownish), internal color always cream and hard consistency, but not very brittle, with a sticky feeling to the touch when cut</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB026BC92F9EA" box="[1257,1427,1381,1587]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
87–158 / 2.3–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C77B0C7BC20FA40" bold="true" box="[1301,1313,1412,1433]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">5</emphasis>
–7
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB305BC93F961" box="[159,1426,1606,1720]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB305B876F961" box="[159,375,1606,1720]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB304B831F9A4" authority="Zea &amp; Rutzler, 1983" authorityName="Zea &amp; Rutzler" authorityYear="1983" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rosariensis">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB304B9B6F985" box="[159,183,1607,1628]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">N.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39D9B304B82BF985" box="[187,298,1607,1628]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">rosariensis</emphasis>
(Zea &amp; Rützler, 1983)
</taxonomicName>
2, 3
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB305BBA4F961" box="[396,677,1606,1720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Caribbean Sea (e.g. Bahamas, Colombia, Panama, Saint Eustatius) / shallow to deep reef</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B305BDD5F961" box="[698,1236,1606,1720]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Cylindrical tubes emerging from a basal mass, smooth surface with sinuous depressions, dark brown color and very firm consistency</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB305BC92F961" box="[1257,1427,1606,1720]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
100–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C7EB305BC54F982" bold="true" box="[1308,1365,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">183.6</emphasis>
–212 / 0.8–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C77B3C7BC35F940" bold="true" box="[1301,1332,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">9.4</emphasis>
–15.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E1C534BD2D6BC7C339FDB38FBC83F885" box="[159,1410,1740,1884]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<th id="A2145DC12D6BC7C339FDB38FB876F885" box="[159,375,1740,1884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6B383B39FDB38EB86EF8DB" authority="(Duchassaing, 1850)" authorityName="Duchassaing" authorityYear="1850" baseAuthorityName="Duchassaing" baseAuthorityYear="1850" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="subtriangularis">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39FDB38EB9B6F93B" box="[159,183,1741,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">N.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B39DEB38FB859F93B" box="[188,344,1740,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">subtriangularis</emphasis>
(Duchassaing, 1850)
</taxonomicName>
6
</th>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C338EEB38FBBA4F885" box="[396,677,1740,1884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Florida (EUA) / 1</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33BD8B38FBDD5F885" box="[698,1236,1740,1884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">Ramose, cylindrical branches, repent or erect, with finger-like flattened round lobes, several oscula scattered on one face of the branches, 3–8 mm in diameter, smooth surface and yellow green to dark olive green color</td>
<td id="A2145DC12D6BC7C33D8BB38FBC92F885" box="[1257,1427,1740,1884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
104–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C7EB38FBC43F938" bold="true" box="[1308,1346,1740,1761]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">120</emphasis>
–144 / 2–
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3C60B3A9BC0EF926" bold="true" box="[1282,1295,1770,1791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">3</emphasis>
–4
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D6B383B39F5B23EB9E4F80D" blockId="7.[151,1435,1916,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">
References: (1) Present work - UFPEPOR 17, 396, UFSPOR 116, 118, 135, 162; (2)
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6B383B3D7DB23EBDD5F84D" box="[1055,1236,1916,1940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" refString="Zea, S., Henkel, T. P. &amp; Pawlik, J. R. (2014) The Sponge Guide: a picture guide to Caribbean sponges. 3 rd Edition. Available from: www. spongeguide. org (accessed 1 Mar. 2016)" type="journal article">
Zea
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3D2FB23EBD7AF84D" box="[1101,1147,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
; (3)
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6B383B3C66B23EB9E0F86D" author="Zea" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" refString="Zea, S. &amp; Rutzler, K. (1983) A new species of Xestospongia (Porifera, Demospongea) from the Colombian Caribbean. Caldasia, 10, 817 - 831." type="journal article" year="1983">Zea &amp; Rützler (1983)</bibRefCitation>
; (4) Topsent (1933); (5) van
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6B383B3B71B2DEBBDBF86D" box="[531,730,1948,1972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M., Meesters, E. H. &amp; Becking, L. E. (2014) Deep-water sponges (Porifera) from Bonaire and Klein Curacao, Southern Caribbean. Zootaxa, 3878 (5), 401 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3878.5.1" type="journal article">
Soest
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6B383B3B36B2DEBB80F86D" box="[596,641,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
; (6) Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Valentine (2002); (7)
<bibRefCitation id="3B644B0E2D6B383B3C60B2DEB9E0F80D" author="Pulitzer-Finali" pageId="7" pageNumber="338" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali (1986)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F4A36FF2D64383439A5B5D4B880FEBC" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="339">
When we compared the population of
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6438343B15B5DBBA62FF76" box="[631,867,152,175]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="339" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proxima">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6438343B15B5DBBA62FF76" box="[631,867,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="339">Neopetrosia proxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="27E2766F2D6438343ACAB5D4BAEDFF69" box="[936,1004,151,176]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="339">Brazil</collectingCountry>
with
<taxonomicName id="98F54D7C2D6438343D4FB5DABD9EFF69" box="[1069,1183,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Neopetrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="339" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sulcata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6438343D4FB5DABD9EFF69" box="[1069,1183,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="339">N. sulcata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6D81EAED2D6438343DC4B5D4BC01FF69" bold="true" box="[1190,1280,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="339">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="76B257962D6438343DC4B5D4BC01FF69" box="[1190,1280,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="339" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, we observed some differences. The former has massive form, smooth surface, purplish-brown to dark brown external color, oscules on the top of mounds, irregular ectosomal reticulation and hastate oxeas, whereas the later has digitiform shape, punctiform surface, beige to light brown color, without differentiation between external and internal regions, apical oscules and/or flush with the surface, regular ectosomal reticulation and oxeas with high percentage of variation at the ends.
</paragraph>
</treatment>
</document>
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