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212 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e6460" ID-PMC="PMC4822059" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828--6460" ID-PubMed="27099547" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2828--e6460" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal " ModsDocTitle="Ctenosciaraalexanderkoenigi sp. n. (Diptera: Sciaridae), an exotic invader in Germany?" checkinTime="1585357489857" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Heller, Kai & Rulik, Bjoern" docDate="2016" docId="A910C21E3C77673B3B2F89366E9C4F06" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 4: e6460" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 4" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e6460" docTitle="Ctenosciara exigua Salmela & Vilkamaa 2005" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="6460" masterDocId="BA08FFA08311FFFD2F54FFDAFF855650" masterDocTitle="Ctenosciaraalexanderkoenigi sp. n. (Diptera: Sciaridae), an exotic invader in Germany?" masterLastPageNumber="6460" masterPageNumber="6460" pageNumber="6460" updateTime="1668123429861" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Ctenosciaraalexanderkoenigi sp. n. (Diptera: Sciaridae), an exotic invader in Germany?</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Heller, Kai</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rulik, Bjoern</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>6460</mods:start>
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<mods:end>6460</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e6460</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e6460</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828--6460</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A910C21E3C77673B3B2F89366E9C4F06" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A910C21E3C77673B3B2F89366E9C4F06" lastPageNumber="6460" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">
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<taxonomicName LSID="HRCTE002-15" authority="Salmela & Vilkamaa 2005" authorityYear="2005" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara exigua" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">Ctenosciara exigua Salmela & Vilkamaa 2005</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Materials</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2014-9-12" collectingMethod="Malaise trap" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Jukka Salmela" country="Finland" latitude="68.13048" location="Pikkuvaarat SW" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="24.044388" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" specimenCode="ZFMK-TIS- 2544881" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Other material">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Other material</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: catalogNumber:
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<specimenCode pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">ZFMK-TIS-2544881</specimenCode>
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; recordedBy:
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<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Jukka Salmela</collectorName>
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; individualCount:
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<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">1</specimenCount>
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; sex:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">male</specimenType>
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">adult</specimenType>
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; preparations: slide; otherCatalogNumbers: ZFMK-TIS-2544881; Taxon: scientificName: Ctenosciaraexigua; genus: Ctenosciara; specificEpithet: exigua; scientificNameAuthorship: Salmela & Vilkamaa, 2005; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Finland</collectingCountry>
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; countryCode: FI; stateProvince: Lapland; municipality:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Enontekiö">Enontekioe</normalizedToken>
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; locality:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A910C21E3C77673B3B2F89366E9C4F06:8DA63FD81AACB4A667FC1BE09EC650DA" country="Finland" latitude="68.13048" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="24.044388" name="Pikkuvaarat SW" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Pikkuvaarat SW</location>
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; verbatimElevation:
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<elevation pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">493</elevation>
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; verbatimLatitude:
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="68.13048">68°07'49.7'' N</geoCoordinate>
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; verbatimLongitude:
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="24.044388">24°02'39.8'' E</geoCoordinate>
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; Event: samplingProtocol:
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<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
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; eventDate:
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<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" value="2014-9-12">12/09/2014</collectingDate>
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; endDayOfYear: 164; year: 2014; month: 9; day: 12; habitat: Poor sedge fen; Record Level: institutionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">ZFMK</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2014-8-5" collectingMethod="Malaise trap" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Jukka Salmela" country="Finland" latitude="68.15" location="Tyyroja" longLatPrecision="16" longitude="28.55" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" specimenCode="ZFMK-TIS- 2544914" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Other material">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Other material</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: catalogNumber:
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<specimenCode pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">ZFMK-TIS-2544914</specimenCode>
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; recordedBy:
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<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Jukka Salmela</collectorName>
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; individualCount:
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<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">1</specimenCount>
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; sex:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">male</specimenType>
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">adult</specimenType>
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; preparations: slide; otherCatalogNumbers: ZFMK-TIS-2544914; Taxon: scientificName: Ctenosciaraexigua; genus: Ctenosciara; specificEpithet: exigua; scientificNameAuthorship: Salmela & Vilkamaa, 2005; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Finland</collectingCountry>
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; countryCode: FI; stateProvince: Lapland; municipality: Savukoski; locality:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A910C21E3C77673B3B2F89366E9C4F06:4BA307C432AD6A680F75BE5AF04B6D79" country="Finland" latitude="68.15" longLatPrecision="16" longitude="28.55" name="Tyyroja" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Tyyroja</location>
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; verbatimElevation:
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<elevation pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">251</elevation>
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; verbatimLatitude:
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="68.15">68°09'00" N</geoCoordinate>
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; verbatimLongitude:
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="28.55">28°33'00" E</geoCoordinate>
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; Event: samplingProtocol:
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<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
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; eventDate:
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<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" value="2014-8-5">05/08/2014</collectingDate>
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; endDayOfYear: 217; year: 2014; month: 8; day: 5; habitat: alpine brook, stony; Record Level: institutionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">ZFMK</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">
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See
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<bibRefCitation author="Salmela, J." journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" pagination="287 - 300" title="Sciaridae (Diptera) from central Finland: faunistics and taxonomy" volume="16" year="2005">Salmela and Vilkamaa (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara exigua" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">Ctenosciara exigua</taxonomicName>
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was described based on several specimens from mires in Central Finland. It was differentiated from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara hyalipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ctenosciara hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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by the evenly broad gonostyli with lacking megasetae at the dorsal side of the apical tooth, the smaller size and less setose CuA2. However, the most distinctive character, the shorter and roundish tegmen, was not mentioned. In
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. hyalipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ct. hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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the tegmen is much longer than wide, nearly triangular. In our material, the number of macrotrichia on CuA2 varies from 0 to 18 and the tibial comb was also found to be undivided in some specimens. There were usually differences to the original description in every specimen studied. As seen in Fig. 4, showing one of the barcoded individuals, the gonostylus is more tapered and has apical megasetae. One might argue, that our specimens do not exactly match with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. exigua" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="exigua">Ct. exigua</taxonomicName>
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. But as they are in the same manner clearly and more different from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. hyalipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ct. hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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, we confidently identify them as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. exigua" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="exigua">Ct. exigua</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" type="dna barcoding result">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">DNA barcoding result</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">
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BIN algorithm of BOLD indicates that the COI sequence of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara exigua" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">Ctenosciara exigua</taxonomicName>
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is not significantly different from that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara hyalipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ctenosciara hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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and belongs to the same BIN BOLD:AAH3983. More than 3000 specimens belonging to that same BIN are recorded from the South West and South East of Canada opposed by only roughly 1000 central-European records. Comparisons based on K2P distances within and between regions show closer affinities of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara exigua" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">Ctenosciara exigua</taxonomicName>
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to the Nearctic population than to the European (Suppl. material 4). Nonetheless,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. exigua" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="exigua">Ct. exigua</taxonomicName>
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is genetically identical with over 500 specimens from Canada, Germany and Norway (Suppl. material 3 & Suppl. material 6). The species complex of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. hyalipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ct. hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. exigua" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="exigua">Ct. exigua</taxonomicName>
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was first recorded for North America by
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<bibRefCitation author="Telfer, Angela" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity Data Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" pagination=": e 6313" title="Biodiversity inventories in high gear: DNA barcoding facilitates a rapid biotic survey of a temperate nature reserve" volume="3" year="2015">Telfer et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">
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Since the original description from Finland, the species was mentioned again by
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<bibRefCitation author="Heller, K." journalOrPublisher="Sahlbergia" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" pagination="23 - 51" title="An annotated check list of Swedish black fungus gnats (Diptera, Sciaridae)" volume="15" year="2009">Heller et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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from Sweden and therefore it appears to have a Northern European distribution. As the identification of this species is only possible by careful microsopic analysis of the male genitalia and because the most similar species,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara hyalipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ctenosciara hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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, is one of the most common European
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<taxonomicName family="Sciaridae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="family">Sciaridae</taxonomicName>
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, it may have been overlooked.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" type="taxon discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">Taxon discussion</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="6460">
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The barcoding results coupled with the fact that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara hyalipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ctenosciara hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. exigua" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="exigua">Ct. exigua</taxonomicName>
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(in our understanding) are quite polymorphic raise the question " Is
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara exigua" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">Ctenosciara exigua</taxonomicName>
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really a distinct species?" or "Is it only one variant of the former?". In Central Europe,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. hyalipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ct. hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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shows two distinct morphs. The early spring form is larger and has clearly clavate gonostyles, whereas the summer variant is smaller, brighter and the shape of the gonostyles is just as parallel as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara exigua" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">Ctenosciara exigua</taxonomicName>
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. The summer variant was treated as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara thiedei" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thiedei">Ctenosciara thiedei</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation author="Thiede, U." journalOrPublisher="Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" pagination="137 - 202" title="Untersuchungen ueber die Arthropodenfauna in Fichtenforsten (Populationsoekologie, Energieumsatz). Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Abteilung fuer Systematik, Oekologie und Geographie der" volume="104" year="1977">Thiede (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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, a nomen nudum, which was never officially published. The analysis of the COI did not show any significant differences between both seasonal morphs. The same situation could be present for the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara exigua" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">Ctenosciara exigua</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName lsidName="hyalipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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complex. Recently
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<bibRefCitation author="Kurina, Olavi" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" pagination="105 - 129" title="Two new Neuratelia Rondani (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) species from Western Palaearctic: a case of limited congruence between morphology and DNA sequence data" volume="496" year="2015">Kurina et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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described a species of
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<taxonomicName family="Mycetophilidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="family">Mycetophilidae</taxonomicName>
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, which is not distinguishable genetically but only differs in the structure of male genitalia. Similarly is imaginable, that
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. hyalipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ct. hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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is a species that has only recently invaded from some other part of the world, then successfully occupied different ecological nices, but speciation has not yet progressed to a point where clear genetic differences have taken place. The bifid East-West distribution pattern in Canada (Fig. 6) might be be a reminiscence of two recent, parallel immigrations, which independently started from the eastern and western coasts. All those localities of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Ct. hyalipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ct. hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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are in the vicinity of typical entry points like harbors, airports and bigger cities with massive human activity or spreading already upstream. Geographic distribution of haplotypes underpin this assumption as Neartic population is gentically less diverse than European (Table 1). Keeping in mind, that most of the sciarid sequences (96%) discussed here originated from the Global Malaise Trap Program and thus sequences are only single strand generated, so some of the singletons may reflect in fact sequencing artefacts. Also earlier faunistic studies from North America (
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<bibRefCitation author="Johannsen, O. A." journalOrPublisher="Maine Agricultural Experimental Station" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" volume="200" year="1912">Johannsen 1912</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Pettey, F. W." journalOrPublisher="America" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" pagination="319 - 343" title="A revision of the genus Sciara of the family Mycetophilidae (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of" volume="11" year="1918">Pettey 1918</bibRefCitation>
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) do not mention this species and it was found neither in historical collections nor in younger material until 2000 (Mohrig pers. comm.). Further morphological, ecological and genetic analyses are needed to shed light on species concepts of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara hyalipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalipennis">Ctenosciara hyalipennis</taxonomicName>
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sensu latu. For the moment we propose to continue treating
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Ctenosciara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenosciara exigua" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="6460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">Ctenosciara exigua</taxonomicName>
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as a distinct species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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