<documentID-CLB-Dataset="26613"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738"ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fc0de51-2536-45b8-8be2-d8b860355539"ID-PMC="PMC6554266"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-123-1"ID-Pensoft-UUID="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB"ID-PubMed="31198402"ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240750"ModsDocAuthor=""ModsDocDate="2019"ModsDocID="1314-2003-123-1"ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 123"ModsDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean"checkinTime="1559283366142"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Barboza, Gloria E., Bohs, Lynn & Saerkinen, Tiina"docDate="2019"docId="90ABC0F28AD8E67E2C30154DCC95B8B1"docLanguage="en"docName="PhytoKeys 123: 1-144"docOrigin="PhytoKeys 123"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738"docTitle="Solanum triflorum Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 128. 1818"docType="treatment"docVersion="10"id="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB"lastPageNumber="100"masterDocId="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB"masterDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean"masterLastPageNumber="144"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="97"updateTime="1732687555302"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="D638496F7388789E4D5CB099CD6EEAA8">A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean</mods:title>
<taxonomicNameid="86FEE4026672F60129A68795793EC5AB"ID-CoL="4Y4JB"LSID="90ABC0F2-8AD8-E67E-2C30-154DCC95B8B1"authority="Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 128. 1818"authorityName="Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 128."authorityYear="1818"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Solanum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Solanum triflorum"order="Solanales"pageId="96"pageNumber="97"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="triflorum">Solanum triflorum Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 128. 1818</taxonomicName>
<figureCitationid="108031ACB3575D51D1750158845093DC"captionStart="Figure 51"captionStartId="F51"captionText="Figure 51. Solanum triflorum Nutt. A Flowering habit B fruiting habit C flowering branch D detail of adaxial leaf surface E detail of adaxial leaf surface F bud G dissected flower H fruit (A, C, F, G Donat 55; B, D, E, H Baker 577). Drawing by R. Wise (previously published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure51"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305350"pageId="96"pageNumber="97">Figure 51</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="039E8D2561833A50ED7E8917319A2016"captionStart="Figure 52"captionStartId="F52"captionText="Figure 52. Solanum triflorum Nutt. A Habit B flowering habit C flower and flower bud D flower. (A, D Barboza et al. 2345 B, C Sersic 5040). Photos by G. Barboza and A. Sersic (previously published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure52"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305351"pageId="96"pageNumber="97">, 52</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="9752D8B3A20533317D06283FC98DCFA0"authority="Nutt."class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Solanum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"infraspecific-rank="var."kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Solanum triflorum var. majus"order="Solanales"pageId="96"pageNumber="97"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="variety"species="triflorum"variety="majus">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. majus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitationid="B2B0D0DC778EBC77820DF123B9FB077E"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"author="Saerkinen, T"journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys"pageId="116"pageNumber="117"pagination="1 - 223"refId="B204"refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"volume="106"year="2018">
<taxonomicNameid="1DA526610ED4647C139A99070A67CBED"authority="Nutt."class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Solanum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"infraspecific-rank="var."kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Solanum triflorum var. minus"order="Solanales"pageId="96"pageNumber="97"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="variety"species="triflorum"variety="minus">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. minus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitationid="E1D52FB6AF45A89E5E4DE2F138EBAEC6"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"author="Saerkinen, T"journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys"pageId="116"pageNumber="117"pagination="1 - 223"refId="B204"refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"volume="106"year="2018">
<bibRefCitationid="50092560AB95BADC1E54E6D145C5D1FF"author="Barboza, GE"journalOrPublisher="D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist, Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis"pageId="107"pageNumber="108"refId="B12"refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires & Cordoba, Argentina, 231-264."title="Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires & Cordoba, Argentina, 231 - 264."year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="6BABBA7FB73139B01FC9EA0A4D6CF4B1"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"author="Saerkinen, T"journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys"pageId="116"pageNumber="117"pagination="1 - 223"refId="B204"refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"volume="106"year="2018">
<bibRefCitationid="A4F1AE1668B2A90917D1356AF132E380"author="Barboza, GE"journalOrPublisher="D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist, Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis"pageId="107"pageNumber="108"refId="B12"refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires & Cordoba, Argentina, 231-264."title="Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires & Cordoba, Argentina, 231 - 264."year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="0C262D1DCDB04CAA0B8E4E2D2EDB0991"author="Morton, CV"journalOrPublisher="Taxon"pageId="114"pageNumber="115"refId="B164"refString="Morton, CV, 1976. A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Cordoba: Academia Nacional de Ciencias."title="A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Cordoba: Academia Nacional de Ciencias."year="1976">Morton 1976</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="587EF02AD659BDE2DBEE972CF0C37B86"authority="Dunal"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Solanum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"infraspecific-rank="var."kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Solanum gaudichaudii var. pyrethrifolium"order="Solanales"pageId="96"pageNumber="97"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="variety"species="gaudichaudii"variety="pyrethrifolium">Solanum gaudichaudii Dunal var. pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameid="0E4A9CFB8B6914291B09F508BF650AFA"authority="Nutt."class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Solanum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"infraspecific-rank="var."kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Solanum triflorum var. calophyllum"order="Solanales"pageId="96"pageNumber="97"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="variety"species="triflorum"variety="calophyllum">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. calophyllum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameid="E9512E47FE17D8ED7BAC9443F1FC809B"authority="Nutt."class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Solanum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"infraspecific-rank="var."kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Solanum triflorum var. pyrethrifolium"order="Solanales"pageId="96"pageNumber="97"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="variety"species="triflorum"variety="pyrethrifolium">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitationid="BC9799FE697B98551416E9F9C00395F2"author="Barboza, GE"journalOrPublisher="D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist, Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis"pageId="107"pageNumber="108"refId="B12"refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires & Cordoba, Argentina, 231-264."title="Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires & Cordoba, Argentina, 231 - 264."year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
Annual herbs to 40 cm tall, much branched at the base, to 70 cm in diameter. Stems terete, green, decumbent and prostrate, forming adventitious roots at the nodes, not markedly hollow; new growth glabrous to sparsely pubescent with eglandular simple, uniseriate (3-)4-10-celled spreading trichomes 0.5-2.0 mm long, occasionally with a few glandular trichomes with a 1-many-celled apical gland; older stems glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate or trifoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple and shallowly lobed to deeply pinnatifid, (0.5-)2.0-4.0(-5.0) cm long, 0.2-2.9 cm wide, narrowly elliptic to oblong or ovate-elliptic, fleshy in texture, green to dark green; adaxial surface glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem, scattered along lamina and more densely along the veins; abaxial surface more densely pubescent on veins and lamina; major veins 3-6 pairs, not clearly evident abaxially; base cuneate, decurrent on the petiole; sinuate-lobate to deeply pinnatifid to near-pinnate, with 3-6 linear to triangular pairs of lobes; apex acute; petioles (0.5-)1.0-2.0(-2.4) cm long, pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems. Inflorescences 1.0-2.0 cm long, internodal, unbranched, with 1
6) flowers clustered near the tips (sub-umbelliform), glabrous to sparsely pubescent with spreading trichomes like those of the stems; peduncle 0.8-3.5 cm long, often with apical leafy
(small, leaf-like structures amongst the pedicels); pedicels 3-12 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the base and 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0(-0.5) mm apart. Buds narrowly ellipsoid or occasionally narrowly ovoid, the corolla exserted 1/5-2/5 from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 1.0-1.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 2.5
4.0) mm wide, triangular-oblong with acute apices, densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate eglandular trichomes like those of the stem. Corolla 10-14 mm in diameter, white to lilac with a yellow-green central eye with black-purple coloration at the base, deeply stellate, lobed 1/2-3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 4.0-5.0 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm wide, reflexed at anthesis, densely pubescent abaxially with short simple uniseriate eglandular trichomes like those on stems and leaves. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.6-1.0 mm long, adaxially sparsely pubescent with tangled simple, uniseriate trichomes; anthers 2.8
4) mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, narrowly ellipsoid, pale yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2.5-3.5 mm long, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes to 1/2 from the base, not exserted beyond the
cone; stigma capitate, minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 8-10(-20) mm in diameter, dark green at maturity, opaque, the surface of the pericarp usually shiny; fruiting pedicels 12-17 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm in diameter at the base, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, spaced 0
1.0) mm apart, reflexed and becoming woody, dropping with mature fruits, not persistent; fruiting calyx elongating in fruit, but not becoming papery nor covering the entire fruit, the tube 2.5-3.0 mm long, the lobes (4.0-)4.5
8.0) mm long and 2.2-3.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed to spreading. Seeds 40-60 per berry, 2.0-2.5 mm long, 1.7-2.0 mm wide, subglobose, yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells 13-30, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter. Chromosome number: 2
<bibRefCitationid="01AB747693413408B4DCA2928D04B2D9"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"author="Saerkinen, T"journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys"pageId="116"pageNumber="117"pagination="1 - 223"refId="B204"refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"volume="106"year="2018">
<figureCitationid="2FD2BBC39916908E75A212C34D062BE0"captionStart="Figure 53"captionStartId="F53"captionText="Figure 53. Distribution of Solanum triflorum Nutt."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure53"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305352"pageId="97"pageNumber="98">53</figureCitation>
is native to the Americas with a disjunct (amphitropical) distribution between temperate South and North America. In North America it occurs in the United States of America from New Mexico and California north to Canada. The species has been introduced outside its native range in temperate areas of Europe, South Africa and Australia (see
<bibRefCitationid="B61B567103AE71B847620C21729311BD"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"author="Saerkinen, T"journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys"pageId="116"pageNumber="117"pagination="1 - 223"refId="B204"refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"volume="106"year="2018">
<bibRefCitationid="560C41EA0330D5CE261697DADEC26549"author="Moss, EH"journalOrPublisher="Taxon"pageId="114"pageNumber="115"refId="B165"refString="Moss, EH, 1983. Flora of Alberta: a manual for flowering plants, conifers, ferns, and fern allies growing without cultivation in the province of Alberta, Canada. 2nd edition (revised by JG Packer). University of Toronto Press, Toronto."title="Flora of Alberta: a manual for flowering plants, conifers, ferns, and fern allies growing without cultivation in the province of Alberta, Canada. 2 nd edition (revised by JG Packer). University of Toronto Press, Toronto."year="1983">Moss 1983</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="42C3DD858B8A98D31D75415F29A7B1BA"author="USDA Plants"journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs"pageId="115"pageNumber="116"publicationUrl="http://plants.usda.gov"refId="B181"refString="USDA Plants, 2017. USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [http://plants.usda.gov"title="USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro ["url="http://plants.usda.gov"year="2017">USDA Plants 2017</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="1CD79896192DE4875349D75216EC7E15"author="Peck, ME"journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Society of Sugarcane Technologists"pageId="115"pageNumber="116"refId="B177"refString="Peck, ME, 1941. A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. Binfords and Mort, Portland."title="A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. Binfords and Mort, Portland."year="1941">Peck 1941</bibRefCitation>
Berries eaten in times of food shortages and famine (Acoma, Keres, Laguna peoples); fruit boiled and ground for use in a condiment (Zuni people); decoction of the berries taken for diarrhoea (Blackfoot people), stomach aches (Lakota people), used as lotion for sores on horses (Navajo people); planted with watermelons to make them more prolific and ripen earlier (Keres and Navajo peoples)(
<bibRefCitationid="6F3AC34C412BCB2F50BB316A45636DFF"author="IUCN"journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science"pageId="113"pageNumber="114"publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf"refId="B115"refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf"title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee."url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf"year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="72BDE88C5CE0FB52BEDD39B98C620655"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"author="Saerkinen, T"journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys"pageId="116"pageNumber="117"pagination="1 - 223"refId="B204"refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"volume="106"year="2018">
<tableCitationid="252B929ABCC6D5D4310EA6CC1B436B66"captionStart="Table 6"captionStartId="T6"captionText="Table 6. Preliminary conservation assessments for morelloid species from the Caribbean and North and Central America. For details see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The EOO and conservation status of species known to be solely cultivated, introduced or adventive in the region has been assessed in Saerkinen et al. (2018)."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573"pageId="98"pageNumber="99"tableUuid="C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573">6</tableCitation>
is a distinctive species with a prostrate habit, fleshy, usually pinnatifid, leaves, and deeply stellate flowers with long, thin anthers. The inflorescences usually have a small bracetole at the apex, and berry size varies from small (ca. 10 mm) to very large (ca. 20 mm), but usually a given plant has either small or large berries. Numerous stone cells are found in the berries, sometimes almost outnumbering seeds, and large berries can have as many as 30 stone cells. Pubescence of
is quite variable (e.g., Subils 1983), and some plants have a few glandular trichomes, but for the most part plants from North America are either glabrous or very sparsely pubescent with spreading and often somewhat tangled simple trichomes.
<bibRefCitationid="2D2C4A09E453F56740BF1F38DEE50CD5"DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62342"author="Gray, A"journalOrPublisher="United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Bulletin"pageId="112"pageNumber="113"pagination="1 - 77"refId="B100"refString="Gray, A, Hooker, JD, 1880. The vegetation of the Rocky Mountain region and a comparison with that of other parts of the world. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Bulletin 6: 1 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62342"title="The vegetation of the Rocky Mountain region and a comparison with that of other parts of the world."url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62342"volume="6"year="1880">Gray and Hooker 1880</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="8E16D92BC825E20F7244294FA4015513"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/403797"author="Raven, PH"journalOrPublisher="The Quarterly Review of Biology"pageId="115"pageNumber="116"pagination="151 - 177"refId="B186"refString="Raven, PH, 1963. Amphitropical relationships in the floras of North and South America. The Quarterly Review of Biology 38 (2): 151 - 177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/403797"title="Amphitropical relationships in the floras of North and South America."url="https://doi.org/10.1086/403797"volume="38"year="1963">Raven 1963</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="1FD9D4ADDFC6FA9C48ACCE30C6E7158B"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308"author="Simpson, MG"journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany"pageId="117"pageNumber="118"pagination="1600 - 1650"refId="B214"refString="Simpson, MG, Johnson, LA, Villaverde, T, Guilliams, CM, 2017. American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1600 - 1650, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308"title="American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research."url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308"volume="104"year="2017">Simpson et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Because of its weedy nature, it is often assumed to be introduced to North America (e.g., https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SOTR), but the amphitropical distribution pattern is found in other
<bibRefCitationid="43966CB1FC00E2795117E02D625F58A8"DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21"author="Knapp, S"journalOrPublisher="Taxon"pageId="113"pageNumber="114"pagination="988 - 989"refId="B138"refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Saerkinen, T, 2017. (2546-2547) Proposals to reject the name Solanum rubrum and to conserve the name S. alatum with a conserved type (Solanaceae). Taxon 66 (4): 988 - 989, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21"title="(2546 - 2547) Proposals to reject the name Solanum rubrum and to conserve the name S. alatum with a conserved type (Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21"volume="66"year="2017">Knapp et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="B4687BB6E4FDF89473DB54131A8D67C5"DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21"author="Knapp, S"journalOrPublisher="Taxon"pageId="113"pageNumber="114"pagination="988 - 989"refId="B138"refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Saerkinen, T, 2017. (2546-2547) Proposals to reject the name Solanum rubrum and to conserve the name S. alatum with a conserved type (Solanaceae). Taxon 66 (4): 988 - 989, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21"title="(2546 - 2547) Proposals to reject the name Solanum rubrum and to conserve the name S. alatum with a conserved type (Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21"volume="66"year="2017">Knapp et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="0EBAC8845315258A5BC0B7D4FEA66B0E"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308"author="Simpson, MG"journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany"pageId="117"pageNumber="118"pagination="1600 - 1650"refId="B214"refString="Simpson, MG, Johnson, LA, Villaverde, T, Guilliams, CM, 2017. American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1600 - 1650, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308"title="American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research."url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308"volume="104"year="2017">Simpson et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) AAD, and is similarly weedy; it has also been assumed to be introduced. Distribution of these disjunct groups is more likely to be the result of long distance dispersal than of vicariance (
<bibRefCitationid="4A563B770F5327F3C9B12FF820A43968"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700369"author="Guilliams, CM"journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany"pageId="112"pageNumber="113"pagination="1717 - 1728"refId="B101"refString="Guilliams, CM, Hasenstab-Lehmann, KE, Mabry, ME, Simpson, MG, 2017. Memoirs of a frequent flyer: Phylogenomics reveals 18 long-distance dispersals between North America and South America in the popcorn flowers (Amsinckiinae). American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1717 - 1728, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700369"title="Memoirs of a frequent flyer: Phylogenomics reveals 18 long-distance dispersals between North America and South America in the popcorn flowers (Amsinckiinae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700369"volume="104"year="2017">Guilliams et al 2017</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="687EB601D6BE321958AB1236006511A5"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700178"author="Schenk, JJ"journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany"pageId="117"pageNumber="118"pagination="1756 - 1764"refId="B206"refString="Schenk, JJ, Saunders, K, 2017. Inferring long-distance dispersal modes in American amphitropically disjunct species through adaptive dispersal structures. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1756 - 1764, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700178"title="Inferring long-distance dispersal modes in American amphitropically disjunct species through adaptive dispersal structures."url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700178"volume="104"year="2017">Schenk and Saunders 2017</bibRefCitation>
in temperate areas, but also at higher elevations in deserts and into the more boreal regions of North America places it in the temperate AAD category of
<bibRefCitationid="F116C6C7CD187288C930623834B7BB01"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308"author="Simpson, MG"journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany"pageId="117"pageNumber="118"pagination="1600 - 1650"refId="B214"refString="Simpson, MG, Johnson, LA, Villaverde, T, Guilliams, CM, 2017. American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1600 - 1650, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308"title="American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research."url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308"volume="104"year="2017">Simpson et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
predominate in this category. Amongst temperate AAD species the most common direction for distribution is from North to South America, but we suspect that like
<bibRefCitationid="AF977B85C3AEE1FFDA373A49AA784C40"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700292"author="Frost, LA"journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany"pageId="112"pageNumber="113"pagination="1708 - 1716"refId="B92"refString="Frost, LA, McAdams Tyson, S, Lu-Irving, P, O'Leary, N, Olmstead, RG, 2017. Origins of North American Verbenaceae: More than one way to skin a cat. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1708 - 1716, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700292"title="Origins of North American Verbenaceae: More than one way to skin a cat."url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700292"volume="104"year="2017">Frost et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="BA0FBCED28791C65918587E59A109D69"DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5"author="Saerkinen, T"journalOrPublisher="Revista Peruana de Biologia"pageId="116"pageNumber="117"refId="B203"refString="Saerkinen, T, Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, 2015b. True Black nightshades: Phylogeny and delimitation of the Morelloid clade of Solanum. Taxon 64(5): 945-958. https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5"title="True Black nightshades: Phylogeny and delimitation of the Morelloid clade of Solanum. Taxon 64 (5): 945 - 958."url="https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5"year="2015 b">
<bibRefCitationid="54FD8C8399B0FBDA66CB923A7AF25E6E"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"author="Saerkinen, T"journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys"pageId="116"pageNumber="117"pagination="1 - 223"refId="B204"refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"volume="106"year="2018">
