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<document id="3B92A2F46AE4A2CB298CA0F23E70B2F0" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4018.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f419affc-926c-4c76-b8ee-568f0891c0b0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="289462" ID-ZooBank="1D7114C5-225C-403E-9F08-F28B5E1E6571" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461251461996" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Brattström, Oskar, Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, Collins, Steve C. &amp; Brakefield, Paul M." docDate="2015" docId="F1278799FFCEFFF5CE96C090ADC1FECA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04018p079.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4018 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Bicyclus ignobilis Butler, stat. rev." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="0D1EFFE1FFC9FFFDCE01C047A938FF8A" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="79" masterPageNumber="57" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1698607548630" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="C3336A41B95106FD962083456E1E006D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="5FD04AB887277AFCC5EBF5354366086B">Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="F180F44906077D1EA1B11D0780B21985">Brattström, Oskar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8C16DA7F63CE0BEDB82CCCACDD49BBE8">Aduse-Poku, Kwaku</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="42BB2C78C168D074715084547B3B36CC" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2DF7B379F8766C0E1FEA2DFA25B4F6DD">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="620C1D604B1B04E1232EED7D561A25CE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="85934849BCD7727D2BFE2D18E3015C77">
<mods:roleTerm id="6943096453D302BAD4625F9C79C7D8C7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7133E44F159FE6F02F8BDD3396F6A07A">Brakefield, Paul M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="03DA01857CFBF14E8BDE8EB3806E724F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="466B52B3D4851A43BD48F2D05228F233">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="53B73CE2D7611C6FC6E4BE3D4DCC383F">
<mods:date id="8E388C818D77C7B439E9ABFC59A208E8">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="FFBF97F741473AF23D9FD13D1D955D47" type="volume">
<mods:number id="6CC0AF9968FAE864EB801639A515CE6C">4018</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3234633D99C135F1F814AE6F14E9D08C" type="issue">
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<mods:classification id="BEA55B2C2B7B01CF2FF0CA96A077C546">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="272EAD3E41D160433DF630BFB400F007" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4018.1.3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AC30FFAAFBAB3FACD5D39E68AF517511" type="GBIF-Dataset">f419affc-926c-4c76-b8ee-568f0891c0b0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F4544B61E435D2B2A7897B6038E2A6CE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F1278799FFCEFFF5CE96C090ADC1FECA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5657744" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127693106" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5657744" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F1278799FFCEFFF5CE96C090ADC1FECA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F1278799FFCEFFF5CE96C090ADC1FECA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<subSubSection id="31946504FFCEFFFACE96C090A8A6FE9A" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7931368FFFCEFFFACE96C090AB0DFF78" blockId="7.[151,565,215,272]" box="[151,565,215,242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<heading id="227981E3FFCEFFFACE96C090AB0DFF78" bold="true" box="[151,565,215,242]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACE96C090AB0DFF78" bold="true" box="[151,565,215,242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACE96C090A8FCFF78" ID-CoL="LRWL" authority="Butler" authorityName="Butler" box="[151,452,215,242]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis" status="stat. nov.">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACE96C090A855FF7B" bold="true" box="[151,365,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Bicyclus ignobilis</emphasis>
Butler
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="50C957E6FFCEFFFACFCAC09FAB0DFF78" box="[459,565,216,242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">stat. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7931368FFFCEFFFACE96C0BDA8A6FE9A" blockId="7.[151,565,215,272]" box="[151,414,250,272]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
(
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACE9FC0BDA838FE9A" box="[158,256,250,272]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1831,1853]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,198,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 6. Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler 1870). 2. Male, DRC (OB-VIE- 0046) 3. Dorsal forewing and ventral hindwing showing the main morphological differences in the western populations. The shown specimen (OB-IND – 0046) is from eastern Nigeria. A female from the western region is shown in Fig. 32. 4. Female, DRC (OB – VIE – 0047). 5. Male genitalia, Uganda (OB – ABRI – 0092). 6. Androconial structures (OB – ABRI – 0092). There is a comb of black hairs (encircled in white) covering an enlarged section of vein 1 b on the dorsal hindwing. The cell-brush is clearly visible in the image and there are no forewing androconial structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289464/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Figs. 2–6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACF0BC0BDA874FE9A" box="[266,332,250,272]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 29" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[166,1430,198,1820]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1826]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 29. Distribution maps for the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group. Records of different species from the same site have been slightly offset when presented in the same map so that all species symbols can be clearly seen. Multiple records close to each other have been collapsed to a single point. The complete distributional data is available in Supplementary Table 1. 27 – 28. B. ignobilis (Open Squares) and B. maesseni (Open Crosses). 27. West Africa up to the Cameroonian border. 28. Cameroonian border and eastwards. 29. Remaining species occurring between Nigeria and Eastern DRC: B. brakefieldi (Filled Circles). B. ottossoni (Filled Crosses). B. rileyi (Open Circles). B. vandeweghei (Filled Diamonds)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289470/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">27–28</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACF57C0BDA8AFFE9A" box="[342,407,250,272]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 36" captionStartId="19.[151,264,941,963]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,214,895]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 36. Identification of females from the ignobilis- group. The images are not shown to scale, arrows indicate the main characters of importance for identification. 30. B. rileyi is much larger than any other species and the light markings in the apical patch continue below the eyespot in space 2, and often reach the lower margin of the wing. 31. B. maesseni has the edge of the apical patch more broken up in the area closest to the apical eyespot. Also, vein 4 is heavily marked with darker scales, breaking up the patch along its entire length. 32. B. ignobilis (western part of range) almost always lack the ventral hindwing spot in space 3, the apical patch is also much more solid than in B. maesseni with vein 4 just making a dark indentation in the basal part of the light patch. 33. B. ignobilis (eastern part of range) has vein 4 more heavily darkened so that the apical patch is sometimes fully broken up in sections. This makes them appear similar to B. maesseni, but the latter species is not sympatric in the eastern part of the range of B. ignobilis. The ventral discal band gradually gets a more pronounced edge at the end of the cell on both wings in a clinal fashion towards the east of the species range. 34. In B. ottossoni the basal part of the apical patch lacks indentations of dark scales along vein 4. The outer borders of the patch are much better defined than in the other species. The distal margin of the forewing is also much less convex, giving the wing a more squared shape. 35. B. vandeweghei have much more prominent light shading around the hindwing eyespots. The apical patch is otherwise similar to B. ignobilis. 36. B. brakefieldi have a more yellowish colour in the apical patch, and the part of the patch being placed basally of the eyespot is a bit fainter than in other species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289471/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">32–33</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31946504FFCEFFFACE96C107AA87FE19" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7931368FFFCEFFFACE96C107ABF8FEDC" blockId="7.[151,969,320,403]" box="[151,704,320,342]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACE96C107A8E2FEDC" authority="Butler 1870" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,474,320,342]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACE96C107A863FEDC" box="[151,347,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Mycalesis ignobilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B7EFFCEFFFACF60C107A8E2FEDC" author="Butler" box="[353,474,320,342]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Butler, A. G. (1870) On Butterflies recently received by Mr. Swanzy from West Africa. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 123 - 124. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1870. tb 01867. x" type="book chapter" year="1870">Butler 1870</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACFE6C107AB63FEDC" box="[487,603,320,342]" name="Ghana" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Gold Coast</collectingCountry>
=
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACC77C107AB82FEDC" box="[630,698,320,342]" name="Ghana" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Ghana</collectingCountry>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7931368FFFCEFFFACE96C118AA87FE19" blockId="7.[151,969,320,403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACE96C118AB47FEFF" ID-CoL="5FXZ2" authority="Condamin &amp; Fox 1963" authorityName="Condamin &amp; Fox" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,639,351,373]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ignobilis" subSpecies="eurini">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACE96C118A8B6FEFF" box="[151,398,351,373]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Bicyclus ignobilis eurini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B7EFFCEFFFACF95C118AB47FEFF" author="Condamin" box="[404,639,351,373]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Condamin, M. &amp; Fox, R. M. (1963) A new subspecies of Bicyclus ignobilis [Lepidoptera Satyridae]. Bulletin de l'I. F. A. N, Series A, 25 (4), 1166 - 1167." type="journal article" year="1963">Condamin &amp; Fox 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Lolodorf,
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACCF5C118AA67FEFF" box="[756,863,351,373]" name="Cameroon" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
)
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACD6DC118AAF1FEFF" bold="true" box="[876,969,351,373]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">syn. nov.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACE96C13AAB71FE19" ID-CoL="5FXYZ" authority="Condamin 1965" authorityName="Condamin" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,585,381,403]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ignobilis" subSpecies="acutus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACE96C13AA8ACFE19" box="[151,404,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Bicyclus ignobilis acutus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B7EFFCEFFFACF9BC13AAB71FE19" author="Condamin" box="[410,585,381,403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Condamin, M. (1965 b) Mises au point de synonymie et descriptions de nouveaux Bicyclus [Lepidoptera Satyridae]. Bulletin de l'I. F. A. N, Series A, 27 (4), 1439 - 1448. [in French]" type="journal article" year="1965" yearSuffix="b">Condamin 1965b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Bwamba Forest,
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACD05C13AAA6DFE19" box="[772,853,381,403]" name="Uganda" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Uganda</collectingCountry>
)
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACD63C13AAA87FE19" bold="true" box="[866,959,381,403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31946504FFCEFFFACE96C1FEAA9FFDE8" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7931368FFFCEFFFACE96C1FEADECFDB4" blockId="7.[151,1437,441,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACE96C1FEAB06FE58" bold="true" box="[151,574,441,466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
Material examined.
<typeStatus id="A635882DFFCEFFFACF8DC1FEA8FFFE58" box="[396,455,441,466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Type</typeStatus>
material:
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="A635882DFFCEFFFACC46C1FEAB97FE58" box="[583,687,441,466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACCC2C1FEAA1DFE5B" box="[707,805,441,465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACCC2C1FEAA1DFE5B" box="[707,805,441,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">ignobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) ♀:
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACD5CC1FEAD63FE58" bold="true" box="[861,1115,441,466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACD5CC1FEAADEFE58" box="[861,998,441,466]" name="Ghana" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Gold Coast</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACDF9C1FEAD75FE58" box="[1016,1101,441,466]" name="Ghana" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Ghana</collectingCountry>
),
</emphasis>
No further data,
<collectionCode id="1F9FAE4AFFCEFFFACB25C1FDAC43FE58" box="[1316,1403,442,466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">BMNH</collectionCode>
(E) #1054538 (
<collectionCode id="1F9FAE4AFFCEFFFACF17C199A848FE7C" box="[278,368,478,502]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">BMNH</collectionCode>
).
<typeStatus id="A635882DFFCEFFFACF85C19AA8D4FE7C" box="[388,492,477,502]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACFFCC199AB7EFE7F" box="[509,582,478,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">acutus</emphasis>
) ♂:
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACC7DC19AABD8FE7C" bold="true" box="[636,736,477,502]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACC7DC19AABE3FE7C" box="[636,731,477,502]" name="Uganda" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Uganda</collectingCountry>
,
</emphasis>
Buamba Forest (
<geoCoordinate id="1CBA5048FFCEFFFACDA2C199AAC1FE7C" box="[931,1017,478,502]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="0.81666666">0°49’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="1CBA5048FFCEFFFACA07C199AD5FFE7C" box="[1030,1127,478,502]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="30.066668">30°04’E</geoCoordinate>
), Sem[u]liki Valley,
<quantity id="BE769B6AFFCEFFFACB4EC199A9CCFD90" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.772399999999999" metricValueMax="8.5344" metricValueMin="7.0104" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" unit="ft" value="2.55" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="2.3">2,300– 2,800 ft</quantity>
.,
<date id="0D30104FFFCEFFFACF07C246A8B6FD90" box="[262,398,513,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" value="1911-11-03" valueMax="1911-11-07" valueMin="1911-11-03">3–7.xi.1911</date>
, S.A. Neave leg., No. Rh. 18232 (
<collectionCode id="1F9FAE4AFFCEFFFACD16C245AA49FD90" box="[791,881,514,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">BMNH</collectionCode>
). Allotype (
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACDF8C245AD7AFD93" box="[1017,1090,514,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">acutus</emphasis>
) ♀:
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACA7BC246ADE6FD90" bold="true" box="[1146,1246,513,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACA7BC246ADE1FD90" box="[1146,1241,513,538]" name="Uganda" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Uganda</collectingCountry>
,
</emphasis>
Budongo Forest (
<geoCoordinate id="1CBA5048FFCEFFFACEA1C262A9CDFDB4" box="[160,245,549,574]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="1.75">1°45’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="1CBA5048FFCEFFFACF00C262A859FDB4" box="[257,353,549,574]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="31.416666">31°25’E</geoCoordinate>
), Unyoro,
<quantity id="BE769B6AFFCEFFFACFD8C261AB0DFDB4" box="[473,565,549,574]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03632" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" unit="ft" value="3.4">3,400 ft</quantity>
.,
<date id="0D30104FFFCEFFFACC44C262ABD7FDB4" box="[581,751,549,574]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" value="1911-12-11" valueMax="1911-12-15" valueMin="1911-12-11">11–15.xii.1911</date>
, S.A. Neave leg., No. Rh. 18233 (
<collectionCode id="1F9FAE4AFFCEFFFACA6CC261ADFFFDB4" box="[1133,1223,550,574]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">BMNH</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7931368FFFCEFFFACEC6C20EAA9FFDE8" blockId="7.[151,1437,441,2003]" box="[199,935,585,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACEC6C20EA890FDE8" bold="true" box="[199,424,585,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Non-type material.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="6F88FD06FFCEFFFACFAEC20EA8CDFDEB" box="[431,501,585,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="generic">276 ♂</specimenCount>
&amp; 453 ♀. See Supplementary
<tableCitation id="340C0334FFCEFFFACD4CC20EAA99FDE8" box="[845,929,585,610]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,797,820]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of abbreviations for museum collections visited throughout the course of this study (or known to have material that was indirectly studied through photographs in publications). The second section is listing collections for which only limited material was available for the ignobilis - group and those collections were not studied further for this current revision." pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31946504FFCEFFFACEC6C22AAAA5F93C" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="7931368FFFCEFFFACEC6C22AAAF5FAB8" blockId="7.[151,1437,441,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACEC6C22AA879FD0C" bold="true" box="[199,321,621,646]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Both sexes of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACFEFC229AB49FD0F" box="[494,625,621,645]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACFEFC229AB49FD0F" box="[494,625,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">B. ignobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually lack an eyespot in space 3 on the ventral hindwing (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACB2BC22AACA0FD0C" box="[1322,1432,621,646]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1831,1853]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,198,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 6. Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler 1870). 2. Male, DRC (OB-VIE- 0046) 3. Dorsal forewing and ventral hindwing showing the main morphological differences in the western populations. The shown specimen (OB-IND – 0046) is from eastern Nigeria. A female from the western region is shown in Fig. 32. 4. Female, DRC (OB – VIE – 0047). 5. Male genitalia, Uganda (OB – ABRI – 0092). 6. Androconial structures (OB – ABRI – 0092). There is a comb of black hairs (encircled in white) covering an enlarged section of vein 1 b on the dorsal hindwing. The cell-brush is clearly visible in the image and there are no forewing androconial structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289464/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACE96C2D5A9D8FD20" box="[151,224,658,682]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 36" captionStartId="19.[151,264,941,963]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,214,895]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 36. Identification of females from the ignobilis- group. The images are not shown to scale, arrows indicate the main characters of importance for identification. 30. B. rileyi is much larger than any other species and the light markings in the apical patch continue below the eyespot in space 2, and often reach the lower margin of the wing. 31. B. maesseni has the edge of the apical patch more broken up in the area closest to the apical eyespot. Also, vein 4 is heavily marked with darker scales, breaking up the patch along its entire length. 32. B. ignobilis (western part of range) almost always lack the ventral hindwing spot in space 3, the apical patch is also much more solid than in B. maesseni with vein 4 just making a dark indentation in the basal part of the light patch. 33. B. ignobilis (eastern part of range) has vein 4 more heavily darkened so that the apical patch is sometimes fully broken up in sections. This makes them appear similar to B. maesseni, but the latter species is not sympatric in the eastern part of the range of B. ignobilis. The ventral discal band gradually gets a more pronounced edge at the end of the cell on both wings in a clinal fashion towards the east of the species range. 34. In B. ottossoni the basal part of the apical patch lacks indentations of dark scales along vein 4. The outer borders of the patch are much better defined than in the other species. The distal margin of the forewing is also much less convex, giving the wing a more squared shape. 35. B. vandeweghei have much more prominent light shading around the hindwing eyespots. The apical patch is otherwise similar to B. ignobilis. 36. B. brakefieldi have a more yellowish colour in the apical patch, and the part of the patch being placed basally of the eyespot is a bit fainter than in other species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289471/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">32–33</figureCitation>
), while all other species in the
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACC46C2D5AB8AFD20" box="[583,690,658,682]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">ignobilis-</emphasis>
group generally have this spot fully developed. However, there is variation in this trait and occasional specimens of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACCCBC2F1AA74FD47" box="[714,844,693,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACCCBC2F1AA74FD47" box="[714,844,693,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">B. ignobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have a fully developed eyespot. Nevertheless it is a useful initial diagnostic tool before looking at more subtle characters, but not something to alone rely on for identification. The male can be identified by the presence of an extended comb of short shiny black hairs extending from space 1c, in a direction towards the tornal point of the wing and partly covering a prominently enlarged section of vein 1b. The vein is enlarged for about one half to two-thirds of its total length starting from near the base of the wing, and the enlarged section is covered with modified beige scales clearly standing out from the darker colour of the wing (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACFC3C3CAAB3EFC2C" box="[450,518,909,934]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1831,1853]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,198,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 6. Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler 1870). 2. Male, DRC (OB-VIE- 0046) 3. Dorsal forewing and ventral hindwing showing the main morphological differences in the western populations. The shown specimen (OB-IND – 0046) is from eastern Nigeria. A female from the western region is shown in Fig. 32. 4. Female, DRC (OB – VIE – 0047). 5. Male genitalia, Uganda (OB – ABRI – 0092). 6. Androconial structures (OB – ABRI – 0092). There is a comb of black hairs (encircled in white) covering an enlarged section of vein 1 b on the dorsal hindwing. The cell-brush is clearly visible in the image and there are no forewing androconial structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289464/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). There are no traces of androconial structures on the dorsal forewing. The female is harder to identify in cases where the eyespot in space 3 on the ventral hindwing is not missing, but in general the shape of the forewing apical band should be sufficient. Specimens from the eastern part of the range (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACB06C392AC60FC64" box="[1287,1368,981,1006]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 36" captionStartId="19.[151,264,941,963]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,214,895]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 36. Identification of females from the ignobilis- group. The images are not shown to scale, arrows indicate the main characters of importance for identification. 30. B. rileyi is much larger than any other species and the light markings in the apical patch continue below the eyespot in space 2, and often reach the lower margin of the wing. 31. B. maesseni has the edge of the apical patch more broken up in the area closest to the apical eyespot. Also, vein 4 is heavily marked with darker scales, breaking up the patch along its entire length. 32. B. ignobilis (western part of range) almost always lack the ventral hindwing spot in space 3, the apical patch is also much more solid than in B. maesseni with vein 4 just making a dark indentation in the basal part of the light patch. 33. B. ignobilis (eastern part of range) has vein 4 more heavily darkened so that the apical patch is sometimes fully broken up in sections. This makes them appear similar to B. maesseni, but the latter species is not sympatric in the eastern part of the range of B. ignobilis. The ventral discal band gradually gets a more pronounced edge at the end of the cell on both wings in a clinal fashion towards the east of the species range. 34. In B. ottossoni the basal part of the apical patch lacks indentations of dark scales along vein 4. The outer borders of the patch are much better defined than in the other species. The distal margin of the forewing is also much less convex, giving the wing a more squared shape. 35. B. vandeweghei have much more prominent light shading around the hindwing eyespots. The apical patch is otherwise similar to B. ignobilis. 36. B. brakefieldi have a more yellowish colour in the apical patch, and the part of the patch being placed basally of the eyespot is a bit fainter than in other species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289471/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
) have vein 4 more heavily marked in dark, almost breaking up the apical patch in a similar way as in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACAD6C3BDAC65FB9B" box="[1239,1373,1018,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maesseni">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACAD6C3BDAC65FB9B" box="[1239,1373,1018,1041]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">B. maesseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACB6FC3BEA98CFBBC" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 36" captionStartId="19.[151,264,941,963]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,214,895]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 36. Identification of females from the ignobilis- group. The images are not shown to scale, arrows indicate the main characters of importance for identification. 30. B. rileyi is much larger than any other species and the light markings in the apical patch continue below the eyespot in space 2, and often reach the lower margin of the wing. 31. B. maesseni has the edge of the apical patch more broken up in the area closest to the apical eyespot. Also, vein 4 is heavily marked with darker scales, breaking up the patch along its entire length. 32. B. ignobilis (western part of range) almost always lack the ventral hindwing spot in space 3, the apical patch is also much more solid than in B. maesseni with vein 4 just making a dark indentation in the basal part of the light patch. 33. B. ignobilis (eastern part of range) has vein 4 more heavily darkened so that the apical patch is sometimes fully broken up in sections. This makes them appear similar to B. maesseni, but the latter species is not sympatric in the eastern part of the range of B. ignobilis. The ventral discal band gradually gets a more pronounced edge at the end of the cell on both wings in a clinal fashion towards the east of the species range. 34. In B. ottossoni the basal part of the apical patch lacks indentations of dark scales along vein 4. The outer borders of the patch are much better defined than in the other species. The distal margin of the forewing is also much less convex, giving the wing a more squared shape. 35. B. vandeweghei have much more prominent light shading around the hindwing eyespots. The apical patch is otherwise similar to B. ignobilis. 36. B. brakefieldi have a more yellowish colour in the apical patch, and the part of the patch being placed basally of the eyespot is a bit fainter than in other species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289471/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
) (see section on female identification below). However, the species are only co-occurring in West Africa, where
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACE96C405A821FBD0" box="[151,281,1090,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACE96C405A821FBD0" box="[151,281,1090,1114]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">B. ignobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
generally have a more solid apical patch (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACCFDC406AA6AFBD0" box="[764,850,1089,1114]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 36" captionStartId="19.[151,264,941,963]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,214,895]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 36. Identification of females from the ignobilis- group. The images are not shown to scale, arrows indicate the main characters of importance for identification. 30. B. rileyi is much larger than any other species and the light markings in the apical patch continue below the eyespot in space 2, and often reach the lower margin of the wing. 31. B. maesseni has the edge of the apical patch more broken up in the area closest to the apical eyespot. Also, vein 4 is heavily marked with darker scales, breaking up the patch along its entire length. 32. B. ignobilis (western part of range) almost always lack the ventral hindwing spot in space 3, the apical patch is also much more solid than in B. maesseni with vein 4 just making a dark indentation in the basal part of the light patch. 33. B. ignobilis (eastern part of range) has vein 4 more heavily darkened so that the apical patch is sometimes fully broken up in sections. This makes them appear similar to B. maesseni, but the latter species is not sympatric in the eastern part of the range of B. ignobilis. The ventral discal band gradually gets a more pronounced edge at the end of the cell on both wings in a clinal fashion towards the east of the species range. 34. In B. ottossoni the basal part of the apical patch lacks indentations of dark scales along vein 4. The outer borders of the patch are much better defined than in the other species. The distal margin of the forewing is also much less convex, giving the wing a more squared shape. 35. B. vandeweghei have much more prominent light shading around the hindwing eyespots. The apical patch is otherwise similar to B. ignobilis. 36. B. brakefieldi have a more yellowish colour in the apical patch, and the part of the patch being placed basally of the eyespot is a bit fainter than in other species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289471/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
). It is therefore a quite reliable identification cue in the areas where the two species occur sympatrically. Across its entire range there is a clinal change in the wing pattern in both sexes of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACFA6C4CDAB11FB28" box="[423,553,1162,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACFA6C4CDAB11FB28" box="[423,553,1162,1186]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">B. ignobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The main difference is a gradual change in the shape of the ventral hindwing discal band that gets a sharper angle at the distal end of the cell of both wings in an eastwards direction. Another less marked difference is a generally cleaner white and better-developed apical band in males from further east, western males tend to have faintly marked yellow white patch (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACD57C4B2AAA1FA84" box="[854,921,1269,1294]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1831,1853]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,198,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 6. Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler 1870). 2. Male, DRC (OB-VIE- 0046) 3. Dorsal forewing and ventral hindwing showing the main morphological differences in the western populations. The shown specimen (OB-IND – 0046) is from eastern Nigeria. A female from the western region is shown in Fig. 32. 4. Female, DRC (OB – VIE – 0047). 5. Male genitalia, Uganda (OB – ABRI – 0092). 6. Androconial structures (OB – ABRI – 0092). There is a comb of black hairs (encircled in white) covering an enlarged section of vein 1 b on the dorsal hindwing. The cell-brush is clearly visible in the image and there are no forewing androconial structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289464/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). In addition, as stated above, the female band is often a little more broken up by vein
<quantity id="BE769B6AFFCEFFFACC50C55DAB44FAB8" box="[593,636,1305,1330]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
the eastern parts of the range.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7931368FFFCEFFFACEC6C57AAAA5F93C" blockId="7.[151,1437,441,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACEC6C57AAB02FADC" bold="true" box="[199,570,1341,1366]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Supression of subspecific taxa.</emphasis>
The rather strong geographic variation in the species was the basis for the descriptions of two additional subspecies. Specimens from between
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACD9AC527AAD4FAF3" box="[923,1004,1376,1401]" name="Liberia" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Liberia</collectingCountry>
and western
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACA82C527ADEFFAF3" box="[1155,1239,1376,1401]" name="Nigeria" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
were assigned to the nominate subspecies (
<typeStatus id="A635882DFFCEFFFACFBCC5C3A8CFFA16" box="[445,503,1412,1436]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACC67C5C3AB8CFA17" box="[614,692,1412,1437]" name="Ghana" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Ghana</collectingCountry>
), while the name
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACD83C5C2AC5EFA17" authority="Condamin &amp; Fox 1963" authorityName="Condamin &amp; Fox" authorityYear="1963" box="[898,1382,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ignobilis" subSpecies="eurini">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACD83C5C2AD6BFA16" box="[898,1107,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">B. ignobilis eurini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B7EFFCEFFFACA5DC5C3AC5EFA17" author="Condamin" box="[1116,1382,1412,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Condamin, M. &amp; Fox, R. M. (1963) A new subspecies of Bicyclus ignobilis [Lepidoptera Satyridae]. Bulletin de l'I. F. A. N, Series A, 25 (4), 1166 - 1167." type="journal article" year="1963">Condamin &amp; Fox 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was assigned to specimens between eastern
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACC5EC5E0AB8BFA4A" box="[607,691,1447,1472]" name="Nigeria" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACCEFC5E0AA10FA35" box="[750,808,1447,1471]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">DRC</collectingCountry>
(
<typeStatus id="A635882DFFCEFFFACD38C5E0AA4BFA35" box="[825,883,1447,1471]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Lolodorf,
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACA54C5E0ADF7FA35" box="[1109,1231,1447,1471]" name="Cameroon" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
). The populations found in the extreme east of the range, mainly
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACCACC58DAA3CFA69" box="[685,772,1482,1507]" name="Uganda" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Uganda</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACD3CC58DAA9DFA69" box="[829,933,1482,1507]" name="Tanzania" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, were assigned the name
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACAC9C58CA862F98C" authority="Condamin 1965" authorityName="Condamin" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ignobilis" subSpecies="acutus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACAC9C58CACA4FA68" box="[1224,1436,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">B. ignobilis acutus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B7EFFCEFFFACE96C5AAA862F98C" author="Condamin" box="[151,346,1517,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Condamin, M. (1965 b) Mises au point de synonymie et descriptions de nouveaux Bicyclus [Lepidoptera Satyridae]. Bulletin de l'I. F. A. N, Series A, 27 (4), 1439 - 1448. [in French]" type="journal article" year="1965" yearSuffix="b">Condamin 1965b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="A635882DFFCEFFFACF6AC5A9A89DF98C" box="[363,421,1518,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Bwamba Forest,
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACCD7C5AAAA0AF98C" box="[726,818,1517,1542]" name="Uganda" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Uganda</collectingCountry>
). However,
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B7EFFCEFFFACDBDC5AAADBCF98C" author="Condamin" box="[956,1156,1517,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Condamin, M. (1973) Monographie du genre Bicyclus (Lepidoptera Satyridae). Ifan-Dakar, Dakar, 324 pp. [in French]" type="book" year="1973">Condamin (1973)</bibRefCitation>
later suggested that this difference might indeed be clinal, and it is likely that he saw more material of an intermediate morphology in the time between describing the subspecies in the first place up until writing his 1973 monograph. After investigating over
<specimenCount id="6F88FD06FFCEFFFACED0C610A840F9FA" box="[209,376,1623,1648]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="generic">700 specimens</specimenCount>
from across the entire range of the species, without finding any area where a sharp transition between the previously described subspecies takes place, we hereby suppress
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACDFFC63CAD78F918" box="[1022,1088,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">eurini</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACA76C63CADF8F918" box="[1143,1216,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">acutus</emphasis>
as valid names and consider
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACEFDC6D9A846F93F" box="[252,382,1693,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACEFDC6D9A846F93F" box="[252,382,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">B. ignobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a single taxon with a marked clinal variation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31946504FFCEFFFACEC6C687ABFBF895" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7931368FFFCEFFFACEC6C687ABFBF895" blockId="7.[151,1437,441,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACEC6C687A861F953" bold="true" box="[199,345,1728,1753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Distribution</emphasis>
. The species is distributed between
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACCEFC687AA46F952" box="[750,894,1728,1753]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
and Central
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACA0FC687AD50F953" box="[1038,1128,1728,1753]" name="Uganda" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Uganda</collectingCountry>
, reaching the Lake Victoria forests in Eastern
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACF6AC6A3A8EBF977" box="[363,467,1764,1789]" name="Tanzania" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
. It extends further south than any other species in the
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACA54C6A3AD8FF976" box="[1109,1207,1764,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACA54C6A3AD8FF976" box="[1109,1207,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">ignobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group with a small number of records in southern
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACFEEC740AB10F895" box="[495,552,1799,1823]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">DRC</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="E1B52A0AFFCEFFFACC39C740AB8FF895" box="[568,695,1799,1824]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 29" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[166,1430,198,1820]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1826]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 29. Distribution maps for the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group. Records of different species from the same site have been slightly offset when presented in the same map so that all species symbols can be clearly seen. Multiple records close to each other have been collapsed to a single point. The complete distributional data is available in Supplementary Table 1. 27 – 28. B. ignobilis (Open Squares) and B. maesseni (Open Crosses). 27. West Africa up to the Cameroonian border. 28. Cameroonian border and eastwards. 29. Remaining species occurring between Nigeria and Eastern DRC: B. brakefieldi (Filled Circles). B. ottossoni (Filled Crosses). B. rileyi (Open Circles). B. vandeweghei (Filled Diamonds)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289470/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Fig. 27–28</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31946504FFCEFFF5CEC6C76DADC1FECA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7931368FFFCEFFF5CEC6C76DADC1FECA" blockId="7.[151,1437,441,2003]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACEC6C76DA877F8C9" bold="true" box="[199,335,1834,1859]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Comments.</emphasis>
The original description of the species (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B7EFFCEFFFACD29C76DAA8BF8C9" author="Butler" box="[808,947,1834,1859]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Butler, A. G. (1870) On Butterflies recently received by Mr. Swanzy from West Africa. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 123 - 124. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1870. tb 01867. x" type="book chapter" year="1870">Butler 1870</bibRefCitation>
) does not mention anything regarding the male morphology, and it is likely that the single female individual in BMNH currently recognised as a
<typeStatus id="A635882DFFCEFFFACB6DC708ACA4F8ED" box="[1388,1436,1871,1895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
(Voucher ID: BMNH(E)1054533) was the only specimen available to Butler. Aurivillius appears to have made the first published description of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFCEFFFACFE8C7D0AB54F824" box="[489,620,1942,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFCEFFFACFE8C7D0AB54F824" box="[489,620,1942,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">B. ignobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males. In his report (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B7EFFCEFFFACD64C7D1AD1AF825" author="Aurivillius" box="[869,1058,1942,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Aurivillius, P. O. C. (1893) Beitrage zur kenntniss der Insektenfauna von Kamerun. 2. Tagfalter. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 14, 257 - 290. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1893">Aurivillius 1893</bibRefCitation>
) on material collected by Yngve Sjöstedt in
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFCEFFFACF17C7FCA8B3F859" box="[278,395,1979,2003]" name="Cameroon" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
between
<date id="0D30104FFFCEFFFACFF9C7FCAB9AF859" box="[504,674,1978,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" value="1890" valueMax="1891">1890 and 1891</date>
, he clearly notes the black haircomb on the hindwing. Sjöstedt was reported to have collected two pairs of the species, and four matching specimens bearing labels with his name are still in the collections of NHRS. The
<typeStatus id="A635882DFFC1FFF5CC46C0FAABBAFF5F" box="[583,642,189,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">types</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D0CFFC1FFF5CCADC0FBAAFAFF5E" box="[684,962,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ignobilis" subSpecies="eurini">
<emphasis id="4BFAEA9DFFC1FFF5CCADC0FBAAFAFF5E" box="[684,962,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Bicyclus ignobilis eurini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were not studied (they are located in the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh,
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFC1FFF5CC12C0A7AB68FF72" box="[531,592,224,248]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">USA</collectingCountry>
). However, the original publication (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B7EFFC1FFF5CDF7C098AC3BFF72" author="Condamin" box="[1014,1283,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Condamin, M. &amp; Fox, R. M. (1963) A new subspecies of Bicyclus ignobilis [Lepidoptera Satyridae]. Bulletin de l'I. F. A. N, Series A, 25 (4), 1166 - 1167." type="journal article" year="1963">Condamin &amp; Fox 1963</bibRefCitation>
) has detailed photos of the
<typeStatus id="A635882DFFC1FFF5CF35C143A8AEFE97" box="[308,406,260,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and allotype, and describes the main morphological characters in extensive detail. We did investigate several specimens from the same general location in
<collectingCountry id="0199761FFFC1FFF5CD69C16FAAE5FECA" box="[872,989,296,320]" name="Cameroon" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
(Supplementary table 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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