<documentID-CLB-Dataset="26613"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738"ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fc0de51-2536-45b8-8be2-d8b860355539"ID-PMC="PMC6554266"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-123-1"ID-Pensoft-UUID="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB"ID-PubMed="31198402"ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240750"ModsDocAuthor=""ModsDocDate="2019"ModsDocID="1314-2003-123-1"ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 123"ModsDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean"checkinTime="1559283366142"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Barboza, Gloria E., Bohs, Lynn & Saerkinen, Tiina"docDate="2019"docId="EB67601B0DE2A923DD752B0EE685FEBD"docLanguage="en"docName="PhytoKeys 123: 1-144"docOrigin="PhytoKeys 123"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738"docTitle="Solanum sarrachoides Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10: 18, tab. 1, fig. 1 – 8. 1846"docType="treatment"docVersion="10"id="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB"lastPageNumber="92"masterDocId="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB"masterDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean"masterLastPageNumber="144"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="90"updateTime="1732687555302"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="00AFAC554ADBD4454B17F920216E5D2D">A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean</mods:title>
<figureCitationid="B10820D1D0AF5E59E45429D1FCA5AA90"captionStart="Figure 45"captionStartId="F45"captionText="Figure 45. Solanum sarrachoides Sendtn. A Habit B detail of adaxial leaf surface C detail of abaxial leaf surface D bud E flower F fruiting habit G maturing fruit (A-E Macoun s. n.; F, G Ahles 55038). Drawing by R. Wise (previously published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure45"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305344"pageId="89"pageNumber="90">Figures 45</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="D99004439EBE72D956C0348A4B3C4B05"captionStart="Figure 46"captionStartId="F46"captionText="Figure 46. Solanum sarrachoides Sendtn. A Habit B inflorescence C flowers at full anthesis D developing fruits (unvouchered photos). Photos by D. G. Smith, S. Martin de la Vega, and B. W. Wells Association (previously published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure46"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305345"pageId="89"pageNumber="90">, 46</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="9E4C3997857DA8317D158C68FD1842AB"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01425.x"author="Edmonds, JM"journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society"pageId="111"pageNumber="112"pagination="1 - 38"refId="B83"refString="Edmonds, JM, 1986. Biosystematics of Solanum sarrachoides Sendtn. and S. physalifolium Rusby (S. nitidibaccatum Bitter). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92 (1): 1 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01425.x"title="Biosystematics of Solanum sarrachoides Sendtn. and S. physalifolium Rusby (S. nitidibaccatum Bitter)."url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01425.x"volume="92"year="1986">Edmonds 1986</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="6EFE12C319C775C7340ECF63538A4C6E"authority="Sendtn."class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Solanum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"infraspecific-rank="var."kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Solanum sarrachoides var. sarachidium"order="Solanales"pageId="89"pageNumber="90"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="variety"species="sarrachoides"variety="sarachidium">Solanum sarrachoides Sendtn. var. sarachidium</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitationid="33D3F530456756A4B8C90FB1FB83FD9C"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01425.x"author="Edmonds, JM"journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society"pageId="111"pageNumber="112"pagination="1 - 38"refId="B83"refString="Edmonds, JM, 1986. Biosystematics of Solanum sarrachoides Sendtn. and S. physalifolium Rusby (S. nitidibaccatum Bitter). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92 (1): 1 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01425.x"title="Biosystematics of Solanum sarrachoides Sendtn. and S. physalifolium Rusby (S. nitidibaccatum Bitter)."url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01425.x"volume="92"year="1986">Edmonds 1986</bibRefCitation>
Annual herbs to 70 cm tall, usually smaller (but very rarely to 1 m), spreading and decumbent with age. Stems terete, green, generally erect, branching and later spreading, not markedly hollow; new growth densely viscid-pubescent with simple, uniseriate, spreading trichomes with a glandular apical cell, the trichomes of two lengths, 1-4-celled trichomes to 0.5 mm long and 5-14-celled trichomes to 2.0 mm long; older stems glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, 3.0-7.5 cm long, 3.0-6.0 cm wide, broadly ovate; adaxial and abaxial surfaces sparsely to densely pubescent with spreading, simple, uniseriate glandular trichomes like those of the stem, evenly distributed on lamina and veins; major veins 3-4 pairs; base truncate to cordate, sometimes asymmetric; margins entire or regularly sinuate-dentate; apex acute; petioles 0.5-3.2 cm long, sparsely pubescent with trichomes like those of the stem and leaves. Inflorescences 0.7-1.7 cm long, lateral, usually leaf-opposed but occasionally internodal (always very near the node), unbranched, with 2
7) flowers clustered at the tip (sub-umbelliform), sparsely pubescent with spreading trichomes like those of the stems; peduncle 0.7-1.0 cm long; pedicels 5-7 mm long, 0.1-0.2 mm in diameter at the base, 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter at the apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base;
scars spaced ca. 0(-1) mm apart. Buds globose, the corolla only slightly exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis, almost completely included within the calyx lobes and only the tip of the corolla showing. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 0.5-1.0 mm long, the lobes 1.5-2.0 mm long, 1.3-1.5 mm wide, lanceolate to narrowly ovate with acute apices, sparsely pubescent with 1-4-celled spreading glandular trichomes like those on the pedicels but shorter. Corolla 5-8 mm in diameter, white with a yellow-green central eye, pentagonal-stellate, lobed 1/2-1/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 3.0-4.5 mm long, 5.0-7.0 mm wide, spreading at anthesis, sparsely papillate-pubescent abaxially with glandular 1-4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes and eglandular papillae, these denser along margins, tips and midvein. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 1.0-1.5 mm long, adaxially sparsely pubescent with tangled uniseriate 4-6-celled simple trichomes; anthers 1.2-2.0 mm long, 0.4-0.8 mm wide, ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 3.0-3.5 mm long, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes in the lower 1/2-2/3 where included in the anther cone, not usually exserted beyond the anther cone; stigma capitate, minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 6-9 mm in diameter, green-brownish grey at maturity, opaque, the surface of the pericarp usually matte; fruiting pedicels 5-9 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm in diameter at the base, spaced 0-1 mm apart, reflexed, dropping with mature fruits, not persistent; fruiting calyx accrescent, becoming papery in mature fruit, the tube 3-4 mm long, the lobes 5.5-8.0 mm long and 3.5-4.0 mm wide, the tips slightly reflexed or spreading. Seeds (23-)59-69(-93) per berry, 1.3-1.7 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, pale yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells 4-6 per berry, (0.5) 0.8-1 mm in diameter. Chromosome number: 2
<bibRefCitationid="3408ECE017294CA2DC8B1A3C1ACA71B8"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"author="Saerkinen, T"journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys"pageId="116"pageNumber="117"pagination="1 - 223"refId="B204"refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"volume="106"year="2018">
<figureCitationid="CDFDFA708F1D04224BA94421E98441F0"captionStart="Figure 47"captionStartId="F47"captionText="Figure 47. Distribution of Solanum sarrachoides Sendtn."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure47"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305346"pageId="90"pageNumber="91">47</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="3BBEEFBD0679D5595720B17F29DA4657"author="IUCN"journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science"pageId="113"pageNumber="114"publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf"refId="B115"refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf"title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee."url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf"year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
<tableCitationid="F4022DEBDC3711DF1C04CFFC928B1CD8"captionStart="Table 6"captionStartId="T6"captionText="Table 6. Preliminary conservation assessments for morelloid species from the Caribbean and North and Central America. For details see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The EOO and conservation status of species known to be solely cultivated, introduced or adventive in the region has been assessed in Saerkinen et al. (2018)."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573"pageId="90"pageNumber="91"tableUuid="C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573">6</tableCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="17AA60CA008D5CFFF2940B932DA73C71"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1979.tb06275.x"author="Schilling, Jr EE"journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany"pageId="117"pageNumber="118"pagination="709 - 716"refId="B208"refString="Schilling, Jr EE, Heiser, Jr CB, 1979. Crossing relationships among diploid species of the Solanum nigrum complex in North America. American Journal of Botany 66 (6): 709 - 716, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1979.tb06275.x"title="Crossing relationships among diploid species of the Solanum nigrum complex in North America."url="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1979.tb06275.x"volume="66"year="1979">Schilling and Heiser 1979</bibRefCitation>
in the North American literature should therefore be dealt with care due to common misidentification of voucher material. The two taxa can be distinguished based using the following suite of characters:
inflorescences that are umbellate to sub-umbellate with fewer flowers (2-5), shorter calyx lobes 1.0-1.4 mm long, and a corolla with yellow-green central eye.
has cuneate leaf bases, usually internodal mature inflorescences that are racemose with more flowers (4-8), longer calyx lobes 1.8-2.5 mm long, and corolla with black-purple edged central eye. The accrescent calyx almost completely encloses the matte-surfaced mature berry in
(1-2, or absent). Though morphologically very similar, preliminary data from both nuclear and plastid DNA sequences suggests the two species are not closely related (T.
<bibRefCitationid="3C592BA48EB0EA49E16EFCE0052A7BD6"author="Barboza, GE"journalOrPublisher="D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist, Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis"pageId="107"pageNumber="108"refId="B12"refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires & Cordoba, Argentina, 231-264."title="Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires & Cordoba, Argentina, 231 - 264."year="2013">Barboza et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="316E3D5A4A500FD8C02B542846DFE52C"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"author="Saerkinen, T"journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys"pageId="116"pageNumber="117"pagination="1 - 223"refId="B204"refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991"volume="106"year="2018">
