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<document id="1DDEC01286EC67E3AA4749D02E3E422C" ID-CLB-Dataset="9274" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6e0d4b0b-a1d0-4c5a-ae69-da28134ea3c5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4322550" ID-ZooBank="EC60137E-26B4-40B6-AD25-6CCB51941F38" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1608026485656" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Berghe, Eric Den" docDate="2020" docId="03CCC938660DFF8FFF16442B4E6CFE06" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4895.2.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4895 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Prometheus zagraea subsp. salvina" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="280" masterDocId="FFF5B140660AFF87FF81413D4D0BFFF3" masterDocTitle="Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America" masterLastPageNumber="284" masterPageNumber="272" pageNumber="279" updateTime="1698847589309" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="1E6FA4725A67DDE976E06728AC89C8D8">Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03CCC938660DFF8FFF16442B4E6CFE06" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4330166" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176092693" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4330166" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CCC938660DFF8FFF16442B4E6CFE06" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CCC938660DFF8FFF16442B4E6CFE06" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<subSubSection id="C37F2BA5660DFF80FF16442B4FDAFAC3" box="[151,721,1302,1329]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDA782E660DFF80FF16442B4FDAFAC3" blockId="7.[151,721,1302,1364]" box="[151,721,1302,1329]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<heading id="D092CF42660DFF80FF16442B4FDAFAC3" bold="true" box="[151,721,1302,1329]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FF16442B4FDAFAC3" authority="(Westwood, 1877)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[151,721,1302,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zagraea" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FF16442B4FDAFAC3" bold="true" box="[151,721,1302,1329]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FF16442B4CE0FAC2" bold="true" box="[151,491,1302,1329]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Prometheus zagraea salvina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FE7A442B4FC3FAC3" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[507,712,1302,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" pagination="155 - 207" refId="ref13468" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, Series 2, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x" type="journal article" year="1877">Westwood, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F2BA5660DFF80FF1644074DFAFAA7" box="[151,241,1338,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDA782E660DFF80FF1644074DFAFAA7" blockId="7.[151,721,1302,1364]" box="[151,241,1338,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<heading id="D092CF42660DFF80FF1644074DFAFAA7" bold="true" box="[151,241,1338,1364]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FF1644074DFAFAA7" bold="true" box="[151,241,1338,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
(
<figureCitation id="135E64AB660DFF80FF1E44074DECFAA7" box="[159,231,1338,1364]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1161,1185]" captionTargetBox="[352,1238,387,1122]" captionTargetId="figure-110@4.[340,1247,378,1134]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1: Giant butterfly-moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) from Honduras and Nicaragua. A. Ƌ, Telchin cacica procera (Boisduval, [1875]), Morazán, Honduras (UNAH, Honduras); B. Ƌ, Telchin atymnius drucei (Schaus, 1911), Honduras (Streck- er Collection, FMNH, Chicago, USA); C. ♀, Telchin atymnius futilis (Walker, 1856), Atlántida, Honduras (CURLA, Honduras); D. Ƌ, Telchin evalthe viryi (Boisduval, [1875]), Honduras (Strecker Collection, FMNH, Chicago, USA); E. Ƌ, Telchin diva diva (Butler, 1870), Carazo, Nicaragua (MEL, Nicaragua); F. Ƌ, Telchin licus microsticta (Rothschild, 1919), Atlántida, Honduras (CURLA); G. Ƌ, (Type), Athis inca inca Walker, 1854, Honduras (NHMUK, London); H. Ƌ, Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1877), Atlántida, Honduras (CURLA); I. ♀, Prometheus zagraea salvina (Westwood, 1877), Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua (EVDB). Scale: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4322552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4322552/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Fig 1I</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F2BA5660DFF80FF1644424E9EF99E" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDA782E660DFF80FF1644424E48FA65" blockId="7.[151,1436,1407,1645]" box="[151,835,1407,1431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FF1644424F48FA64" ID-CoL="967LN" authority="Westwood, 1877: 190 - 191" authorityName="Westwood" authorityPageNumber="190 - 191" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,579,1407,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FF1644424C3EFA64" box="[151,309,1407,1431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Castnia salvina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FEBD44424F48FA64" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[316,579,1407,1431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" pagination="155 - 207" refId="ref13468" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, Series 2, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x" type="journal article" year="1877">Westwood, 1877:190-191</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, lam. 32, fig. 1 [
<collectingCountry id="F37238BE660DFF80FD6944424E35FA65" box="[744,830,1407,1430]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Panama</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA782E660DFF80FF1644A34FADFA46" blockId="7.[151,1436,1407,1645]" box="[151,678,1437,1461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FF1644A34F16FA46" ID-CoL="96YGM" authority="Schaus, 1911: 192 - 193" authorityName="Schaus" authorityPageNumber="192 - 193" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,541,1437,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carilla">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FF1644A34C27FA46" box="[151,300,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Gazera carilla</emphasis>
Schaus, 1911: 192-193
</taxonomicName>
. [
<collectingCountry id="F37238BE660DFF80FDAD44A04FABFA46" box="[556,672,1437,1461]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA782E660DFF80FF1644814E95FA20" blockId="7.[151,1436,1407,1645]" box="[151,926,1468,1492]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FF1644814E3FFA27" authority="Talbot, 1929: 70 - 71" authorityName="Talbot" authorityPageNumber="70 - 71" authorityYear="1929" box="[151,820,1468,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="columbina" subGenus="Doubledaya" subSpecies="panamensis">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FF1644814F62FA27" box="[151,617,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Castnia (Doubledaya) columbina panamensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FDEE44814E3FFA27" author="Talbot, G." box="[623,820,1468,1492]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" pagination="68 - 71" refId="ref13319" refString="Talbot, G. (1929) Some new forms of Castniidae. The Bulletin of the Hill Museum, 3, 68 - 71." type="journal article" year="1929">Talbot, 1929:70-71</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. [
<collectingCountry id="F37238BE660DFF80FCC244814E92FA20" box="[835,921,1468,1491]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Panama</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA782E660DFF80FF1644E64C40F9E2" blockId="7.[151,1436,1407,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FF1644E64F00FA00" ID-CoL="5CYM4" authority="(Westwood)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" box="[151,523,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zagraea" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FF1644E64C8CFA00" box="[151,391,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Zegara zagraea salvina</emphasis>
(Westwood)
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FD9444E64FB0FA01" author="Lamas, G." box="[533,699,1498,1522]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" pagination="73 - 87" refId="ref11529" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas, 1995:85</bibRefCitation>
. [
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FD4B44E64E52FA01" author="Lamas, G." box="[714,857,1498,1522]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" pagination="73 - 87" refId="ref11529" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas (1995)</bibRefCitation>
considers
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FC4444E6496CFA00" ID-CoL="96YGM" authority="(Schaus)" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" box="[965,1127,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carilla">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FC4444E64902FA00" box="[965,1033,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">carilla</emphasis>
(Schaus)
</taxonomicName>
a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FB7D44E64845FA01" ID-CoL="5CYM6" authorityName="Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[1276,1358,1499,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zagraea">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FB7D44E64845FA01" box="[1276,1358,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">zagraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FAD244E64C4EF9E2" ID-CoL="967LN" authority="(Westwood)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FAD244E64897FA00" box="[1363,1436,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">salvina</emphasis>
(Westwood)
</taxonomicName>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA782E660DFF80FF1647244F88F9C3" blockId="7.[151,1436,1407,1645]" box="[151,643,1560,1584]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FF1647244F4BF9C3" ID-CoL="5CYLR" authority=", Chacon &amp; Montero, 2007" authorityName="Chacon &amp; Montero" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,576,1560,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carilla">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FF1647244C20F9C3" box="[151,299,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Zegara carilla</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FEB647254F4BF9C3" author="Chacon, I. &amp; Montero, J." box="[311,576,1560,1584]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" refId="ref9453" refString="Chacon, I. &amp; Montero, J. (2007) Butterflies and Moths of Costa Rica. INBIO Press, San Jose, Costa Rica, 366 pp." type="book" year="2007">Chacón &amp; Montero, 2007</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: pl 24.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA782E660DFF80FF16470A4FA1F9BC" blockId="7.[151,1436,1407,1645]" box="[151,682,1591,1615]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FF16470A4F6CF9BC" ID-CoL="5CYLS" authority=", Chacon &amp; Montero, 2007" authorityName="Chacon &amp; Montero" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,615,1591,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="columbina">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FF16470A4C59F9BC" box="[151,338,1591,1615]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Zegara columbina</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FEDF470A4F6CF9BC" author="Chacon, I. &amp; Montero, J." box="[350,615,1591,1615]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" refId="ref9453" refString="Chacon, I. &amp; Montero, J. (2007) Butterflies and Moths of Costa Rica. INBIO Press, San Jose, Costa Rica, 366 pp." type="book" year="2007">Chacón &amp; Montero, 2007</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: pl 24.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA782E660DFF80FF1647684E9EF99E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1407,1645]" box="[151,917,1621,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FF1647684F37F99E" authority="(Westwood)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[151,572,1621,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zagraea" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FF1647684CBCF99E" box="[151,439,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Prometheus zagraea salvina</emphasis>
(Westwood)
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FDC747684E9BF99E" author="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Domagala, P." box="[582,912,1621,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref10853" refString="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Domagala, P. (2019) A catalogue of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) in the California Academy of Sciences, with general and historical comments. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology, 28, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2019">González &amp; Domagała, 2019:17</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F2BA5660DFF8FFF1647A1493AFE5E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDA782E660DFF8FFF1647A1493AFE5E" blockId="7.[151,1437,1691,2042]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,150,501]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">
Even though it is not uncommon, very little is known about this species whose two recognized
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FB5747A1483BF945" box="[1238,1328,1692,1718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="can">ssp. can</taxonomicName>
be found from
<collectingCountry id="F37238BE660DFF80FF5447824C48F92A" box="[213,323,1727,1753]" name="Colombia" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Colombia</collectingCountry>
to Central America (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FDB047FD4FCBF929" author="Lamas, G." box="[561,704,1727,1754]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" pagination="73 - 87" refId="ref11529" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FD4A47824E5EF929" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[715,853,1727,1754]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" refId="ref11895" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). PhD thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
). The nominate
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FB8A47FD4968F92A" box="[1035,1123,1727,1754]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="has">ssp. has</taxonomicName>
been associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FADA47824E27F90D" authority="(Andre) Andre ex Baker" authorityName="Andre ex Baker" authorityYear="1889" baseAuthorityName="Andre" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Aechmea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magdalenae">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FADA47824C53F90E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Aechmea magdalenae</emphasis>
(André) André ex Baker (Bromeliaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FCBF47DE4EDBF90D" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[830,976,1763,1790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" refId="ref11895" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). PhD thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller, 1986</bibRefCitation>
), thus it should not be surprising that
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FA0947D94C42F8D2" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1877" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zagraea" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FA0947D94C42F8D2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">P. zagraea salvina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on another bromeliad within its range. This particular
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FC6D46354942F8D1" box="[1004,1097,1800,1826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="was">ssp. was</taxonomicName>
previously known from
<collectingCountry id="F37238BE660DFF80FADD46354DC1F8B6" name="Costa Rica" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F37238BE660DFF80FE8146114C52F8B5" box="[256,345,1836,1862]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FEE646114CFEF8B5" author="Lamas, G." box="[359,501,1835,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" pagination="73 - 87" refId="ref11529" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas 1995</bibRefCitation>
), thus this new report from northern
<collectingCountry id="F37238BE660DFF80FC0C4616490BF8B6" box="[909,1024,1835,1861]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
considerably expands its geographic range. The species
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FEEC466D4CE8F89A" box="[365,483,1872,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zagraea">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FEEC466D4CE8F89A" box="[365,483,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">P. zagraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been mentioned as a member of a mimicry complex that includes different families of
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FF67464E4C66F87E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[230,365,1907,1933]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FEFC464E4F03F87E" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[381,520,1907,1933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" refId="ref11895" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). PhD thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
, González
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FD0746494FB4F87E" box="[646,703,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">et al.</emphasis>
2010;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FC8E464E4999F87D" author="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Hernandez-Baz, F." box="[783,1170,1907,1934]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" refId="ref11014" refString="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Hernandez-Baz, F. (2012) Polillas y taladradores gigantes de la familia Castniidae (Lepidoptera) de Guatemala. In: Cano, E. B. &amp; Schuster, J. C. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Guatemala. Vol. 2. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, pp. 145 - 153." type="book" year="2012">González &amp; Hernández-Baz 2012</bibRefCitation>
). One of the co-authors (EVDB) was able to obtain detailed information on associated species from Cerro Jesus,
<collectingCountry id="F37238BE660DFF80FB0B46AA480AF842" box="[1162,1281,1943,1969]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
. In this locality, several “tiger-patterned”
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FE6046864F63F826" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[481,616,1979,2005]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
co-exist and the Mullerian mimetic ring is complex. Several associated lepidopterans fly synchronously:
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF80FD8C46E2490CF809" authority="(Walker, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[525,1031,2015,2042]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Chetone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angulosa">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FD8C46E24FD3F80A" box="[525,728,2015,2041]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Chetone angulosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF405DF660DFF80FD6746E24E75F809" author="Walker, F." box="[742,894,2015,2042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" refId="ref13383" refString="Walker, F. (1854) List of specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I-Lepidoptera Heterocera. Vol. 1. British Museum, London, 278 pp." type="book" year="1854">Walker, 1854</bibRefCitation>
) (Erebidae)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD660DFF8FFB9046DD4DC4FF42" authority="Doubleday, 1847" authorityName="Doubleday" authorityYear="1847" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lycorea" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="280" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="halia" subSpecies="atergatis">
<emphasis id="B911A43C660DFF80FB9046DD481DF80A" box="[1041,1302,2015,2041]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="279">Lycorea halia atergatis</emphasis>
Doubleday, 1847
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFF5C41AA4CC3FF42" box="[221,456,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mechanitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polymnia">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFF5C41AA4CC3FF42" box="[221,456,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">Mechanitis polymnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L. 1758),
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFDC741AA4E9FFF42" authority="(Stoll, 1781)" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[582,916,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Eueides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isabella">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFDC741AA4FF5FF42" box="[582,766,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">Eueides isabella</emphasis>
(Stoll, 1781)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFC1E41AA484AFF42" authority="Latreille, [1817]" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1817" box="[927,1345,150,177]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ismenius">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFC1E41AA498AFF43" box="[927,1153,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">Heliconius ismenius</emphasis>
Latreille, [1817]
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFACC41AA4FE8FF25" authority="(Doubleday, [1849])" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1849" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Consul" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="fabius" subSpecies="cecrops">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFACC41AA4C30FF27" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">Consul fabius cecrops</emphasis>
(Doubleday, [1849]) (Nymphalidae)
</taxonomicName>
. Even though both, males and females of
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFB4B41864897FF26" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1226,1436,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zagraea" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFB4B41864897FF26" box="[1226,1436,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">P. zagraea salvina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
present the basic “tiger-pattern” of the others in the mimicry complex, females have broader wings and are larger, and the males seem to mimic different species. Even though the typical flight pattern of
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFBDE403E49DEFEEE" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1828" box="[1119,1237,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Castniidae</taxonomicName>
is fast, both sexes of
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFF37401A4C8DFEB2" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[182,390,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zagraea" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFF37401A4C8DFEB2" box="[182,390,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">P. zagraea salvina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adopt the slow flight pattern of
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFD72401A4E67FEB2" box="[755,876,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFD72401A4E67FEB2" box="[755,876,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">Heliconius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
butterflies. Besides this castniid, the other Batesian mimic found in the area was
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFD8F40764FD9FE97" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[526,722,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Consul" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="fabius" subSpecies="cecrops">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFD8F40764FD9FE97" box="[526,722,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">C. fabius cecrops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is not very common. Also, three specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFABE40764DF5FE7A" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Chetone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angulosa">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFABE40764DF5FE7A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">Chetone angulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were attracted to a light trap the night before the specimens of
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFC4640524945FE7A" box="[967,1102,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">
P. z.
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFC7C40524945FE7A" box="[1021,1102,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">salvina</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
were collected, however, this
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFF1640AE4DF0FE5E" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,251,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
was not active during the day but it behaves exactly as does
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFC2440AE4921FE5E" box="[933,1066,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">
P. z.
<taxonomicName id="4C6503AD6602FF8FFC5840AE4921FE5E" box="[985,1066,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">salvina</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F2BA56602FF8FFF46408B4E6CFE06" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDA782E6602FF8FFF46408B4E6CFE06" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFF46408B4CB2FE23" bold="true" box="[199,441,438,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">Material Examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B0D72736602FF8FFE3E408B4C1CFE06" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995639324" collectionCode="V" country="Nicaragua" elevation="988" latitude="13.963089" location="Cerro Jesus" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.17153" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Nueva Segovia">
<emphasis id="B911A43C6602FF8FFE3E408B4F7CFE23" bold="true" box="[447,631,438,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">
<collectingCountry id="F37238BE6602FF8FFE3E408B4F79FE23" box="[447,626,438,464]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">NICARAGUA</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
5 Ƌ,
<specimenCount id="9D63B3A76602FF8FFD34408A4FD5FE22" box="[693,734,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="49A1B6CC6602FF8FFD6D408A4E92FE22" box="[748,921,439,465]" country="Nicaragua" name="Nueva Segovia" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">Nueva Segovia</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8EBA2EF56602FF8FFC25408A4923FE22" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CCC938660DFF8FFF16442B4E6CFE06:8EBA2EF56602FF8FFC25408A4923FE22" box="[932,1064,439,465]" country="Nicaragua" latitude="13.963089" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.17153" name="Cerro Jesus" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" stateProvince="Nueva Segovia">Cerro Jesus</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE511EE96602FF8FFBB2408B49D4FE22" box="[1075,1247,438,465]" degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" precision="1" seconds="47.12" value="13.963089">13°57´47.12”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE511EE96602FF8FFB64408B4893FE22" box="[1253,1432,438,465]" degrees="86" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" precision="1" seconds="17.51" value="-86.17153">86°10´17.51”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C9DD5CB6602FF8FFF1640E64DD2FE06" box="[151,217,475,501]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.879999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" unit="m" value="988.0">
<elevation id="00489F1D6602FF8FFF1640E64DD2FE06" box="[151,217,475,501]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.879999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" unit="m" value="988.0">988m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFDB5EEE6602FF8FFF6440E74C1CFE06" box="[229,279,474,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" value="2018-05-15">
15.
<collectionCode id="ED74E0EB6602FF8FFE8340E74C1CFE06" box="[258,279,474,501]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B0D72736602FF8FFE9940E74E6CFE06" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995639326" box="[280,871,474,501]" collectionCode="EVDB" collectorName="E. van den Berghe" country="Nicaragua" pageId="8" pageNumber="280" specimenCount="1">
.2018 leg
<collectorName id="26901DF86602FF8FFE0940E64F52FE06" box="[392,601,475,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">E. van den Berghe</collectorName>
, active at noon (
<collectionCode id="ED74E0EB6602FF8FFC9140E64E54FE06" box="[784,863,475,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="280">EVDB</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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