187 lines
19 KiB
XML
187 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<document id="FAD8C794076C2F5FED369ADDCAAA47A4" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFDBFFDBFA48F727E294FB40" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Hippocamelus bisulcus" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="438" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="437" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="8CBF6AC17616BDC058568E49428CFD39" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2C7A73F4D60FA7112A0E0A83093BFFD3">
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<mods:title id="315390528D12C2A75938BC684AB74853">Cervidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="F1A2D20DBB742BDC0EE34A1C446A1765" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="67759B0963E611192F9815614D0BBD93">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="478F38EAB7816C656A25AEC5D0BE463C" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C7BB98AB599300CCD70B30F962B4E721">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="43927EE3A682D51D3BEA2FF1101484FA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="F30229AC4067ABAB94F4F255406D98FB">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="FE8C73D118E0C1EB298C696506F579A1" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="068C88D7E687A463D07EE7FEA8AEF3FA">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="FC64C9AAF262DAF14A62DE3EEFC269F4">
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<mods:placeTerm id="3CCF939F3B428C8BD9EF9D7F1600C06E">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo id="040EF34B081137A0EBADF9D008BD992D">
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<mods:title id="9709DCC6400E39AE436185A9487F92C4">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="75637A5611C613670147EC6E686DA881">
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<mods:start id="7C1BF83E8B2AF225121AF605E34BAE63">350</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="FF9B468F070A07A59E9C25BEF7AC0D30">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C55EC55886459EB1B679BEAF0CBE6E26" type="CLB-Dataset">58517</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5DE885853C6FCFA260B18133CBB18D93" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6514377</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="02B635F4C674DB3285EBA033C63E1196" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A087C4FFDBFFDBFA48F727E294FB40" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514575" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657940" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514575" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFDBFFDBFA48F727E294FB40" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFDBFFDBFA48F727E294FB40" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFA48F727E381F747" box="[1411,1468,2192,2238]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFA48F727E381F747" blockId="30.[1409,2450,2192,2317]" box="[1411,1468,2192,2238]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDBFFDAFA48F727E381F747" box="[1411,1468,2192,2238]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<figureCitation id="13322A57FFDBFFDAFA48F727E381F747" box="[1411,1468,2192,2238]" captionStart="Plate 20: Cervidae" captionStartId="28.[133,165,3398,3419]" captionTargetBox="[11,2785,16,3635]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="36. White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 37. Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 38. Marsh Deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), 39. Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), 41. South Andean Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), 42. Northern Pudu (Pudu mephistophiles), 43. Southern Pudu (Pudu puda)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514571/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">41.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFA06F727E189F747" box="[1485,1972,2192,2238]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFA06F727E189F747" blockId="30.[1409,2450,2192,2317]" box="[1485,1972,2192,2238]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDBFFDAFA06F727E189F747" box="[1485,1972,2192,2238]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDBFFDAFA06F727E189F747" box="[1485,1972,2192,2238]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">South Andean Huemul</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF82CF727EFAFF747" box="[2023,2450,2192,2238]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF82CF727EFAFF747" blockId="30.[1409,2450,2192,2317]" box="[2023,2450,2192,2238]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDBFFDAF82CF727EFAFF747" box="[2023,2450,2192,2238]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDBFFDAF82CF727EFAFF747" ID-CoL="3LZJX" baseAuthorityName="Molina" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[2023,2450,2192,2238]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Hippocamelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bisulcus">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAF82CF727EFAFF747" box="[2023,2450,2192,2238]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Hippocamelus bisulcus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFA49F767EE92F6F5" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFA49F767EE8CF71C" blockId="30.[1409,2450,2192,2317]" box="[1410,2225,2256,2277]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDBFFDAFA49F767EE8CF71C" box="[1410,2225,2256,2277]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFA49F767E3F2F71C" bold="true" box="[1410,1487,2256,2277]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDBFFDAFA13F767E01EF71C" box="[1496,1571,2256,2277]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Guémal</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAF9F2F767E0A9F71C" bold="true" box="[1593,1684,2256,2277]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDBFFDAF956F767E141F71C" box="[1693,1916,2256,2277]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Sidlicher Andenhirsch</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAF859F767E1D0F71C" bold="true" box="[1938,2029,2256,2277]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDBFFDAF83CF767EE8CF71C" box="[2039,2225,2256,2277]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDBFFDAF83CF767EE7FF71C" box="[2039,2114,2256,2277]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Huemul</vernacularName>
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meridional
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFA49F740EE92F6F5" blockId="30.[1409,2450,2192,2317]" box="[1410,2223,2295,2316]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDBFFDAFA49F740EE92F6F5" box="[1410,2223,2295,2316]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFA49F740E045F6F5" bold="true" box="[1410,1656,2295,2316]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDBFFDAF94AF740E11FF6F5" box="[1665,1826,2295,2316]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Chilean Huemul</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDBFFDAF8E4F740E1DDF6F5" box="[1839,2016,2295,2316]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Southern Huemul</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDBFFDAF825F740EE92F6F5" box="[2030,2223,2295,2316]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Patagonian Huemul</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF822F68FEC0DF6A0" box="[2025,2608,2360,2393]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF822F68FEC0DF6A0" blockId="30.[2025,2611,2360,2786]" box="[2025,2608,2360,2393]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAF822F68FEEB9F6A0" bold="true" box="[2025,2180,2360,2393]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDBFFDAF75DF68FEC16F6A0" authority="Molina, 1782" authorityName="Molina" authorityYear="1782" baseAuthorityName="Molina" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[2198,2603,2360,2393]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bisulcus">Equus bisulcus Molina, 1782</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF821F6D0EF59F679" box="[2026,2404,2407,2432]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF821F6D0EF59F679" blockId="30.[2025,2611,2360,2786]" box="[2026,2404,2407,2432]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFDBFFDAF821F6D0EF59F679" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196304" box="[2026,2404,2407,2432]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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Colchagua Province,
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDBFFDAF6DFF6D0EF5DF679" box="[2324,2400,2407,2432]" name="Chile" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Chile</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF822F630EF6FF651" box="[2025,2386,2439,2472]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF822F630EF6FF651" blockId="30.[2025,2611,2360,2786]" box="[2025,2386,2439,2472]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF822F619EE41F60E" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF76665AFFDBFFDAF822F619EE41F60E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514533" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514533/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" targetBox="[1409,2002,2368,2783]" targetPageId="30">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF822F619EE41F60E" blockId="30.[2025,2611,2360,2786]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAF822F619EEA5F636" bold="true" box="[2025,2200,2478,2511]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Distribution.</emphasis>
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The Andes in S
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDBFFDAF646F619EFEBF636" box="[2445,2518,2478,2511]" name="Chile" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Chile</collectingCountry>
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and S
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDBFFDAF822F66DEE45F60E" box="[2025,2168,2522,2551]" name="Argentina" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF821F64BE1E1F40E" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF821F64BE1E1F40E" blockId="30.[2025,2611,2360,2786]" lastBlockId="30.[1411,2614,2797,3455]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAF821F64BEEC2F5E4" bold="true" box="[2026,2303,2556,2589]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 155-165 cm (males), tail 13-15 cm, shoulder height 85-90 cm (males) and 80-85 cm (females); weight 70-75 kg (males) and 60-70 kg (females). Medium-sized deer, very similar to the North Andean Huemul, butslightly larger, darker, and with a more uniform coloration. The coat is rusty brown in summer and grayish-yellow in winter. Bucks have a dark chevron along the face and muzzle. Permanent dentition of 32 teeth. Preorbital, tarsal, and front and rear interdigital glands are present. Antlers of adults are forked and about
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDBFFDAF659F4E8EFDEF479" box="[2450,2531,2911,2944]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
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long. The pedicle begins to grow at six months; the first antlers are short spikes. The antler cycle is highly synchronized, with antler casting in early winter (late June-July) and velvet shedding in late spring (November).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFA4FF3B3E05DF36D" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFA4FF3B3E05DF36D" blockId="30.[1411,2614,2797,3455]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFA4FF3B3E3CFF3E4" bold="true" box="[1412,1522,3076,3101]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Habitat.</emphasis>
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It lives on bare rocks, alpine meadows, and at elevations from sea level to
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDBFFDAFA4EF394E3D3F3BD" box="[1413,1518,3107,3140]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
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. Forests, especially of southern beech (Nothofagus), may become more important in winter. In the past, it occurred also in completely treeless areas of the Patagonian grasslands.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFA4EF32EE3ECF2F3" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFA4EF32EE3ECF2F3" blockId="30.[1411,2614,2797,3455]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFA4EF32EE0BAF343" bold="true" box="[1413,1671,3225,3258]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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It mainly eats highly digestible plants, forbs, buds, young twigs, and young grass. More than 145 plant species have been identified in six different study areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDBFA4EF2B8E520FE5F" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDBFA4EF2B8E520FE5F" blockId="30.[1411,2614,2797,3455]" lastBlockId="31.[190,1398,272,1212]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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|
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFA4EF2B8E037F2C9" bold="true" box="[1413,1546,3343,3376]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
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|
Females attain puberty at about 18 months of age. Males are weakly polygynous, with a tending bond mating system. Rutting season peaks in February—-May. The gestation is about 240 days long. Births are mostly in mid-spring to early summer. Females usually give birth on bare cliffs, to a single fawn weighing 3-6 kg. Fawns remain hidden for the first days. At two months of age they consume vegetation frequently. Weaning occurs at four months of age. Pumas (Puma concolor), Culpeos (Pseudalopex culpaeus), and dogs are the main predators.
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</paragraph>
|
|||
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</subSubSection>
|
|||
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|
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFF74FE1AE431FE0C" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="activity">
|
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|
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFF74FE1AE431FE0C" blockId="31.[190,1398,272,1212]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFF74FE1AE791FE37" bold="true" box="[191,428,429,462]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
It is mainly crepuscular. During midday it spends most of the time ruminating and resting.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFF0BFE4BE517FCF1" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFF0BFE4BE517FCF1" blockId="31.[190,1398,272,1212]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFF0BFE4BE546FDE4" bold="true" box="[192,891,508,541]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
It is particularly adapted to moving on rugged terrain. Home ranges are relatively stable, small (40-80 ha) or medium sized (300-500 ha). The huemuls tend to move down during winter and up during summer, without long-distance migrations. They are weakly gregarious, forming small groups, generally consisting of a pair of adults (male and female) with offspring. Sexual segregation occurs only during the fawning season. In the past feeding aggregations of over 100 animals were observed in winter.
|
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|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFF0BFCB8E5A0FB93" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="conservation">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFF0BFCB8E5A0FB93" blockId="31.[190,1398,272,1212]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFF0BFCB8E41CFCC9" bold="true" box="[192,545,783,816]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List and decreasing. The total population is probably around 1500 animals, of which 1000 are in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBFE0DFCE9E432FC86" box="[454,527,862,895]" name="Chile" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBFD91FCE9E492FC86" box="[602,687,862,895]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="in" value="500.0">500 in</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBFD72FCE9E575FC86" box="[697,840,862,895]" name="Argentina" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. It is the rarest deer in South America. The present range is extremely fragmented, with about one hundred subpopulations, of which 63 are outside protected areas. The northernmost subpopulation (Nevados de Chillan-Laguna del Laja, in the Chilean Andes, 36° S) possibly amounts to less than 50 individuals dispersed in more than
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBFCFEFC4CE593FBE5" box="[821,942,1019,1052]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="km" value="2000.0">2000 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
*. Overhunting, introduction of livestock, competition with exotic deer and habitat conversion to agriculture have produced a dramatic decrease in range and abundance.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFF0BFBCEE294FB40" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFF0BFBCEE294FB40" blockId="31.[190,1398,272,1212]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFF0BFBCEE764FB6B" bold="true" box="[192,345,1145,1170]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Corti, Shaffer et al. (2011), Corti, Wittmer & Festa-Bianchet (2010), Diaz (1993), Frid (1994, 1999, 2001), Gill et al. (2007), Povilitis (1985, 1998), Saucedo & Gill (2004), Vila et al. (2010).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|