<documentid="75C448C866ED927DB654F43B00BD7C3C"ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2024.971.2761"ID-ISSN="2118-9773"ID-Zenodo-Dep="14451786"ID-ZooBank="F82472D1-595D-4DB7-A463-513B94BE85D9"IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe"IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas"IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas"checkinTime="1734113670452"checkinUser="plazi"docAuthor="Hegg, Danilo, Morgan-Richards, Mary & Trewick, Steven A."docDate="2024"docId="03AF8780FF9BFFA1BE47531B5DADFEDA"docLanguage="en"docName="EJT.2024.971.1-75.pdf"docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 971"docSource="https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2761/12643"docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1"docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911"docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1"docStyleVersion="14"docTitle="Isoplectron Hutton 1896"docType="treatment"docVersion="4"lastPageNumber="23"masterDocId="FF96FFF8FF89FFB7BC1C51355901FF8B"masterDocTitle="Revision of the New Zealand cave wētā genus Isoplectron Hutton (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae), with synonymy of Petrotettix Richards and Setascutum Richards, and the description of a new genus"masterLastPageNumber="75"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="19"updateTime="1734402469009"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0"zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0"zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
<mods:titleid="DD15E6B70DCFEB3D048918FC8E0772B1">Revision of the New Zealand cave wētā genus Isoplectron Hutton (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae), with synonymy of Petrotettix Richards and Setascutum Richards, and the description of a new genus</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="829958E5465298F87B0E4ED1DE30864A">Wildlife & Ecology Group, Massey University, Private Bag 11 - 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="9A0FCC966104F42B0CF6AC8C930766D8">Wildlife & Ecology Group, Massey University, Private Bag 11 - 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.</mods:affiliation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BF22531A5AD8FDC3"author="Hutton F. W."box="[830,985,558,585]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="223 - 240"refId="ref44794"refString="Hutton F. W. 1896. The Stenopelmatidae of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 29 (14): 223 - 240."type="journal article"year="1896">Hutton, 1896</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BD5553455B22FD01"author="Hutton F. W."box="[329,547,623,650]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="223 - 240"refId="ref44794"refString="Hutton F. W. 1896. The Stenopelmatidae of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 29 (14): 223 - 240."type="journal article"year="1896">Hutton, 1896: 237</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BD5653A65B3BFD26"author="Richards A. M."box="[330,570,659,685]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="151 - 174"refId="ref46788"refString="Richards A. M. 1972. Revision of the Rhaphidophoridae (Orthoptera) of New Zealand, Part XIV: Three alpine genera from the South Island. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 2: 151 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1972.10429371"type="journal article"year="1972">Richards, 1972: 163</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BD2353835B2EFD5B"author="Richards A. M."box="[319,559,694,720]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="151 - 174"refId="ref46788"refString="Richards A. M. 1972. Revision of the Rhaphidophoridae (Orthoptera) of New Zealand, Part XIV: Three alpine genera from the South Island. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 2: 151 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1972.10429371"type="journal article"year="1972">Richards, 1972: 166</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BD7E53CD5B68FC9A"author="Karny H."box="[354,617,759,786]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"refId="ref45120"refString="Karny H. 1937. Orthoptera Fam. Gryllacrididae, Subfamiliae Omnes. In: Wytsman P. (ed.) Genera Insectorum 206. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 53213722 [accessed 11 May 2023]."type="url"year="1937">Karny 1937: 229–230</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 6 fig. 5. ––
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<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BF3453C25D08FC99"author="Ward D. F."box="[808,1033,759,786]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="13 - 17"refId="ref47434"refString="Ward D. F. 1997. A new generic key to the New Zealand cave weta genera (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae). New Zealand Natural Sciences 23: 13 - 17."type="journal article"year="1997">Ward 1997: 13–15</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5B82753C25C4BFC9A"author="Johns P. M. & Cook L. D."box="[1083,1354,759,785]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="11 - 17"refId="ref44967"refString="Johns P. M. & Cook L. D. 2013. Maotoweta virescens new genus and new species; hidden in a moss forest (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae). Records of the Canterbury Museum 27: 11 - 17."type="journal article"year="2013">Johns & Cook 2013: 1</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BCF6522E5B0BFCBE"author="Hegg D. & Morgan-Richards M. & Trewick S. A."box="[234,522,794,821]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="1 - 58"refId="ref44547"refString="Hegg D., Morgan-Richards M. & Trewick S. A. 2022. High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave weta genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies. European Journal of Taxonomy 808: 1 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2022.808.1721"type="journal article"year="2022">
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<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BD43520B5B3CFCD3"author="Ward D. F."box="[351,573,829,856]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="13 - 17"refId="ref47434"refString="Ward D. F. 1997. A new generic key to the New Zealand cave weta genera (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae). New Zealand Natural Sciences 23: 13 - 17."type="journal article"year="1997">Ward 1997: 13–15</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BE70520B5A77FCD3"author="Johns P. M. & Cook L. D."box="[620,886,830,856]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="11 - 17"refId="ref44967"refString="Johns P. M. & Cook L. D. 2013. Maotoweta virescens new genus and new species; hidden in a moss forest (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae). Records of the Canterbury Museum 27: 11 - 17."type="journal article"year="2013">Johns & Cook 2013: 1</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BD4852545B30FCF0"author="Ward D. F."box="[340,561,865,891]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="13 - 17"refId="ref47434"refString="Ward D. F. 1997. A new generic key to the New Zealand cave weta genera (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae). New Zealand Natural Sciences 23: 13 - 17."type="journal article"year="1997">Ward 1997: 13–16</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BE7D52545A6AFCF0"author="Johns P. M. & Cook L. D."box="[609,875,865,891]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="11 - 17"refId="ref44967"refString="Johns P. M. & Cook L. D. 2013. Maotoweta virescens new genus and new species; hidden in a moss forest (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae). Records of the Canterbury Museum 27: 11 - 17."type="journal article"year="2013">Johns & Cook 2013: 1</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BF8152545D91FCF7"author="Hegg D. & Morgan-Richards M. & Trewick S. A."box="[925,1168,865,892]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="1 - 58"refId="ref44547"refString="Hegg D., Morgan-Richards M. & Trewick S. A. 2022. High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave weta genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies. European Journal of Taxonomy 808: 1 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2022.808.1721"type="journal article"year="2022">
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9BFFA5BDA652E45B59FC60"author="Hutton F. W."box="[442,600,977,1003]"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"pagination="223 - 240"refId="ref44794"refString="Hutton F. W. 1896. The Stenopelmatidae of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 29 (14): 223 - 240."type="journal article"year="1896">Hutton, 1896</bibRefCitation>
in the larger species), with hind tibiae armed above with two rows of linear spines that are very similar in size. These spines are fused to the shaft of the tibia and are never socketed or articulated. Fore femora always without apical spines; mid femora usually armed with one retrolateral spine at the apex. Male subgenital plate broadly speaking triangular, with an elongated central lobe; female subgenital plate bilobed. Upper valve of the ovipositor always serrated above.
are morphologically very similar and are easily mistaken for one another, other species are morphologically and ecologically quite distinct. This makes it somewhat difficult to characterise the genus, yet some traits are common to all species. A detailed description of these common traits follows; individual species descriptions focus on those traits that differ among species.
ʼ = ʻplectrumʼ (probably referring to the dorsal spines on the hind tibiae, which are shaped like a plectrum). The hind tibiae are armed with spines that are equal in shape and size.
<tableCitationid="C684032DFF9BFFA5BD82563C58F7F8A8"box="[414,502,1801,1827]"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="14.[189,258,265,291]"captionTargetBox="[200,1375,370,2003]"captionTargetId="graphics-37@14.[189,1398,478,1938]"captionTargetPageId="14"captionText="Table 1 (continued on next three pages). Dimensions and spine count of Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen. nov."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF79661EFF87FFB9BCA1503C58BAFEC8"pageId="18"pageNumber="19"tableUuid="DF79661EFF87FFB9BCA1503C58BAFEC8">Table 1</tableCitation>
<figureCitationid="133D2A13FF9BFFA5BD0C565858A0F80C"box="[272,417,1901,1928]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="24.[190,233,1892,1918]"captionTargetBox="[228,1398,574,1840]"captionTargetId="figure-144@24.[189,1398,573,1846]"captionTargetPageId="24"captionText="Fig. 11. Head of cave wētā in the genera Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen. nov., frontal and lateral views. A–B. Isoplectron armatum Hutton, 1896, adult ♂. Parsons Bush, Lake Ōhau (MPN CW5123). C–D. Praecantrix silvatica gen. et sp. nov., adult ♀. Mt Arthur Tablelands, Kahurangi National Park (MPN CW4000). Scale bars: 1 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451812"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14451812/files/figure.png"pageId="18"pageNumber="19">Fig. 11A–B</figureCitation>
). Oval in shape. Eyes rounded, but with a straight inner edge facing the scapes of the antennae. Eye colour green, wholly or partially, in all species. Fastigium divided by a deep median groove; shaped like an isosceles triangle with a rounded pale patch in the middle when seen from the side. No visible sexual dimorphism in scapes of antennae or any other head-part. Labial and maxillary palps pale, of varying length, with moderately dense covering of hair.
. Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum all covered in dense, fine tomentum. A pale, thin median dorsal line is generally inconspicuous or absent (see
<figureCitationid="133D2A13FF9AFFA4BF5D50A45AC8FE20"box="[833,969,401,427]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="27.[189,232,1576,1602]"captionTargetBox="[324,1263,265,1520]"captionTargetId="figure-12@27.[324,1263,265,1532]"captionTargetPageId="27"captionText="Fig. 12. Dorsal view of cave wētā in the genera Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen. nov. A–I. Isoplectron. A. I. armatum armatum Hutton, 1896, adult ♂. Parsons Bush, Lake Ōhau (MPN CW5123). B. I. armatum aciculatum Karny, 1937, adult ♀. Ohakune (MPN CW5644). C. I. bicolor sp. nov., adult ♂. Mt Arthur Tablelands (MPN CW3760). D. I. serratum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov., adult ♂. The Gap, Torlesse Range (MPN CW3182). E. I. maculatum sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂. Middle Mt Peel, South Canterbury (NMNZ AI.071892). F. I. ferratum sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂. Cave Brook, Gouland Downs (NMNZ AI.071896). G. I. virgatum sp. nov., adult ♀. Cave Brook, Gouland Downs (MPN CW3794). H. I parallelum sp. nov., adult ♀. Ahumairangi Town Belt, Wellington (MPN CW5598). I. I. pallidum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov., adult ♂. Mt Kyeburn, Danseys Pass (MPN CW3456). J–L. Praecantrix. J. P. silvatica silvatica gen., sp. et subsp. nov., adult ♂. Mt Arthur Hut (MPN CW5390). K. P. silvatica lutea gen., sp. et subsp. nov., adult ♂. Peel Forest (MPN CW4968). L. P. saxicola gen et sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂. Mt Wakefield (NMNZ AI.071904). Scale bar: 10 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451816"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14451816/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="20">Fig. 12A–I</figureCitation>
). Lateral edges of pronotum with a pronounced rim. In dorsal view, the pronotum is up to 80% wider at the posterior end than at the anterior end (
<figureCitationid="133D2A13FF9AFFA4BCEB50E2587CFE7A"box="[247,381,471,497]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="27.[189,232,1576,1602]"captionTargetBox="[324,1263,265,1520]"captionTargetId="figure-12@27.[324,1263,265,1532]"captionTargetPageId="27"captionText="Fig. 12. Dorsal view of cave wētā in the genera Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen. nov. A–I. Isoplectron. A. I. armatum armatum Hutton, 1896, adult ♂. Parsons Bush, Lake Ōhau (MPN CW5123). B. I. armatum aciculatum Karny, 1937, adult ♀. Ohakune (MPN CW5644). C. I. bicolor sp. nov., adult ♂. Mt Arthur Tablelands (MPN CW3760). D. I. serratum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov., adult ♂. The Gap, Torlesse Range (MPN CW3182). E. I. maculatum sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂. Middle Mt Peel, South Canterbury (NMNZ AI.071892). F. I. ferratum sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂. Cave Brook, Gouland Downs (NMNZ AI.071896). G. I. virgatum sp. nov., adult ♀. Cave Brook, Gouland Downs (MPN CW3794). H. I parallelum sp. nov., adult ♀. Ahumairangi Town Belt, Wellington (MPN CW5598). I. I. pallidum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov., adult ♂. Mt Kyeburn, Danseys Pass (MPN CW3456). J–L. Praecantrix. J. P. silvatica silvatica gen., sp. et subsp. nov., adult ♂. Mt Arthur Hut (MPN CW5390). K. P. silvatica lutea gen., sp. et subsp. nov., adult ♂. Peel Forest (MPN CW4968). L. P. saxicola gen et sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂. Mt Wakefield (NMNZ AI.071904). Scale bar: 10 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451816"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14451816/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="20">Fig. 12A–I</figureCitation>
. Moderately long. Hind femora slender; sexual dimorphism evident, with all leg segments longer in males than in females in most but not all species. Coxae and trochanters generally of uniform pale colour. Fore and mid femora and tibiae may be uniform pale or variegated; hind legs variegated. Fore coxae with a pronounced lateral anterior spine. Fore tibiae approximately half of body length, and 10% longer in males than in females in most species; on average 5% longer than fore femora in both males and females. Fore femora without linear spines above or below, and always without apical spines. Fore tibiae armed below, generally with two linear spines on both anterior and posterior edge in all species. The number of apical spines on the fore tibiae varies by species. Mid legs 2% to 5% shorter than fore legs, otherwise with the same proportions in male and females. Mid femora without linear spines above or below, but usually armed with one retrolateral spine at the apex. A prolateral spine at the apex of the mid femur is always absent. Mid tibiae armed below, generally with two linear spines on both anterior and posterior edge in all species. Dorsal linear spines on the mid tibiae are rare but possible. The number of apical spines on the mid tibiae varies by species. Hind tibiae approximately of same length as body in females, up to 50% longer in males in most but not all species. Hind femora approximately 10% shorter than hind tibiae. Hind femora generally armed with few but at times very conspicuous linear spines below on both anterior and posterior edges. Hind tibiae armed with anything between 11 and 37 linear spines above (number varies both within and between species), of similar size, on both anterior and posterior edges (
<figureCitationid="133D2A13FF9AFFA4BDAB555A5B3CFB02"box="[439,573,1135,1161]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="28.[189,232,1611,1637]"captionTargetBox="[290,1309,289,1560]"captionTargetId="figure-17@28.[278,1309,265,1566]"captionTargetPageId="28"captionText="Fig. 13. Left hind tibia of cave wētā in the genera Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen. nov., adult ♂, dorsal view. A–I. Isoplectron. A. I. armatum armatum Hutton, 1896. Parsons Bush, Lake Ōhau (MPN CW5123). B. I. armatum aciculatum Karny, 1937. Ohakune (MPN CW 5646). C. I. bicolor sp. nov., holotype. Cave Brook, Gouland Downs (NMNZ AI.071889). D. I. pallidum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov. Duffers Saddle, Old Woman Range (MPN CW5385). E. I. serratum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov. The Gap,Torlesse Range (MPN CW3182).F. I. maculatumsp. nov., holotype. Middle Mt Peel, South Canterbury (NMNZ AI.071892). G. I. virgatum sp. nov. Cave Brook, Gouland Downs (MPN CW3776). H. I. ferratum sp. nov., holotype. Cave Brook, Gouland Downs (NMNZ AI.071896). I. I. parallelum sp. nov. Ahumairangi Town Belt, Wellington (MPN CW5569). J–K. Praecantrix J. P. silvatica lutea gen., sp. et subsp. nov. McLean Falls, Catlins Forest (MPN CW3901). K. P. saxicola gen et sp. nov., holotype. Mt Wakefield (NMNZ AI.071904). Scale bar: 5 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451818"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14451818/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="20">Fig. 13A–I</figureCitation>
). The spines are fused to the shaft of the tibia and are never socketed or articulated. The number of apical spines on the hind tibiae varies by species. Hind tarsi with four segments; first and second segments with a pair of spines on distal end. First and second tarsal segment may be armed or unarmed above, depending on species.
. Tergites always covered in dense, fine tomentum. Colour of tergites varies by species; a pale, thin median dorsal line is generally inconspicuous or absent (see
<figureCitationid="133D2A13FF9AFFA4BFC354085D69FADC"box="[991,1128,1341,1367]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="27.[189,232,1576,1602]"captionTargetBox="[324,1263,265,1520]"captionTargetId="figure-12@27.[324,1263,265,1532]"captionTargetPageId="27"captionText="Fig. 12. Dorsal view of cave wētā in the genera Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen. nov. A–I. Isoplectron. A. I. armatum armatum Hutton, 1896, adult ♂. Parsons Bush, Lake Ōhau (MPN CW5123). B. I. armatum aciculatum Karny, 1937, adult ♀. Ohakune (MPN CW5644). C. I. bicolor sp. nov., adult ♂. Mt Arthur Tablelands (MPN CW3760). D. I. serratum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov., adult ♂. The Gap, Torlesse Range (MPN CW3182). E. I. maculatum sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂. Middle Mt Peel, South Canterbury (NMNZ AI.071892). F. I. ferratum sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂. Cave Brook, Gouland Downs (NMNZ AI.071896). G. I. virgatum sp. nov., adult ♀. Cave Brook, Gouland Downs (MPN CW3794). H. I parallelum sp. nov., adult ♀. Ahumairangi Town Belt, Wellington (MPN CW5598). I. I. pallidum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov., adult ♂. Mt Kyeburn, Danseys Pass (MPN CW3456). J–L. Praecantrix. J. P. silvatica silvatica gen., sp. et subsp. nov., adult ♂. Mt Arthur Hut (MPN CW5390). K. P. silvatica lutea gen., sp. et subsp. nov., adult ♂. Peel Forest (MPN CW4968). L. P. saxicola gen et sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂. Mt Wakefield (NMNZ AI.071904). Scale bar: 10 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451816"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14451816/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="20">Fig. 12A–I</figureCitation>
). In some species, the seventh and eighth sternites are equipped with 3 to 5 very conspicuous protuberances, in females only (see
<figureCitationid="133D2A13FF9AFFA4BCE954B15876FA15"box="[245,375,1412,1438]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="36.[189,232,1822,1848]"captionTargetBox="[189,1395,609,1776]"captionTargetId="figure-142@36.[189,1398,594,1776]"captionTargetPageId="36"captionText="Fig. 18. Adult female terminalia of cave wētā in the genus Isoplectron Hutton, 1896. Left column: subgenital plate; central and right columns: ovipositor. A–C. Isoplectron serratum (Richards, 1972). Kahutara Saddle, Seaward Kaikōura Range (MPN CW5555). D–F. I. maculatum sp. nov. Middle Mount Peel, South Canterbury (MPN CW5642). G–I. I. virgatum sp. nov., paratype. Ces Clarke Hut, Paparoa Range (NMNZ AI.071895). J–L. I. ferratum sp. nov., paratype. Mt Stokes, Marlborough Sounds (NMNZ AI.071897). Scale bars: 1 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451830"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14451830/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="20">Fig. 18G, J</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitationid="133D2A13FF9AFFA4BDAC54B15B1CFA15"box="[432,541,1412,1438]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="37.[191,234,1752,1778]"captionTargetBox="[189,1393,542,1708]"captionTargetId="figure-105@37.[189,1398,499,1708]"captionTargetPageId="37"captionText="Fig. 19. Adult female terminalia of cave wētā in the genera Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen.nov.Leftcolumn:subgenitalplate; centraland right columns:ovipositor.A–C. Isoplectronparallelum sp. nov., paratype. Ahumairangi Town Belt, Wellington (NMNZ AI.071899). D–F. Praecantrix silvatica silvatica gen., sp. et subsp. nov. D. Paratype. Smoothwater Bay, South Westland (NMNZ AI.071901). E–F. Aspiring Hut, Mt Aspiring NP (MPN CW3518). G–I. Praecantrix silvatica lutea gen., sp. et subsp. nov. G. Paratype. Ōpoho, Dunedin (NMNZ AI.071903). H–I. McLean Falls, Catlins (MPN CW4946). J–L. Praecantrix saxicola gen.et sp. nov., paratype. Mt St Bathans, Central Otago (NMNZ AI.071905). Scale bars: 1 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451832"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14451832/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="20">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
. Cerci between 10% and 25% of body length depending on species; pointed at apex, variable in colour, clothed in setae. The subgenital plate looks somewhat similar in all species, with an elongated median lobe; it is at least twice as long at centre as on the sides. Paraprocts armed with strong, stout spinules in most species. The difference in male terminalia between species is pronounced enough to provide one of the strongest characters for species level identification (see
<figureCitationid="133D2A13FF9AFFA4B85B57675DCFF9E7"box="[1095,1230,1618,1644]"captionStart-0="Fig"captionStart-1="Fig"captionStart-2="Fig"captionStartId-0="31.[189,232,1787,1813]"captionStartId-1="32.[189,232,1822,1848]"captionStartId-2="33.[189,232,1752,1778]"captionTargetBox-0="[231,1383,265,1739]"captionTargetBox-1="[217,1398,278,1777]"captionTargetBox-2="[236,1366,265,1696]"captionTargetId-0="figure-11@31.[204,1383,265,1739]"captionTargetId-1="figure-17@32.[189,1398,265,1777]"captionTargetId-2="figure-12@33.[221,1366,265,1696]"captionTargetPageId-0="31"captionTargetPageId-1="32"captionTargetPageId-2="33"captionText-0="Fig. 14. Adult male terminalia of cave wētā in the genus Isoplectron Hutton, 1896. Left column: dorsal view; central column: ventral view (subgenital plate); right column: lateral view. A–C. I. armatum armatum Hutton, 1896. A–B. Kaiterau Trail, Kaikōura (MPN CW4938). C. Pioneer Park, Ōpihi River (MPN CW5554). D–F. I. armatum aciculatum Karny, 1937. Ohakune. D. MPN CW5647. E–F. MPN CW5646. G–I. I. bicolor sp. nov., Cave Brook, Gouland Downs. G–H. Holotype (NMNZ AI.071889). I. MPN CW3758. J–L. I. pallidum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov. J, L. Staircase Hut track, Waianakarua River (NMNZ AI.071891). K. Mt Kyeburn, Danseys Pass (MPN CW3455). Scale bars: 1 mm."captionText-1="Fig. 15. Adult male terminalia of cave wētā in the genus Isoplectron Hutton, 1896. Left column: dorsal view; central column: ventral view (subgenital plate); right column: lateral view. A–C. I. serratum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov. The Gap, Torlesse Range (MPN CW3182). D–F. I. maculatum sp. nov., Middle Mount Peel, South Canterbury. D–E. MPN CW5638. F. MPN CW5640. G–I. I. virgatum sp. nov., Heaphy River, Kahurangi NP (MPN CW5622). J–L. I. ferratum sp. nov., Cave Brook, Gouland Downs, Kahurangi NP. J–K. Holotype (NMNZ AI.071896). L. MPN CW4953. Scale bars: 1 mm."captionText-2="Fig. 16. Adult male terminalia of cave wētā in the genera Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen. nov. Left column: dorsal view; central column: ventral view (subgenital plate); right column: lateral view. A–C. Isoplectron parallelum sp. nov., holotype. Ahumairangi Town Belt, Wellington (NMNZ AI.071898). D–F. Praecantrix silvatica silvatica gen., sp. et subsp. nov. D, F. Holotype. Mt Arthur Tablelands, Kahurangi NP (NMNZ AI.071900). E. Richmond Saddle, Marlborough (MPN CW4136). G–I. Praecantrix silvatica lutea gen., sp. et subsp. nov., holotype. McLean Falls, Catlins Forest (NMNZ AI.071902). J–L. Praecantrix saxicola gen. et sp. nov., holotype. Mt Wakefield, Aoraki / Mt Cook NP (NMNZ AI.071904). Scale bars: 1 mm."figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451820"figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451822"figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451826"httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14451820/files/figure.png"httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14451822/files/figure.png"httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14451826/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="20">Figs 14–16</figureCitation>
. Subgenital plate consists of two small, rounded lobes, separated by a gap in the middle. Ovipositor reddish-brown, moderately to strongly curved upwards at apex, terminating in a sharp point; approximately three quarters of body length in most species. Upper valve always serrated above, strongly so in some species; lower valve with 5 to 10 strong teeth at apex on ventral edge (
<figureCitationid="133D2A13FF9AFFA4BCDA5615584FF8B1"box="[198,334,1824,1850]"captionStart-0="Fig"captionStart-1="Fig"captionStart-2="Fig"captionStartId-0="35.[191,234,1822,1848]"captionStartId-1="36.[189,232,1822,1848]"captionStartId-2="37.[191,234,1752,1778]"captionTargetBox-0="[189,1387,610,1776]"captionTargetBox-1="[189,1395,609,1776]"captionTargetBox-2="[189,1393,542,1708]"captionTargetId-0="figure-140@35.[189,1398,567,1776]"captionTargetId-1="figure-142@36.[189,1398,594,1776]"captionTargetId-2="figure-105@37.[189,1398,499,1708]"captionTargetPageId-0="35"captionTargetPageId-1="36"captionTargetPageId-2="37"captionText-0="Fig. 17. Adult female terminalia of cave wētā in the genus Isoplectron Hutton, 1896. Left column: subgenital plate; central and right columns: ovipositor. A–C. Isoplectron armatum armatum Hutton, 1896. South Mavora Lake (MPN CW4927). D–F. I. armatum aciculatum Karny, 1937. Ohakune. D. MPN CW5648. E–F. MPN CW5650. G– I. I. bicolor sp. nov., paratype (NMNZ AI.071890). Chaffey Hut, Cobb River. J–L. I. pallidum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov. Duffers Saddle, Old Woman Range (MPN CW5387). Scale bars: 1 mm."captionText-1="Fig. 18. Adult female terminalia of cave wētā in the genus Isoplectron Hutton, 1896. Left column: subgenital plate; central and right columns: ovipositor. A–C. Isoplectron serratum (Richards, 1972). Kahutara Saddle, Seaward Kaikōura Range (MPN CW5555). D–F. I. maculatum sp. nov. Middle Mount Peel, South Canterbury (MPN CW5642). G–I. I. virgatum sp. nov., paratype. Ces Clarke Hut, Paparoa Range (NMNZ AI.071895). J–L. I. ferratum sp. nov., paratype. Mt Stokes, Marlborough Sounds (NMNZ AI.071897). Scale bars: 1 mm."captionText-2="Fig. 19. Adult female terminalia of cave wētā in the genera Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen.nov.Leftcolumn:subgenitalplate; centraland right columns:ovipositor.A–C. Isoplectronparallelum sp. nov., paratype. Ahumairangi Town Belt, Wellington (NMNZ AI.071899). D–F. Praecantrix silvatica silvatica gen., sp. et subsp. nov. D. Paratype. Smoothwater Bay, South Westland (NMNZ AI.071901). E–F. Aspiring Hut, Mt Aspiring NP (MPN CW3518). G–I. Praecantrix silvatica lutea gen., sp. et subsp. nov. G. Paratype. Ōpoho, Dunedin (NMNZ AI.071903). H–I. McLean Falls, Catlins (MPN CW4946). J–L. Praecantrix saxicola gen.et sp. nov., paratype. Mt St Bathans, Central Otago (NMNZ AI.071905). Scale bars: 1 mm."figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451828"figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451830"figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451832"httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14451828/files/figure.png"httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14451830/files/figure.png"httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14451832/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="20">Figs 17–19</figureCitation>
Generally look similar to adults. Due to the small size of the insects and the lack of developed terminalia, nymphs may be next to impossible to differentiate from their equivalents in
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9AFFA4B849569C5DE0F849"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"box="[1109,1249,1961,1986]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Praecantrix"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="19"pageNumber="20"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="genus"status="gen. nov.">
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9DFFA3BDA5503F5B54FEA8"author="Hutton F. W."box="[441,597,265,292]"pageId="20"pageNumber="21"pagination="223 - 240"refId="ref44794"refString="Hutton F. W. 1896. The Stenopelmatidae of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 29 (14): 223 - 240."type="journal article"year="1896">Hutton, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9DFFA3BE8F503F5A1EFEA8"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"box="[659,799,266,291]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Praecantrix"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="20"pageNumber="21"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="genus"status="gen. nov.">
Summary of Bayesian model results for length of insect body and of hind tibia as a function of sex, geographical coordinates (easting, northing in New Zealand Geodetic Datum 2000 map grid) and elevation (m a.s.l.). All models run in JASP ver. 0.17.1. Species for which sample size is too small for statistics are omitted. CI stands for credible intervals; for covariates these are only reported where they are significant.
<thid="76E75DA8FF9D0048BE8250D25AF6FDDD"box="[670,1015,487,598]"gridcol="3"gridrow="0"pageId="20"pageNumber="21">Bayesian Linear Mixed Model Fixed factor: Sex Random factor: Location</th>
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9DFFA3BCD4524E583EFC18"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"box="[200,319,891,915]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Isoplectron"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="20"pageNumber="21"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="aciculatum">
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9DFFA3BCD452AD584AFC3B"author="Karny H."box="[200,331,920,944]"pageId="20"pageNumber="21"refId="ref45120"refString="Karny H. 1937. Orthoptera Fam. Gryllacrididae, Subfamiliae Omnes. In: Wytsman P. (ed.) Genera Insectorum 206. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 53213722 [accessed 11 May 2023]."type="url"year="1937">Karny, 1937</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9DFFA3BCD455085826FBDE"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"baseAuthorityName="Richards"baseAuthorityYear="1972"box="[200,295,1085,1109]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Isoplectron"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="20"pageNumber="21"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="pallidum">
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9DFFA3BCD454285829FABF"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"baseAuthorityName="Richards"baseAuthorityYear="1972"box="[200,296,1309,1332]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Isoplectron"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="20"pageNumber="21"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="serratum">
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9DFFA3BCD454D55824FA73"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"box="[200,293,1504,1528]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Isoplectron"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="20"pageNumber="21"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="ferratum"status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9DFFA3BCD457B25823F914"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"box="[200,290,1671,1695]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Praecantrix"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="20"pageNumber="21"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="silvatica">
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9DFFA3BCD456095820F8DF"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"box="[200,289,1852,1876]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Praecantrix"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="20"pageNumber="21"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="saxicola">
<tableCitationid="C684032DFF9DFFA3BF0456F65A61F852"box="[792,864,1987,2009]"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="14.[189,258,265,291]"captionTargetBox="[200,1375,370,2003]"captionTargetId="graphics-37@14.[189,1398,478,1938]"captionTargetPageId="14"captionText="Table 1 (continued on next three pages). Dimensions and spine count of Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen. nov."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF79661EFF87FFB9BCA1503C58BAFEC8"pageId="20"pageNumber="21"tableUuid="DF79661EFF87FFB9BCA1503C58BAFEC8">Table 1</tableCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9CFFA2B81457A75DA9F920"author="Hutton F. W."box="[1032,1192,1681,1708]"pageId="21"pageNumber="22"pagination="223 - 240"refId="ref44794"refString="Hutton F. W. 1896. The Stenopelmatidae of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 29 (14): 223 - 240."type="journal article"year="1896">Hutton, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9CFFA2B8F657A75C77F920"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"box="[1258,1398,1682,1707]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Praecantrix"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="21"pageNumber="22"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="genus"status="gen. nov.">
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9CFFA2BFDD57805D65F944"author="Hutton F. W."box="[961,1124,1717,1743]"pageId="21"pageNumber="22"pagination="223 - 240"refId="ref44794"refString="Hutton F. W. 1896. The Stenopelmatidae of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 29 (14): 223 - 240."type="journal article"year="1896">Hutton, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Solid shapes indicate material collected as part of this study; empty circles indicate additional locations of material examined by
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9CFFA2BCFC57C9588BF89E"author="Hutton F. W."box="[224,394,1787,1814]"pageId="21"pageNumber="22"pagination="223 - 240"refId="ref44794"refString="Hutton F. W. 1896. The Stenopelmatidae of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 29 (14): 223 - 240."type="journal article"year="1896">Hutton (1896)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9CFFA2B90257C959FBF8B3"author="Hutton F. W."pageId="21"pageNumber="22"pagination="223 - 240"refId="ref44794"refString="Hutton F. W. 1896. The Stenopelmatidae of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 29 (14): 223 - 240."type="journal article"year="1896">Hutton, 1896</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9CFFA2BF12562A5AA0F8B3"author="Karny H."box="[782,929,1822,1849]"pageId="21"pageNumber="22"refId="ref45120"refString="Karny H. 1937. Orthoptera Fam. Gryllacrididae, Subfamiliae Omnes. In: Wytsman P. (ed.) Genera Insectorum 206. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 53213722 [accessed 11 May 2023]."type="url"year="1937">Karny, 1937</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9CFFA2BFD1562A5DC2F8B3"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"box="[973,1219,1822,1848]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Praecantrix"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="21"pageNumber="22"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="silvatica"status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<taxonomicNameLabelid="A24157FFFF9CFFA2B8D5562A5C76F8B2"box="[1225,1399,1823,1849]"pageId="21"pageNumber="22"rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Shapes represent different subspecies: dark green square =
<taxonomicNameid="4C064D15FF9CFFA2BE9E56BD5D4BF829"authority="(Richards, 1972)"authorityName="Hegg & Morgan-Richards & Trewick"authorityYear="2024"baseAuthorityName="Richards"baseAuthorityYear="1972"box="[642,1098,1928,1954]"class="Insecta"family="Rhaphidophoridae"genus="Isoplectron"kingdom="Animalia"order="Orthoptera"pageId="21"pageNumber="22"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="serratum"status="comb. nov.">
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9CFFA2BF9756BD5D43F829"author="Richards A. M."box="[907,1090,1928,1954]"pageId="21"pageNumber="22"pagination="151 - 174"refId="ref46788"refString="Richards A. M. 1972. Revision of the Rhaphidophoridae (Orthoptera) of New Zealand, Part XIV: Three alpine genera from the South Island. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 2: 151 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1972.10429371"type="journal article"year="1972">Richards, 1972</bibRefCitation>
Solid shapes indicate material collected as part of this study; empty diamonds indicate additional locations of material examined by
<bibRefCitationid="EF974B67FF9CFFA2BD4656FB5B1AF863"author="Richards A. M."box="[346,539,1998,2024]"pageId="21"pageNumber="22"pagination="151 - 174"refId="ref46788"refString="Richards A. M. 1972. Revision of the Rhaphidophoridae (Orthoptera) of New Zealand, Part XIV: Three alpine genera from the South Island. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 2: 151 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1972.10429371"type="journal article"year="1972">Richards (1972)</bibRefCitation>
, all of South Island; limited to southern regions in North Island (
<figureCitationid="133D2A13FF9FFFA1B84950025D9AFEDA"box="[1109,1179,311,337]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="6.[189,232,1822,1848]"captionTargetBox="[190,1398,707,1778]"captionTargetId="figure-198@6.[189,1398,707,1778]"captionTargetPageId="6"captionText="Fig. 3. A. Phylogenetic relationships of six genera of New Zealand Rhaphidophoridae Walker, 1869 inferred from whole mitochondrial genome sequences using Maximum Likelihood approach and 1000 bootstraps. B. Map of New Zealand, showing locations of specimens of Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix gen. nov. used in phylogenetic analyses (Figs 6–7). Colours correspond to different genera: red = Isoplectron; green = Praecantrix. Two letter codes indicate the New Zealand entomological regions (Crosby et al. 1998). These codes are reported in the Material examined section for each species."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14451794"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14451794/files/figure.png"pageId="22"pageNumber="23">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
