<documentid="67E651166DA99F44F2A3402BB45979E7"ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5165.2.7"ID-GBIF-Dataset="0b3e63f8-e436-4933-8175-1fc0e46bffe1"ID-ISSN="1175-5326"ID-Zenodo-Dep="6831887"ID-ZooBank="87810F4C-9824-4EBB-AE58-1CCFD65FDEE3"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana"IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana"IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana"checkinTime="1657785028843"checkinUser="plazi"docAuthor="Peña Cantero, Álvaro L."docDate="2022"docId="03A987E5FFE30D5B2391FD0034B56104"docLanguage="en"docName="zootaxa.5165.2.7.pdf"docOrigin="Zootaxa 5165 (2)"docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article"docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D"docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article"docStyleVersion="9"docTitle="Candelabrum bitentaculatum Peña Cantero 2022, sp. nov."docType="treatment"docVersion="8"lastPageNumber="278"masterDocId="FF90FF9DFFE20D5F2306FFA8375E6339"masterDocTitle="On a few benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Kerguelen Islands (southern Indian Ocean), including the description of a new species"masterLastPageNumber="286"masterPageNumber="274"pageNumber="275"updateTime="1732015425634"updateUser="juliana"zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:titleid="9FC0216718C121573F4E23542AADDF72">On a few benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Kerguelen Islands (southern Indian Ocean), including the description of a new species</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="A26781ACE72B9DB8D69E8D6AE9BAC370">Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva / Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain, Apdo. Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain.</mods:affiliation>
<figureCitationid="133B2A76FFE30D5E2399FD64365C61DF"box="[159,258,716,742]"captionStart-0="FIGURE 1"captionStart-1="FIGURE 2"captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1864,1888]"captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1624,1648]"captionTargetBox-0="[245,1345,179,1837]"captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,166,1608]"captionTargetId-0="figure-16@2.[242,1345,179,1838]"captionTargetId-1="figure-27@3.[151,1436,166,1608]"captionTargetPageId-0="2"captionTargetPageId-1="3"captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, hydranth; B, basal and middle part of polyp; C, general view of polyp’s gonophore-bearing middle part; D, blastostyles with gonophores; E, blastostyles; F, general view of a portion of polyp’s distal part showing the location of putative male gonophore (arrow), with close-up showing that gonophore; G, general view of basal part of polyp; H, basal part of hydranth showing blastostyle-like structures (arrow pointing to one of them clearly showing the capitate and sucker tentacles), close-up showing sucker tentacles with perisarc plate. Scale bar: 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (D)."captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, discharged microbasic eurytele; B, undischarged microbasic eurytele (arrow); C, larger and smaller desmonemes and?mastigophore (arrow); D, larger and smaller desmonemes; E, discharged desmoneme; F, stenotele. Scale bar: 10 µm."figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831889"figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831891"httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6831889/files/figure.png"httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6831891/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
<collectionCodeid="ED11AE36FFE30D5E2643FCBC32C26017"box="[1349,1436,788,814]"collectionName="France, Paris, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle"country="France"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988"name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">MNHN</collectionCode>
<collectionCodeid="ED11AE36FFE30D5E2391FC9037E8606B"box="[151,182,824,850]"country="Ukraine"name="Zoological Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">IK</collectionCode>
long, and a 60 mm-long distal part provided with hundreds of capitate tentacles (
<figureCitationid="133B2A76FFE30D5E27BCFC28324D60A3"box="[1210,1299,896,922]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1864,1888]"captionTargetBox="[245,1345,179,1837]"captionTargetId="figure-16@2.[242,1345,179,1838]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, hydranth; B, basal and middle part of polyp; C, general view of polyp’s gonophore-bearing middle part; D, blastostyles with gonophores; E, blastostyles; F, general view of a portion of polyp’s distal part showing the location of putative male gonophore (arrow), with close-up showing that gonophore; G, general view of basal part of polyp; H, basal part of hydranth showing blastostyle-like structures (arrow pointing to one of them clearly showing the capitate and sucker tentacles), close-up showing sucker tentacles with perisarc plate. Scale bar: 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (D)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831889"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831889/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
Mature blastostyles unbranched, short, with up to six distal capitate tentacles and up to three basal, spherical gonophores in close proximity (
<figureCitationid="133B2A76FFE30D5E2105FC60352260DB"box="[515,636,968,994]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1864,1888]"captionTargetBox="[245,1345,179,1837]"captionTargetId="figure-16@2.[242,1345,179,1838]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, hydranth; B, basal and middle part of polyp; C, general view of polyp’s gonophore-bearing middle part; D, blastostyles with gonophores; E, blastostyles; F, general view of a portion of polyp’s distal part showing the location of putative male gonophore (arrow), with close-up showing that gonophore; G, general view of basal part of polyp; H, basal part of hydranth showing blastostyle-like structures (arrow pointing to one of them clearly showing the capitate and sucker tentacles), close-up showing sucker tentacles with perisarc plate. Scale bar: 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (D)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831889"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831889/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">Fig. 1B–E</figureCitation>
). The most basal gonophore barely developed, the others mature (
<figureCitationid="133B2A76FFE30D5E2669FC6037E2673F"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1864,1888]"captionTargetBox="[245,1345,179,1837]"captionTargetId="figure-16@2.[242,1345,179,1838]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, hydranth; B, basal and middle part of polyp; C, general view of polyp’s gonophore-bearing middle part; D, blastostyles with gonophores; E, blastostyles; F, general view of a portion of polyp’s distal part showing the location of putative male gonophore (arrow), with close-up showing that gonophore; G, general view of basal part of polyp; H, basal part of hydranth showing blastostyle-like structures (arrow pointing to one of them clearly showing the capitate and sucker tentacles), close-up showing sucker tentacles with perisarc plate. Scale bar: 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (D)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831889"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831889/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
). Number of tentacles on blastostyles without gonophores ranging from a single distal tentacle to six (
<figureCitationid="133B2A76FFE30D5E263FFC4437F26713"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1864,1888]"captionTargetBox="[245,1345,179,1837]"captionTargetId="figure-16@2.[242,1345,179,1838]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, hydranth; B, basal and middle part of polyp; C, general view of polyp’s gonophore-bearing middle part; D, blastostyles with gonophores; E, blastostyles; F, general view of a portion of polyp’s distal part showing the location of putative male gonophore (arrow), with close-up showing that gonophore; G, general view of basal part of polyp; H, basal part of hydranth showing blastostyle-like structures (arrow pointing to one of them clearly showing the capitate and sucker tentacles), close-up showing sucker tentacles with perisarc plate. Scale bar: 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (D)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831889"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831889/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">Fig. 1B– E</figureCitation>
). A few gonophores, the most distal ones, arising directly from the polyp’s body wall between normal tentacles (
<figureCitationid="133B2A76FFE30D5E2399FB9C37AA6777"box="[159,244,1076,1102]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1864,1888]"captionTargetBox="[245,1345,179,1837]"captionTargetId="figure-16@2.[242,1345,179,1838]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, hydranth; B, basal and middle part of polyp; C, general view of polyp’s gonophore-bearing middle part; D, blastostyles with gonophores; E, blastostyles; F, general view of a portion of polyp’s distal part showing the location of putative male gonophore (arrow), with close-up showing that gonophore; G, general view of basal part of polyp; H, basal part of hydranth showing blastostyle-like structures (arrow pointing to one of them clearly showing the capitate and sucker tentacles), close-up showing sucker tentacles with perisarc plate. Scale bar: 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (D)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831889"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831889/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
Hydranth basal part with blastostyle-like structures with four distal capitate tentacles, but also with five sucker tentacles below, forming a sort of crown (
<figureCitationid="133B2A76FFE30D5E2177FBD435B067AF"box="[625,750,1148,1174]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1864,1888]"captionTargetBox="[245,1345,179,1837]"captionTargetId="figure-16@2.[242,1345,179,1838]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, hydranth; B, basal and middle part of polyp; C, general view of polyp’s gonophore-bearing middle part; D, blastostyles with gonophores; E, blastostyles; F, general view of a portion of polyp’s distal part showing the location of putative male gonophore (arrow), with close-up showing that gonophore; G, general view of basal part of polyp; H, basal part of hydranth showing blastostyle-like structures (arrow pointing to one of them clearly showing the capitate and sucker tentacles), close-up showing sucker tentacles with perisarc plate. Scale bar: 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (D)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831889"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831889/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">Fig. 1G–H</figureCitation>
). Some of the sucker tentacles with a small piece of perisarc (
<figureCitationid="133B2A76FFE30D5E2399FB0837A76783"box="[159,249,1184,1210]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1864,1888]"captionTargetBox="[245,1345,179,1837]"captionTargetId="figure-16@2.[242,1345,179,1838]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, hydranth; B, basal and middle part of polyp; C, general view of polyp’s gonophore-bearing middle part; D, blastostyles with gonophores; E, blastostyles; F, general view of a portion of polyp’s distal part showing the location of putative male gonophore (arrow), with close-up showing that gonophore; G, general view of basal part of polyp; H, basal part of hydranth showing blastostyle-like structures (arrow pointing to one of them clearly showing the capitate and sucker tentacles), close-up showing sucker tentacles with perisarc plate. Scale bar: 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (D)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831889"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831889/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="133B2A76FFE30D5E2246FB6C36D967E7"box="[320,391,1220,1246]"captionStart="FIGURE 2"captionStartId="3.[151,250,1624,1648]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1608]"captionTargetId="figure-27@3.[151,1436,166,1608]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="FIGURE 2. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, discharged microbasic eurytele; B, undischarged microbasic eurytele (arrow); C, larger and smaller desmonemes and?mastigophore (arrow); D, larger and smaller desmonemes; E, discharged desmoneme; F, stenotele. Scale bar: 10 µm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831891"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831891/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) consisting of microbasic euryteles [22.6±1.1 x 8.9±0.5 µm (n= 10), range 21–24 x 8–10 µm],?mastigophores [20.1±0.9 x 6.3±0.3 µm (n= 10), range 19–21.5 x 6–6.5 µm], larger desmonemes [13.1±0.2 x 10.1±0.2 µm (n= 10), range 13 x 10–10.5 µm], smaller desmonemes [9.3±0.4 x 6.4±0.3 µm (n= 10), range 9–10 x 6–7 µm] and stenoteles [11±0.0 x 9±0.0 µm (n= 10), range 11 x 9 µm].
Although the area below the gonophore-bearing blastostyles extends over the basal eight millimetres, the blastostyle-like structures described above, provided with both capitate and sucker tentacles, only extent over the most basal five millimetres. If the presence of these sucker tentacles defined the basal part of the polyp, it then would be shorter, only five millimetres long.
The isolated gonophores arising directly from the hydranth body wall between tentacles (
<figureCitationid="133B2A76FFE30D5E27C4FA4C324966C7"box="[1218,1303,1508,1534]"captionStart="FIGURE 1"captionStartId="2.[151,250,1864,1888]"captionTargetBox="[245,1345,179,1837]"captionTargetId="figure-16@2.[242,1345,179,1838]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="FIGURE 1. Candelabrum bitentaculatum sp. nov.: A, hydranth; B, basal and middle part of polyp; C, general view of polyp’s gonophore-bearing middle part; D, blastostyles with gonophores; E, blastostyles; F, general view of a portion of polyp’s distal part showing the location of putative male gonophore (arrow), with close-up showing that gonophore; G, general view of basal part of polyp; H, basal part of hydranth showing blastostyle-like structures (arrow pointing to one of them clearly showing the capitate and sucker tentacles), close-up showing sucker tentacles with perisarc plate. Scale bar: 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (D)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831889"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831889/files/figure.png"pageId="1"pageNumber="275">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
), above the blastostyle area, might represent male gonophores. If this were the case, the species would be monoecious.
<bibRefCitationid="EF914B02FFE30D5E27F1F93032CE658B"author="Briggs, E. A."box="[1271,1424,1688,1714]"pageId="1"pageNumber="275"pagination="305 - 315"refId="ref7284"refString="Briggs, E. A. (1928) Studies in Australian athecate hydroids. I. Two new species of the genus Myriothela. Records of the Australian Museum, 16 (7), 305 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.16.1928.792"type="journal article"year="1928">Briggs, 1928</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, whose blastostyles have an irregularly lobed base, from
<bibRefCitationid="EF914B02FFE30D5E271DF91433E165EF"author="Manton, S. M."box="[1051,1215,1724,1750]"pageId="1"pageNumber="275"pagination="255 - 293"refId="ref7902"refString="Manton, S. M. (1940) On two new species of the hydroid Myriothela. Scientific Reports of the British Graham Land Expedition, 1 (4), 255 - 293."type="journal article"year="1940">Manton, 1940</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which has irregularly lobed or branched blastostyles, and from
<bibRefCitationid="EF914B02FFE30D5E2133F8E4358A645F"author="Manton, S. M."box="[565,724,1868,1894]"pageId="1"pageNumber="275"pagination="255 - 293"refId="ref7902"refString="Manton, S. M. (1940) On two new species of the hydroid Myriothela. Scientific Reports of the British Graham Land Expedition, 1 (4), 255 - 293."type="journal article"year="1940">Manton, 1940</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF914B02FFE30D5E20D3F8E4332B645F"author="Millard, N. A. H."box="[981,1141,1868,1894]"pageId="1"pageNumber="275"pagination="427 - 487"refId="ref8057"refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1966) The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part III. The Gymnoblastea and small families of the Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 48 (18), 427 - 487."type="journal article"year="1966">Millard, 1966</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, in which the blastostyles are arranged in a single whorl.
also differs from most species. As indicated above, there are only three gonophores, the most basal one barely developed. By contrast, in the species considered, the number of gonophores is higher. Thus,
<bibRefCitationid="EF914B02FFE30D5E2792F874327964CF"author="Briggs, E. A."box="[1172,1319,2012,2038]"pageId="1"pageNumber="275"pagination="305 - 315"refId="ref7284"refString="Briggs, E. A. (1928) Studies in Australian athecate hydroids. I. Two new species of the genus Myriothela. Records of the Australian Museum, 16 (7), 305 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.16.1928.792"type="journal article"year="1928">Briggs, 1928</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C004D70FFE10D5C2265F8AE34FC6418"authority="Galea & Schories, 2014"authorityName="Galea & Schories"authorityYear="2014"box="[355,930,1798,1825]"class="Hydrozoa"family="Candelabridae"genus="Candelabrum"kingdom="Animalia"order="Anthoathecata"pageId="3"pageNumber="277"phylum="Cnidaria"rank="species"species="valdiviensis">
<bibRefCitationid="EF914B02FFE10D5C2194F8AE34FC6418"author="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. & Forsterra, G. & Haussermann, V."box="[658,930,1798,1825]"pageId="3"pageNumber="277"pagination="1 - 50"refId="ref7418"refString="Galea, H. R., Schories, D., Forsterra, G. & Haussermann, V. (2014) New species and new records of hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Chile. Zootaxa, 3852 (1), 1 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3852.1.1"type="journal article"year="2014">Galea & Schories, 2014</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF914B02FFE10D5C23D0F88136C8647A"author="Jaderholm, E."box="[214,406,1833,1859]"pageId="3"pageNumber="277"pagination="1 - 14"refId="ref7648"refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Series 4, 3 (Notes et Revue 1), 1 - 14."type="journal article"year="1904">Jäderholm, 1904</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, whose blastostyles usually have one to three gonophores, has been observed with up to six gonophores per blastostyle.
: A, hydranth; B, basal and middle part of polyp; C, general view of polyp’s gonophore-bearing middle part; D, blastostyles with gonophores; E, blastostyles; F, general view of a portion of polyp’s distal part showing the location of putative male gonophore (arrow), with close-up showing that gonophore; G, general view of basal part of polyp; H, basal part of hydranth showing blastostyle-like structures (arrow pointing to one of them clearly showing the capitate and sucker tentacles), close-up showing sucker tentacles with perisarc plate. Scale bar: 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (D).
) from Kerguelen, indicating that his material coincided completely with the upper part of the specimen depicted by
<bibRefCitationid="EF914B02FFE60D5B27B1FEAB322A6224"author="Jaderholm, E."box="[1207,1396,258,285]"pageId="4"pageNumber="278"pagination="1 - 41"refId="ref7690"refString="Jaderholm, E. (1905) Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, gesammelt von derschwedischen Sudpolarexpedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 5 (8), 1 - 41."type="journal article"year="1905">Jäderholm (1905</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 2, fig. 1). However, Vanhöffen’s material consisted of a 10-mm-long fragment corresponding to the most distal part of a polyp, with about 40 rows of densely packed, capitate tentacles. In the light of the present results, it is plausible to consider that Vanhöffen’s material could actually belong to
