122 lines
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122 lines
16 KiB
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<document id="AD82E97FCC1F0067F2BA49FA6557DFCA" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D3285BFFCCF7F0FE13FAC6B469" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Lycaenites gabbroensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E725D5A2E00D54CB041012C84535D228">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="47F7889D335EEFBFC4B4143BFFF39112" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="038D1FDCAD833FE52463110799760B8E">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BB5F5D8C71D3424168711AB801F528E3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="90BC08439B73E04DE04FA03E7547308C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="948065D77D19B1121A33BA64D6FAA013">
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<mods:date id="E6A6D64ACD443FF5138A0A568BA8D706">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="361FA62A2D950899FBDF8C47F5AE4E08">4270</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5586CD0275371FA0A150BC52B2136708">1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="E90B706E35BF53AD8DB3E1350F857E65" type="CLB-Dataset">32975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1047C42F1125ECFCB4CD27C6FBDA3BE3" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.583183</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9725E5ADA40219C9736A17DF3D3A03BA" type="GBIF-Dataset">6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="16251B6088C91F107FDA68C36DADE365" type="Zenodo-Dep">583183</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87D3285BFFCCF7F0FE13FAC6B469" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046975" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844855" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046975" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3285BFFCCF7F0FE13FAC6B469" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D3285BFFCCF7F0FE13FAC6B469" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285BFFCCF7F0FE13FEBDB1CD" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285BFFCCF7F0FE13FD44B190" blockId="27.[151,743,404,430]" box="[151,743,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<heading id="D0F481A9285BFFCCF7F0FE13FD44B190" bold="true" box="[151,743,404,430]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285BFFCCF7F0FE13FD44B190" bold="true" box="[151,743,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285BFFCCF7F0FE13FE93B190" bold="true" box="[151,304,404,430]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF7F0FE13FE88B190" box="[151,299,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lycaenites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabbroensis">gabbroensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF651FE13FD44B190" authority="Rebel, 1898" authorityName="Rebel" authorityYear="1898" box="[310,743,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lycaenites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabbroensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285BFFCCF651FE13FDEDB190" bold="true" box="[310,590,404,430]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Lycaenites gabbroensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285BFFCCF532FE13FD44B190" author="Rebel" box="[597,743,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Rebel, H. (1898) Fossile Lepidopteren aus der Miocan-Formation von Gabbro. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, 107, 731 - 745." type="journal article" year="1898">Rebel, 1898</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285BFFCCF7F0FE5DFEBDB1CD" blockId="27.[151,1437,474,1111]" box="[151,286,474,499]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF7F0FE5DFEB8B1CD" box="[151,283,474,499]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285BFFCCF7A0FE79FAC6B469" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285BFFCCF7A0FE79FD4FB229" blockId="27.[151,1437,474,1111]" box="[199,748,510,535]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C98285BFFCCF7A0FE79FD4FB229" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739222" box="[199,748,510,535]" country="Italy" location="Tuscany" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tuscany">
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<collectingCountry id="F3147655285BFFCCF7A0FE79FF58B229" box="[199,251,510,535]" name="Italy" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Italy</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285BFFCCF661FE78FEC6B229" box="[262,357,511,535]" country="Italy" name="Toscana" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Tuscany</collectingRegion>
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, Gabbro (near Pisa); late Miocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285BFFCCF7A0FDA5FB17B205" blockId="27.[151,1437,474,1111]" box="[199,1204,546,571]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Depository: NHMW (holotype, 1898/0013/0005; counterpart holotype, 1898/0013/0006).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285BFFCCF7A0FDC1FC4BB261" blockId="27.[151,1437,474,1111]" box="[199,1000,582,607]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285BFFCCF6FEFDC0FD3EB261" author="Murata" box="[409,669,582,607]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Murata, Y. (1998) Notes on the evolutionary process of butterflies and butterfly fossils. Butterflies, 20 (part 1 & 2), 4 - 17 & 27 - 40. [in Japanese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1998">Murata (1998: Fig. 37)</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285BFFCCF5CFFDC1FC47B261" author="Rebel" box="[680,996,582,607]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Rebel, H. (1898) Fossile Lepidopteren aus der Miocan-Formation von Gabbro. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, 107, 731 - 745." type="journal article" year="1898">
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Rebel (1898: Pl. I
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285BFFCCF411FDC1FC1DB261" box="[886,958,582,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[238,1332,193,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[238,1332,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Ƒanessa amerindica Miller & Brown, 1989, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by Roger Portell. Fig. 6. Pseudoneorina coulleti Nel & Descimon, 1984. France, Dép. Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, Dauphin, specimen in coll. M. Henrotay; photo by courtesy of M. Henrotay. Fig. 7. Archaeolycorea ferreirai Martins-Neto, 1989. Fig. 4 A of original description. Fig. 8. Oligodonta florissantensis Brown, 1976, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by courtesy of Akito Kawahara. Fig. 9. Neorinella garciae Martins- Neto, Kucera-Santos, de Moraes Vieira & de Campos Fragoso, 1993. Fig. 3 A of original description. Fig. 10. Protocoeliades kristenseni de Jong, 2016, holotype, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo by Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583187/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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, 7)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285BFFCCF7A0FDECFAC6B469" blockId="27.[151,1437,474,1111]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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A very badly preserved small insect. As correctly stated by Rebel, the strongly bent subcosta (Rebel: costa) of the hindwing shows that it is a butterfly and not a broad-winged moth. For the rest of the hindwing venation is so faulty that I have little confidence in Rebel’s reconstruction (Pl. I Fig. 7), which, moreover, does not agree with his habitus drawing (Pl. I
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285BFFCCF6C3FD51FE4EB2D1" box="[420,493,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[238,1332,193,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[238,1332,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Ƒanessa amerindica Miller & Brown, 1989, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by Roger Portell. Fig. 6. Pseudoneorina coulleti Nel & Descimon, 1984. France, Dép. Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, Dauphin, specimen in coll. M. Henrotay; photo by courtesy of M. Henrotay. Fig. 7. Archaeolycorea ferreirai Martins-Neto, 1989. Fig. 4 A of original description. Fig. 8. Oligodonta florissantensis Brown, 1976, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by courtesy of Akito Kawahara. Fig. 9. Neorinella garciae Martins- Neto, Kucera-Santos, de Moraes Vieira & de Campos Fragoso, 1993. Fig. 3 A of original description. Fig. 10. Protocoeliades kristenseni de Jong, 2016, holotype, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo by Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583187/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). Because of its size (forewing length
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<quantity id="4CFB9B20285BFFCCF4D9FD50FBB0B2D1" box="[958,1043,727,751]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
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) and absence of a precostal vein (=humeral vein) in the hindwing, Rebel assigned the fossil to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF4E4FD7DFBA5B32D" box="[899,1030,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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. In the description it is stated that a radial fork distally of the cell is visible in the forewing and prominent in the reconstructed wing venation, although not in the drawing of the habitus of the fossil. Consequently, the fossil cannot belong to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF3F3FCC5FABDB365" box="[1172,1310,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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. Moreover, the head is smaller than the thorax, which in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF5FBFCE1FC81B341" box="[668,802,870,895]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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is only known from the strictly American
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF26AFCE1FA3FB341" box="[1293,1436,870,895]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Megathymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285BFFCCF26AFCE1FA3FB341" box="[1293,1436,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Megathymus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group (
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF78DFC0DFED5B39D" box="[234,374,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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), of which the extant species are much bigger and built much more heavily. Among further extant butterflies only
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF6F5FC29FE52B3F9" box="[402,497,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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, in particular
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF5EEFC28FD42B3F8" box="[649,737,943,966]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285BFFCCF5EEFC28FD42B3F8" box="[649,737,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eurema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species, can approach consideration for an assignment in view of its small size. However, in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF689FC53FDE5B3D5" box="[494,582,980,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285BFFCCF689FC53FDE5B3D5" box="[494,582,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eurema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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M1 branches off the common stem of R3+R4 (see, e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285BFFCCF3B3FC55FF70B431" author="Jeratthitikul" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Jeratthitikul, E., Lewvanich, A., Butcher, B. A. & Lekprayoon, C. (2009) A taxonomic study of the genus Eurema Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Thailand. Natural History Journal Chulalongkorn University, 9, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2009">
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Jeratthitikul
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285BFFCCF205FC53FA36B3D5" box="[1378,1429,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
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. 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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), while in the reconstruction of Rebel, the origin of M1 is far apart from the origin of this common stem. The conclusion that the fossil apparently belongs to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF5B8FB9DFCC2B40D" box="[735,865,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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, is not very helpful in terms of divergence time of the family, since older fossils of the sister group,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285BFFCCF5D9FBB9FC9FB469" box="[702,828,1086,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
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, are known and even assignable to extant genera.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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