treatments-xml/data/43/52/62/43526241EEF75062E6F5695FAF5A96C0.xml

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<mods:title id="32907783EAA590856C79AC841407C4CA">Choreutidae of Madeira: review of the known species and description of the male of Anthophila threnodes (Walsingham, 1910) (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9BE3614E67AAEE6A1E936D2A1B690D59">Rota, Jadranka</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="146F9B725DCA6B241AAF0FCBB9A70F97">Aguiar, Antonio M. F.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="43526241EEF75062E6F5695FAF5A96C0" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127853468" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:43526241EEF75062E6F5695FAF5A96C0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/43526241EEF75062E6F5695FAF5A96C0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" scope_family="Choreutidae" scope_order="Lepidoptera">
<subSubSection id="9D77B72BD512BC585A41E0DCD25DECCB" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="24BF9CE8E7B14DC2F714B4C10D0FC349" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Choreutidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="12247DEFB5133146D4C1B9A042ADA95B" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4C1ABC0C76B3DAA0A3B6C75FCEC98705" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
<taxonomicName id="D17BF425B7C70E7411C529DE8094F4E6" ID-CoL="5VFV4" authority="Walsingham, 1910" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes (Walsingham, 1910)</taxonomicName>
Figs 1, 2, 9-18
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C41258B11DCB0C12D18D703027B813F7" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3D3D109C41A0D386F0749358178C6644" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
<taxonomicName id="9C683622DB2E0EDF0783B831D0CDD21F" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Hemerophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemerophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Hemerophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
Walsingham, 1910: 257.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DA1CA7BDEB7A8746DFBBBAE3A7E6CE97" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="520FD32E0895E2B471AB29BB13F258EF" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="832CFA42F9727B3016845D6AFB5BD61C" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
Holotype. 1♀, 'B.M. Genitalia Slide 20115 A. 
<normalizedToken id="A8DEFA78CC95C29EA5C0783326636C0A" originalValue="Diak’">Diak'</normalizedToken>
| 
<normalizedToken id="5E0D823C9640D889CD98AAC395A7C097" originalValue="‘Type’">'Type'</normalizedToken>
'Madeira, V. 1886, Leech, 62296' | 'Walsingham Collection 1910-427' | 'Hemerophila threnodes Wals., ♀, Ent. Monthly Mag. 46, p. 257 (1910). Type ♀ (1/1) descr. 62296' (BMNH). 1♂, 1♀, 'Madeira: 1858. Wollaston. BM 1858-21.' | 'Simaethis fabriciana L. teste Stn. Ann-Mag. N. H. (3. s) III. 210, no 4 (1859), Topotype Madeira.' | 
<normalizedToken id="A9EB6431282F8CF668F7CCCB97E9E397" originalValue="‘V’">'V'</normalizedToken>
[May] (BMNH); 1♂, Funchal, 20-31.iii.1995, leg. L. Sippola, genitalia slide Rota JR2013-05, DNA voucher for extraction An_th2 (ZMUC); 1♂, Cabo 
<normalizedToken id="B5BC7811940B8F3AC9717FB2A753F96D" originalValue="Girão">Girao</normalizedToken>
, Cruz da Caldeira, 8.vii.1999, leg. A. M. F. Aguiar, genitalia slide Rota JR2013-04, DNA voucher for exraction An_th1 (AMFA); 1♀, Vereda da Entrosa, Arco de 
<normalizedToken id="0F2E2138D0B7BBFB1A93A0C45EF7B44D" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Jorge, 225 m, 12.ii.2000, leg. A. M. F. Aguiar (AMFA); 3♂, 2♀, same data but la. 14.ii.2001, 
<taxonomicName id="1515C4A12349CA135B6C05B2C1438D4A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Urtica</taxonomicName>
sp., leg. A. M. F. Aguiar &amp; J. Jesus (AMFA, ICLAM); 2♂, 3♀, same data but 200 m, la. 29.xi.2001, 
<taxonomicName id="8CBC5B096CD68CEAB9A0D06C9A0969CE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Urtica</taxonomicName>
sp., leg. A. M. F. Aguiar &amp; O. Karsholt, genitalia slides Hendriksen 5240, Karsholt 5236 (AMFA, ZMUC); 2♀, same data but, 15.v.2003, leg. A. M. F. Aguiar &amp; J. Jesus (AMFA); 1♀, AM 5089, Levada Grande, Boaventura, 285m, 4.iii.2000, larva on 
<taxonomicName id="871F622FF512EC3132153738BF5FCDAE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica membranacea" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="membranacea">Urtica membranacea</taxonomicName>
, leg. A. M. F. Aguiar (AMFA); 1♀, Monte, 20.iii.2002, leg. L. Sippola (SIP).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="87C3DFE4D481E653AE5FEB4833C65342" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="EB3C2CE33D67461BE9CAE23A65111016" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9375257F53007489D7F41134CE2701CC" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
<taxonomicName id="5C5AAB77A777CD9FEAA324310B227051" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Hemerophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemerophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Hemerophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
was originally described from one female collected in Madeira by J. H. Leech in May 1886. No exact locality was stated. Based on the material collected more recently, we provide a description of the male. We also illustrate female genitalia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D4E9239AA0470A7A0D268F53997C25B6" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="description">
<paragraph id="8C390BC752E2EC456357D9E6FC279FAA" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="05066A718B62A771553223DEF9C8F20F" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
<taxonomicName id="1642EA0605433CCC001A1DC57EF8F910" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
is characterized by its dark, almost black wings and a scattering of light bluish scales on the thoracic dorsum and forewing upperside (Figs 1, 2). The forewings have a cream-white spot at two-thirds of costa and another such spot at four-fifths of the dorsum; fringes are black and cream-white beyond black fringe-line. Hindwings are uniform dark brown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BE284F0AF0BF2266D02E5FB922A63260" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
<paragraph id="FB3C8420364209D6ECD1CDF5AE74E209" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
Figures 1-4. Adults in dorsal and lateral view. 1-2. 
<taxonomicName id="2A797B5FF64EEEC21BAAAE3FA467E844" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
; 3-4. 
<taxonomicName id="22EA033A1D3FDFB0FB502F71E8935253" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">Anthophila fabriciana</taxonomicName>
(scale bar = 2 mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6DD92808AB2B5F4C613D72DD73FF34B1" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
<paragraph id="923D2DD33AC9E61DC100144A1E80AF99" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
Figures 5-8. Adults in dorsal and lateral view. 5-6. 
<taxonomicName id="5EBC6FB261A577BAE482211F4782E765" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Choreutis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choreutis nemorana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemorana">Choreutis nemorana</taxonomicName>
; 7-8. 
<taxonomicName id="A2F8B655F902DD3059E57583B141DB5C" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Tebenna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tebenna micalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="micalis">Tebenna micalis</taxonomicName>
(scale bar = 2 mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1F39C3D54C23682B404F6339E5BC6D5D" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Male genitalia (Fig. 9). Tegumen triangular with small uncus extending from its apex. Papillae anales present as elongate, somewhat elliptical patches with long hairs. Gnathos well developed as a long, somewhat curved, pointed hook. Vinculum ventrally rounded with a small, triangular saccus (obscured in Fig. 9a, but visible in slide JR2013-04, which is not illustrated). Valva broad, somewhat oval, with a pointed costal process and an unsclerotized triangular, rounded extension distally; distally and ventrally covered with hairs. Juxta as a hood-like plate (in Fig. 9b attached to phallus). Phallus shorter than valva, slightly sigmoidal, with a sharp spine at one-third from apex (Fig. 9c).</paragraph>
<caption id="EDEACF54F9E2B58C5ADC4F5347F89334" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
<paragraph id="892A0D9F744E4FED7FA855BC3156D406" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
Figures 9-10. 
<taxonomicName id="6D4DD249EFE4011581FCF448496018B5" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
: male genitalia (9a), phallus (9b, c) (9a and 9b from slide Karsholt 5236, ZMUC; 9c from slide JR2013-04, ZMUC), female genitalia (10a), inset showing magnified corpus bursae (10b) (scale bar = 0.2 mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="96ECB52AA11FFC84E70784EC7AAAEA60" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
<pageBreakToken id="69C89F4D6261A8AFDDEC6423C548E7B5" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" start="start">Female</pageBreakToken>
genitalia (Fig. 10). Apophysis posterioris slender, slightly broader at base; ca. 1.5 times as long as anterioris and much less thick. Apophysis anterioris greatly enlarged in the middle, tapering basally and even more so distally. Ostium on segment 7. Ductus bursae very gradually widening into corpus, with a slight twist of about one to two revolutions. Corpus bursae oval, small, with a signum as small patch of dentations (Fig. 10b).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A68039794B99B63BF784CCF3B7BA665C" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="host plant">
<paragraph id="0E8B3771F81B10E5B227570B41DFEB6E" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Host plant.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FB4055D6168C2BC8FB9DFE076B314177" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="2D312E5EC3B4C435B6087BFCF93C94CA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica membranacea" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="membranacea">Urtica membranacea</taxonomicName>
Poir. ex Savigny and probably other 
<taxonomicName id="C335441B3DE72924618DDA4173124467" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Urtica</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName id="07ED799ECDC41293BD7F36549A99920A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urticaceae" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="887CC4AA4EE9D19EA56498102122AD6D" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="17070074A92B22E25BE30572EA79B5DB" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F19FD1D11E837BC2D5FDB9576B9CAE22" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Larvae have been found in March, May, and November, and adults have been collected in February, March, May, and July, indicating at least two broods. The adult flies during the day. It occurs in open landscapes at low altitudes.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BC763103526DBEF39961E3DC6DE758E5" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="immature stages and biology">
<paragraph id="ABA670B1EDECFC1D7E59C76B4923B632" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Immature stages and biology</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73C88ED7FE97CA694BDB7601E432FD75" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">(Figs 11-18). Larva is off-white with dark brown spots (Figs 14, 15) and it spins a thin web on or around the young leaves on which it feeds (Figs 12, 13). The pupa is reddish brown (Fig. 16), and in addition to the single rows of dorsal spines on abdominal segments A2-7 (Figs 17, 18) it also has dorsal lacunae - small round holes in a row immediately posterior to the spines.</paragraph>
<caption id="BFC4D6946B229E31BD6697C977BC5325" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
<paragraph id="04F0D3DDE6722AD1EB965C239BE46B01" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
Figures 11-16. 
<taxonomicName id="CE64DA150A3221A55087F60E6A008800" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
: 11. Adult on its host plant; 12-13. Larval webbing tying young leaves; 14-15. Larva; 16. Pupa and an empty pupal shell in the inset.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F82192E17319D0EEEC8550FAD7E05FC3" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
<paragraph id="8DC66FB6FC1D4598EF35DBB35414EC0B" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
Figures 17-18. 
<taxonomicName id="5E16B4C8D2136EC60018CEF00E12E64B" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
pupa (17) with the close-up of dorsal spines and lacunae (18).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7C7DA1B1E3771DF79F10C65B0F643BAC" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="BADA1B34F6E51DD12A291BF1F5D27E2A" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3AA036896043F95E72E518994857903B" pageId="4" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName id="A3488F6E34C70EFBEA25ECEC6C400CB9" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">
<pageBreakToken id="8E0FD3E50F721FA1CE411B803D7C675D" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" start="start">Anthophila</pageBreakToken>
threnodes
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by its blackish wings, and should be relatively easy to differentiate from the other 
<taxonomicName id="FC15DE42A37EDBBEE999122E38036EC1" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepidoptera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
in Madeira. It resembles 
<taxonomicName id="E98CCDC3403F6EC5DBF220FBD7B45D7D" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">Anthophila fabriciana</taxonomicName>
but the wings of that species are much lighter greyish brown. Male genitalia are very similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="0B394E6B020FC22698D95F719F485509" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">Anthophila fabriciana</taxonomicName>
, but they differ in having a much shorter spine on the phallus. Female genitalia are similar to those of other species of 
<taxonomicName id="9D76D1BD71DA4D2F814BEEDEAB2A396B" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anthophila</taxonomicName>
, but they differ in only having a hint of spiralization in the basal third of the ductus bursae, unlike those of e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="BB98DA1DED6DD4A8A24427CB1A8561F8" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">Anthophila fabriciana</taxonomicName>
(L.), 
<taxonomicName id="CFACC5E38B03F2FD11C92E2C1FCDF8B5" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila abhasica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abhasica">Anthophila abhasica</taxonomicName>
Danilevsky, and 
<taxonomicName id="8AE45C0DA13359C900BC9A0C3DF04D5E" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila armata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armata">Anthophila armata</taxonomicName>
Danilevsky, where the spiralization is apparent. We cannot find differences between the larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="5031F251E555D3441AE291B5B07D2BF0" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="06C1214EDF516A00ADCBEE116E5AC943" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">Anthophila fabriciana</taxonomicName>
in their general appearance (the differentiation between the two would likely be possible based on the ultrastructure as seen with the scanning electron microscope, but this has not been done).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>