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<document id="2B322B80AD737A66542E71FAFCC5E24F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4013.2.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f8f1d32c-90e4-49fc-8a2f-10c616e29a6b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="234589" ID-ZooBank="7E00F895-233E-4826-AE45-D1F8AF9E6E1F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461245941692" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ronkay, Laszlo, Behounek, Gottfried &amp; Müller, Günter C." docDate="2015" docId="8A5E9776FFB8FF8FFF18FF33FEFBF95E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04013p251.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4013 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Plusiotricha livida Holland 1894" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="237" masterDocId="7667EF0EFFBAFF8DFF8FFFABFF9DFFB6" masterDocTitle="PLusiinae (Excl. Abrostolini) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Ethiopia. A faunistical survey with biogeographical comments" masterLastPageNumber="251" masterPageNumber="235" pageNumber="237" updateTime="1698606465346" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="E2F431F027A55C2DB14E82A32F34EEB5">PLusiinae (Excl. Abrostolini) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Ethiopia. A faunistical survey with biogeographical comments</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3D1091EA017297A27A3B2093E6CCAD74">Ronkay, Laszlo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D5A023190B817EC1629D0EB79C308C39">Behounek, Gottfried</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5BB5B055E745ADBC66029D01302F02D8">Müller, Günter C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1D06BA5E50CDF8CF055FE43CBB24D363">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="60EB548016CA766B12FFF4F3CD0091AC">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8D9DF740677F7F705F5A998A6755DE81">4013</mods:number>
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<treatment id="8A5E9776FFB8FF8FFF18FF33FEFBF95E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5667168" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119635008" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5667168" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A5E9776FFB8FF8FFF18FF33FEFBF95E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A5E9776FFB8FF8FFF18FF33FEFBF95E" lastPageNumber="237" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<subSubSection id="4AED75EBFFB8FF8FFF18FF33FE97FED6" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF18FF33FDB6FF04" blockId="2.[151,555,152,178]" box="[151,555,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<heading id="5900910CFFB8FF8FFF18FF33FDB6FF04" bold="true" box="[151,555,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFF18FF33FDB6FF04" ID-CoL="93B3V" authority="Holland, 1894" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,555,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Plusiotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="livida">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF18FF33FDB6FF04" bold="true" box="[151,555,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF18FF33FEE8FF04" bold="true" box="[151,373,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Plusiotricha livida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFEF3FF33FDB6FF04" author="Holland" box="[380,555,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Holland, W. (1894) New and undescribed genera and species of West African Noctuidae. Psyche, 7, 9 - 27. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1894 / 80671" type="journal article" year="1894">
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFEF3FF33FE7EFF04" box="[380,483,152,178]" name="Netherlands" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Holland</collectingCountry>
, 1894
</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF18FF75FDF9FEAD" blockId="2.[151,1195,222,283]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFF18FF75FF7BFF41" box="[151,230,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Psyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF18FF75FF7BFF41" box="[151,230,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Psyche</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 7: 10,
<typeStatus id="DD4C98C2FFB8FF8FFEB4FF75FE35FF41" box="[315,424,222,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: male,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFE79FF75FDDEFF41" box="[502,579,222,247]" name="Gabon" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Gabun</collectingCountry>
, Ogove River, coll. Pittsburgh Museum, Pennsylvania. (
<figureCitation id="9ACC3AE5FFB8FF8FFF10FEA9FF74FEAD" box="[159,233,258,283]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1978,2001]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1953]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,195,1953]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 3. Genitalia slides. Numeration in text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/234592/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
a—female, 3b—male, 41, 42, 43)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF18FEE1FE97FED6" blockId="2.[151,1436,330,475]" box="[151,266,330,352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Synonymy.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4AED75EBFFB8FF8FFF18FEC2FEC8FE6D" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF18FEC2FD94FE28" blockId="2.[151,1436,330,475]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFF18FEC2FE7FFEC9" authority="Fletcher, 1963" authorityName="Fletcher" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,482,361,383]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Plusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dyscapna">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF18FEC2FEDFFEC9" box="[151,322,361,383]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Plusia dyscapna</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFEC4FEC2FE7FFEC9" author="Fletcher" box="[331,482,361,383]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Fletcher, D. (1963) Noctuidae. Exploration des Parcs Nationaux Congo et du Rwanda. Exploration du Pars National Albert, 2 (15), 71 - 120." type="journal article" year="1963">Fletcher, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFE7FFEC2FCEEFEC9" box="[496,883,361,383]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Exploration du Parc National Albert</emphasis>
, 2 (fasc.15): 105, Fig. 26.
<typeStatus id="DD4C98C2FFB8FF8FFB19FEC2FB65FEC9" box="[1174,1272,361,383]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: male,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFAC8FEC2FA05FEC9" box="[1351,1432,361,383]" name="Uganda" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Uganda</collectingCountry>
, Kampala, coll. BMNH, London
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF18FE0DFEC8FE6D" blockId="2.[151,1436,330,475]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFF18FE0DFE56FE0A" authority="Holland, 1894" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,459,422,444]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Plusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorilla">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF18FE0DFEB5FE0A" box="[151,296,422,444]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Plusia gorilla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFEBCFE0DFE56FE0A" author="Holland" box="[307,459,422,444]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Holland, W. (1894) New and undescribed genera and species of West African Noctuidae. Psyche, 7, 9 - 27. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1894 / 80671" type="journal article" year="1894">
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFEBCFE0DFE1AFE0A" box="[307,391,422,444]" name="Netherlands" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Holland</collectingCountry>
, 1894
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFE55FE0CFDB8FE0A" bold="true" box="[474,549,423,444]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">syn. n.</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFDB9FE0DFDE3FE0A" ID-CoL="92LBV" box="[566,638,422,444]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Psyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFDB9FE0DFDE3FE0A" box="[566,638,422,444]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Psyche</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 7: 9.
<typeStatus id="DD4C98C2FFB8FF8FFD43FE0DFCB3FE0A" box="[716,814,422,444]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: female,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFC1CFE0DFC44FE0A" box="[915,985,422,444]" name="Gabon" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Gabun</collectingCountry>
, Ogove, Benito, coll. Pittsburgh Museum, Pennsylvania.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4AED75EBFFB8FF8FFF18FDACFEB9FD4E" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF18FDACFE67FDF2" blockId="2.[151,1437,519,1229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF18FDACFE1DFD96" bold="true" box="[151,384,519,544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Material examined.</emphasis>
Oromia Region, Jimma.
<quantity id="C50F8B85FFB8FF8FFD15FDA3FD6FFDA9" box="[666,754,520,544]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" unit="m" value="1900.0">1900 m</quantity>
.
<date id="764900A0FFB8FF8FFD73FDA3FCCDFD96" box="[764,848,520,544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" value="2009-05">V.2009</date>
. Leg. Kravchenko V.; Oromia Region, Shenen.
<quantity id="C50F8B85FFB8FF8FFAEBFDACFF2DFDF2" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
.
<date id="764900A0FFB8FF8FFF34FD87FE93FDF2" box="[187,270,556,580]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" value="2009-05">V.2009</date>
. Leg. Kravchenko V.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF48FDE4FB56FD3A" blockId="2.[151,1437,519,1229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF48FDE4FED7FDDE" bold="true" box="[199,330,591,616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Literature.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFED8FDE4FD07FDDE" author="Behounek" box="[343,666,591,616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Behounek, W. &amp; Ronkay, L. (1989) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Plusiinae Afrikas (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Plusiinae). Nachrichtenblatt der bayerischen Entomologen, 38 (1), 21 - 30." type="journal article" year="1989">Behounek &amp; Ronkay 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFD24FDE4FC3DFDDE" author="Berio" box="[683,928,591,616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Berio, E., Dufay C. &amp; Laporte, B. &amp; Rougeot, P. (1984) Missions entomologiques en Ethiopie, 1976 - 1982. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie A, Zoologie, 2, 128, 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1984">Berio &amp; et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFC3DFDE4FBDDFDDE" author="Dufay" box="[946,1088,591,616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Dufay, C. (1970) Lepidopteres Noctuidae-Plusiinae. Faune de Madagascar, XXXI, 176 pp." type="book" year="1970">Dufay 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFBDDFDE4FB7CFDDE" author="Dufay" box="[1106,1249,591,616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Dufay, C. (1972) Descriptions de nouveaux Plusiinae Africains (Lep. Noctuidae) (Note preliminaire). Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 41 (6), 65 - 72; 93 - 104; 105 - 111." type="journal article" year="1972">Dufay 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFB7CFDE4FA0AFDDE" author="Fletcher" box="[1267,1431,591,616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Fletcher, D. (1963) Noctuidae. Exploration des Parcs Nationaux Congo et du Rwanda. Exploration du Pars National Albert, 2 (15), 71 - 120." type="journal article" year="1963">Fletcher 1963</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFF18FDDEFED9FD3A" author="Hampson" box="[151,324,628,652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Hampson, G. (1913) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. Vol. 13. Catocalinae (2), Plusiinae. Taylor and Francis, London, 609 pp." type="book" year="1913">Hampson 1913</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFEDFFDDFFE70FD3A" author="Holland" box="[336,493,628,653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Holland, W. (1894) New and undescribed genera and species of West African Noctuidae. Psyche, 7, 9 - 27. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1894 / 80671" type="journal article" year="1894">
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFEDFFDDFFE37FD3B" box="[336,426,628,653]" name="Netherlands" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Holland</collectingCountry>
1894
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFE77FDDFFD58FD3A" author="Hebert" box="[504,709,628,653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Hebert, P., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. &amp; DeWard, J. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 270, 313 - 321. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.2218" type="journal article" year="2003">Hebert et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFD5FFDDFFBBFFD3A" author="Ratnasingham" box="[720,1058,628,653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Ratnasingham, S. &amp; Hebert, P. (2007) BOLD database: The Barcode of Life Data System. Molecular Ecology Notes, 7 (3), 355 - 364. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 8286.2007.01678. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Ratnasingham &amp; Hebert 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFBA2FDDFFB5AFD3A" author="Ronkay" box="[1069,1223,628,653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Ronkay, L. (1987) Taxonomic and zoogeographical studies on the subfamily Plusiinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The Palaeotropical, Oriental and Nearctic material of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 79, 167 - 178." type="journal article" year="1987">Ronkay 1987</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF48FD3CFEB9FD4E" blockId="2.[151,1437,519,1229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF48FD3CFDB9FD06" bold="true" box="[199,548,663,688]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">General distribution pattern.</emphasis>
In tropical Africa:
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFD71FD33FCE8FD06" box="[766,885,664,688]" name="Cameroon" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFC0EFD3CFB3CFD06" box="[897,1185,663,688]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFB23FD3CFE94FD62" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Democratic Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFE94FD17FE6CFD63" box="[283,497,700,725]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFD8DFD17FDF9FD63" box="[514,612,700,725]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFDF9FD17FD5EFD63" box="[630,707,700,725]" name="Gabon" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Gabon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFD5AFD16FCFFFD62" box="[725,866,700,725]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFCFCFD16FC22FD63" box="[883,959,701,725]" name="Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Kenya</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFC5EFD17FBB5FD63" box="[977,1064,700,725]" name="Nigeria" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFBB6FD17FB3CFD63" box="[1081,1185,700,725]" name="Tanzania" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFB3DFD17FA91FD63" box="[1202,1292,700,725]" name="Uganda" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Uganda</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFA92FD17FA05FD63" box="[1309,1432,700,725]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFF18FD74FEBCFD4E" box="[151,289,735,760]" name="Madagascar" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4AED75EBFFB8FF8FFF48FCAFFF68FAEA" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF48FCAFFA8FFCAA" blockId="2.[151,1437,519,1229]" box="[199,1298,772,797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF48FCAFFE71FCAB" bold="true" box="[199,492,772,797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
Distribution in
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFEF1FCAFFE7AFCAB" box="[382,487,772,797]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Everywhere excluding highlands above
<quantity id="C50F8B85FFB8FF8FFC3BFCAFFB8DFCAA" box="[948,1040,772,796]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" unit="m" value="3000.0">3.000 m</quantity>
and deserts. Common.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF48FC8CFAB9FBA1" blockId="2.[151,1437,519,1229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF48FC8CFE11FCF6" bold="true" box="[199,396,807,832]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Taxonomic note.</emphasis>
The new synonymy is based on two series representing both sexes recently collected by Dr. R. Beck and his team (Munich) in
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFDB5FCE7FD04FCD3" box="[570,665,844,869]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
at Arba Minch (
<quantity id="C50F8B85FFB8FF8FFCECFCE7FC23FCD3" box="[867,958,844,869]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" unit="km" value="400.0">400 km</quantity>
SW of Addis Ababa). Dissection of the genitalia made by G. Behounek and L. Ronkay of the
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFD73FCDAFCCBFC3E" box="[764,854,879,904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">P. li vida</emphasis>
male (slide GB 7183, BC ZSM Lep 40026) and
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFA08FCDAFF7EFC1B" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Plusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorilla">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFA08FCDAFF7EFC1B" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">P. gorilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female (slides GB 7177, BC ZSM Lep 40025). Totally we dissected seven males and three females. The ductus bursae is extremely long, about five times longer than the abdomen (
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFC6EFC1CFBF1FC66" author="Dufay" box="[993,1132,951,976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Dufay, C. (1970) Lepidopteres Noctuidae-Plusiinae. Faune de Madagascar, XXXI, 176 pp." type="book" year="1970">Dufay 1970</bibRefCitation>
), corresponding to the very long and narrow vesica of the male. As the first revisers, we designate, among two simultaneously described species,
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFF7AFBAAFECCFBAE" box="[245,337,1023,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Plusiotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="livida">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF7AFBAAFECCFBAE" box="[245,337,1023,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">P. livida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the valid name, because this taxon is also the
<typeStatus id="DD4C98C2FFB8FF8FFCFBFBABFC39FBAE" box="[884,932,1024,1048]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFB1CFC54FA80FBAE" box="[1171,1309,1023,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Plusiotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFB1CFC54FA80FBAE" box="[1171,1309,1023,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Plusiotricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF48FB8FFCE0FB7A" blockId="2.[151,1437,519,1229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF48FB8FFE2DFB8B" bold="true" box="[199,432,1060,1085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Molecular analysis.</emphasis>
DNA barcoding corrobates the molecular identity of both described species. Full length 658 base pair ‘barcodes’ of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 5’ Region (COI-5P) gene were prepared by the University of Guelph’s barcode of Life
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFDEFFBC6FD66FB32" authority="Systems" authorityName="Systems" box="[608,763,1132,1156]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Data" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Data Systems</taxonomicName>
(BOLD) by methods described by in
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFB3CFBC7FA05FB32" box="[1203,1432,1132,1157]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Hebert, P., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. &amp; DeWard, J. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 270, 313 - 321. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.2218" type="journal article">Hebert et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
. Molecular variation base on the Kimura two-parameter distance model for COI DNA barcodes between two specimen of
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFEA9FB1EFEE3FB7A" box="[294,382,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">P. l i v i d a</emphasis>
(male) and
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFD87FB1EFDF2FB7B" box="[520,623,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Plusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorilla">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFD87FB1EFDF2FB7B" box="[520,623,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">P. gorilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(female) was exact 0%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF18FAB4FF68FAEA" blockId="2.[151,843,1311,1373]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName id="C5F75DE3FFB8FF8FFF18FAB4FCD6FA8E" authority="Fabricius, 1775" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" box="[151,843,1311,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Thysanoplusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orichalcea" subGenus="Thysanoplusia">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF18FAB4FD1EFA8E" bold="true" box="[151,643,1311,1336]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Thysanoplusia (Thysanoplusia) orichalcea</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1775)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9ACC3AE5FFB8FF8FFF10FAEFFF70FAEA" box="[159,237,1348,1373]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1978,2001]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1953]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[152,1435,195,1953]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Genitalia slides. Numeration in text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/234593/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4AED75EBFFB8FF8FFF18FA27FD34F9CA" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF18FA27FDE7FA7E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1420,1768]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF18FA27FE1DFA13" bold="true" box="[151,384,1420,1445]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Material examined.</emphasis>
Wolaita Zone, Sodo.
<quantity id="C50F8B85FFB8FF8FFDFDFA27FD57FA12" box="[626,714,1420,1444]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
.
<date id="764900A0FFB8FF8FFD5AFA27FCDBFA12" box="[725,838,1420,1444]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" value="2011-08">VIII.2011</date>
. Leg. Kravchenko V.; Tigray region, Simien National Park.
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.
<date id="764900A0FFB8FF8FFEB4FA04FE13FA7E" box="[315,398,1455,1480]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" value="2005-05">V.2005</date>
. Leg. Kravchenko V.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF48FA7FFE6CF982" blockId="2.[151,1437,1420,1768]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF48FA7FFED7FA5B" bold="true" box="[199,330,1492,1517]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Literature.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFEDBFA7FFD17FA5A" author="Behounek" box="[340,650,1492,1517]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Behounek, W. &amp; Ronkay, L. (1989) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Plusiinae Afrikas (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Plusiinae). Nachrichtenblatt der bayerischen Entomologen, 38 (1), 21 - 30." type="journal article" year="1989">Behounek &amp; Ronkay 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFD16FA7FFC09FA5A" author="Behounek" box="[665,916,1492,1517]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Behounek, W., Ronkay, L. &amp; Ronkay, G. (2010) Plusiinae 2. A Taxonomic Atlas of the Eurasian and North Africa Noctuoidea. Vol. 4. Heterocera Press, Budapest, 280 pp." type="book" year="2010">
Behounek
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFC9BFA7EFCD2FA5B" box="[788,847,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFC2CFA7FFBB3FA5A" author="Dufay" box="[931,1070,1492,1517]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Dufay, C. (1970) Lepidopteres Noctuidae-Plusiinae. Faune de Madagascar, XXXI, 176 pp." type="book" year="1970">Dufay 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFBB3FA7FFB5AFA5A" author="Dufay" box="[1084,1223,1492,1517]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Dufay, C. (1972) Descriptions de nouveaux Plusiinae Africains (Lep. Noctuidae) (Note preliminaire). Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 41 (6), 65 - 72; 93 - 104; 105 - 111." type="journal article" year="1972">Dufay 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFB59FA7FFF4EF9A6" author="Dufay" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Dufay, C., Laporte, B. &amp; Rougeot, P. (1977) Missions entomologiques en Ethiopie, 1973 - 1975, Fasc. 1. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Serie A, 105 - 150. [Paris]" type="book chapter" year="1977">Dufay &amp; Laporte 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFF52FA53FE3EF9A6" author="Goater" box="[221,419,1527,1552]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Goater, B., Ronkay, L. &amp; Fibiger, M. (2003) Catocalinae &amp; Plusiinae. Noctuidae Europaeae. Vol. 10. Entomological Press, Soro, 452 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Goater
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFEBFFA52FEFAF9A6" box="[304,359,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
; Hacker
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFD8BFA52FDA1F9A6" box="[516,572,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2001; Hacker
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFD6FFA52FC8AF9A6" box="[736,791,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
1999;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFCD1FA5CFBC4F9A6" author="Paulian" box="[862,1113,1527,1552]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Paulian, R. &amp; Viette, P. (1955) Essai d'un catalogue biologique des Lepidopteres Heteroceres de Tananarive. Memoires de l'Institute Scientifique de Madagascar, Serie E, 6, 207 - 249." type="journal article" year="1955">Paulian &amp; Viette 1955</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFBEBFA5CFB6EF9A6" author="Pinhey" box="[1124,1267,1527,1552]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Pinhey, E. (1975) Moths of southern Africa. Tafelberg Publ. Ltd., Cape Town, 273 pp." type="book" year="1975">Pinhey 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFB70FA5CFA0AF9A6" author="Ronkay" box="[1279,1431,1527,1552]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Ronkay, L. (1987) Taxonomic and zoogeographical studies on the subfamily Plusiinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The Palaeotropical, Oriental and Nearctic material of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 79, 167 - 178." type="journal article" year="1987">Ronkay 1987</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFF18F9B6FEA5F982" author="Rougeot" box="[151,312,1564,1589]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Rougeot, P. (1983) Lepidopteres du Haute Simyen (Ethiopie du Nord). Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 52, 219 - 232." type="journal article" year="1983">Rougeot 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66665B91FFB8FF8FFECBF9B7FE73F982" author="Wiltshire" box="[324,494,1564,1589]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" refString="Wiltshire, E. (1990) An Illustrated, Annotated Catalogue of the Macro-Heterocera of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 11, 91 - 287." type="journal article" year="1990">Wiltshire 1990</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF48F994FD34F9CA" blockId="2.[151,1437,1420,1768]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF48F994FDAAF9EE" bold="true" box="[199,567,1599,1624]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">General distribution pattern.</emphasis>
Throughout the Indo-Pacific, Ethiopian regions and Southern Europe. Throughout Africa including deserts (in oases).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4AED75EBFFB8FF8FFF48F92CFEFBF95E" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF48F92CFBECF916" blockId="2.[151,1437,1420,1768]" box="[199,1137,1671,1697]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF48F92CFE71F916" bold="true" box="[199,492,1671,1696]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
Distribution in
<collectingCountry id="7AE066F0FFB8FF8FFEF1F92CFE7AF916" box="[382,487,1671,1696]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Throughout country including elevations above
<quantity id="C50F8B85FFB8FF8FFB81F923FBF0F916" box="[1038,1133,1672,1696]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="237" unit="m" value="3000.0">3.000 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02482660FFB8FF8FFF48F907FEFBF95E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1420,1768]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="3083FA72FFB8FF8FFF48F907FEC4F973" bold="true" box="[199,345,1708,1733]" pageId="2" pageNumber="237">Host plants.</emphasis>
Well-known pest of many crops, especially legumes, chicory, sunflower, maize, radish, carrot, lettuce and potato.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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